As we all know, the United States is a country with relatively complete protection for "whistleblowers". It even has a special "Whistleblower Protection Act". Today we will talk about some issues related to "Whistleblower Protection" Question, I hope we get better and better! 1.

As we all know, the United States is a country with relatively complete protection for "whistleblowers". It even has a special "Whistleblower Protection Act". Today we will talk about "Whistleblower Protection" Some problems, I hope we will get better and better!

1. About the definition of "whistleblower"

The term "whistleblower" originated from the British police's action of blowing the whistle when they discovered a criminal case to attract the attention of their colleagues and the public. The definition of whistleblower on Wikipedia is more in line with our modern understanding of it:

A whistleblower is a person who exposes secretive information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within a private or public organization.

The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption.

Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to surface either internally or externally. Internally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to the attention of other people within the accused organization such as an immediate supervisor. Externally, a whistleblower can bring allegations to light by contacting a third party outside of an accused organization such as the media, government, law enforcement, or those who are concerned.

Whistleblower, however, take the risk of facing stiff reprisal and retaliation from those who are accused or alleged of wrongdoing.

The above definition may be a bit complicated. The summary is this:

Whistleblowers are those who go beyond the call of duty, putting their jobs, their lives, and the safety of their loved ones at risk in order to expose devious behavior within an organization.

In short, "whistleblowers" Whistleblowers refer to those who come forward to report and expose things that endanger society and public interests.

The "whistleblower protection system" is a protection provided by various countries to protect and motivate these people who work for the benefit of the public and society. The United States is at the forefront of the world in this regard.

2. "Whistleblower Protection Act"

In 1778, Americans passed the world's first whistleblower protection law.

In 1778, Americans passed the world's first "Whistleblower Protection Act."

The United States has attached great importance to the protection of whistleblowers since the founding of the country. Franklin was one of the first "whistleblowers" in American history, exposing the government's crimes by disclosing secret letters:

Benjamin Franklin became one of the first American whistleblowers in 1773 when he exposed confidential letters showing that the royally appointed governor of Massachusetts had intentionally misled Parliament to promote a military buildup in the Colonies.

It would not be until the late 18th century that the system was truly legislated. In 1777, Samuel Shaw and 10 other people exposed a series of evil deeds by Johns Hopkins, the first commander-in-chief of the U.S. Navy at the time, and incurred retaliation. Samuel Shaw and Richard Marvin were imprisoned. Forced to seek help from the Continental Congress, the Continental Congress quickly enacted legislation. On July 30, 1778, the Continental Congress passed a law without objection to protect them and future whistleblowers. “All persons serving the United States and living on U.S. soil have a responsibility to report misconduct, fraud, and bad conduct by public officials to Congress or the appropriate government agencies.”

In 1777, US naval officers Samuel Shaw and Richard Marven revealed the torture of British POWs by the commander-in-chief of the Continental Navy. The following year, the Continental Congress unanimously enacted the first whistleblower protection law.

In 1863, the government enacted the False Claims Act as a measure to protect whistleblowers.

In 1863, the US government introduced the False Claims Act to protect "whistleblowers". The United States passed the False Claims Act to encourage all people to act as "whistleblowers", and then sent inferior goods to the front line and falsely reported prices. Fraud and false reporting involving government medical, military and other official expenditures can be reported, and the whistleblower can receive up to 30% of the stolen money as a reward.

This act was revised in 1986.

​In 1972, Mark Felt exposed the detail information to The Washington Post, which eventually led to the resignation of Nixon.

In 1972, Mark .

This is the famous " Watergate incident in history. In this incident, Mark Felt, who led to Nixon's resignation, has been nicknamed "deep throat" by the media in an attempt to do the most to the "whistleblower" Protection, his true identity was not revealed until 2005.

The "Watergate Incident" promoted a number of legislation in the United States, including ensuring the independence of the news media "privilege", which allows reporters to refuse to name their sources when testifying in court. , protect the privacy of "whistleblowers".

In 1989, the U.S. Congress passed the Whistleblower Protection Act (Whistleblower Protection Act) to encourage citizens (including public officials) to participate in actions aimed at maintaining social justice. , especially when public officials discover acts of corruption, affecting public interests, or national security in the course of performing their duties, they have the right to report them by whistle-blowing (including reporting to the media). Whistleblowers will not be subject to prosecution. On the contrary, the bill stipulates that the judiciary should provide them and their families with various protections.

Conclusion

Our country’s legislation has always had a positive attitude towards the protection of “whistleblowers”, and our country is also one of the few in the world. In countries that have written whistleblower protection clauses into their constitutions, Article 41 of our Constitution stipulates that “relevant state agencies must ascertain the facts and deal with complaints, accusations or reports from citizens. No one may suppress or retaliate. People who have suffered losses due to violations of civil rights by state agencies and state functionaries have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with legal provisions. my country's "Criminal Law", "Criminal Procedure Law" and other laws also have relevant provisions.

In addition, there are some specialized Departmental regulations have also made relevant provisions, such as the "Regulations of the Supreme People's Procuratorate on Protecting Citizens' Rights to Report" (1991), "Regulations on Reporting Work of the People's Procuratorate" (revised in 2014), "Regulations of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China and the Ministry of Supervision of the People's Republic of China" "Provisions on the Protection of Reporters and Accusers" (1996), etc. In March 2016, the Central Deep Reorganization Group reviewed and approved the "Several Provisions on the Protection and Rewards of Reporters of Official Crimes" drafted by the Supreme People's Procuratorate, which was subsequently adopted by the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, and the Ministry of Public Security. Jointly issued by the Ministry of Finance. This regulation improves and refines the division of responsibilities, confidentiality measures, protective measures, retaliation measures, and safeguard supervision measures for protecting whistleblowers, and effectively promotes the institutionalization and standardization of whistleblower protection work.

Despite this, we still need to improve the protection of whistleblowers, whether it is legislation or judiciary. The protection of whistleblowers is a public announcement reached by most countries in the world, and countries around the world are improving relevant laws. The legal system provides the greatest protection to whistleblowers, so we say to our hero Li Wenliang that a healthy society should not have only one voice. We should not silence a person who dares to speak for the times.

Finally, ends with a sentence from Cohen, the giant of American "whistleblower" protection law: support and protect "whistleblowers" instead of ignoring and intimidating "whistleblowers"