There are many standards for bulletproof levels, including those for the judicial system, military, and commercial. But the principles are basically the same—test different ammunition, set levels according to kinetic energy, and evaluate the test products through standard testing procedures.
Notes : There are many bulletproof standards, and their definitions are in principle close to each other. However, because countries have different standard calibers and different test calibers, the definitions of the standards cannot be completely one-to-one. If you want to compare specific standard grades of two different systems, the kinetic energy of the test caliber should still prevail.
common standards
· International
1. NIJ 0101.06
2. HOSDB 2007
3. GOST R 50744
4.UL 752
· Domestic
5. GA 141-2010
6. GJB 4300-2002
7. Other
bulletproof standard, or the evaluation of bulletproof grade standard mainly depends on kinetic energy . Kinetic energy is determined by the specifications of the ammunition used, and is affected by factors such as the type of warhead and the length of the barrel. Generally speaking, the protection level requirement of armor-piercing bullet is higher than that of ordinary bullets of the same caliber.
To judge whether it can be protected, we need to look at two points:
1, whether it is penetrated, and
2, the size of the type variable (BFS). Whether
penetrates is easy and easy to understand. If it penetrates, it will be cool. The key to
is to look at type variables. Type variables generally refer to the depth of dents produced by simulated human tissue after bulletproof products.
National military standard definition of type variable
British Home Office technical standard definition
type variable is generally written as BFS value in order to control kinetic energy damage and avoid damage to subcutaneous tissue, especially internal organs. The smaller the BFS, the lower the damage may be, and vice versa. The
general variable has two levels: 44mm and 25mm. For those who have a low body fat coefficient and are relatively calcium deficient, they definitely want to use the 25mm level.
In the test of the same threat caliber, for products with the same thickness, products with a BFS of more than 44mm are definitely cheaper than those with a BFS of 25mm. Because compared to 44mm, if the BFS reaches within 25mm, the product needs to absorb more kinetic energy, which puts forward requirements for materials and processes.
my country's BFS requirement is a unified 25mm. This may be due to the fact that our soldiers are small and skinny, and the ratio of body fat to muscle is not enough to consume kinetic energy. On the other hand, Americans are 44mm. After all, they are big and fat.
About the U.S. military standard
First of all, it should be noted that although the national military standard is inherited from the US military standard, they are two different things after all. Although the national military standard defines the protection level of small arms, the US military standard does not include this part. In the technical documents of the US military, there is no standard for the bulletproof level of body armor.
Then in the NATO library, I only found "STANAG2920 Armor Bulletproof Test Standard" and "STANAG4569 Armored Vehicle Protection Level". There is also no body armor grade standard.
may only be defended or not defended in the eyes of Mio ghosts, and the rating is meaningless.
Although there is no grade standard for body armor, the US military has very clear regulations on how to identify bulletproof vests. The document MIL-STD-662F stipulates in detail the testing standards for whether body armor is bulletproof, which is V50BL(P).
V50 value system and grade system are two independent bulletproof certification systems. For people like me who are not good at math, the V50 value is a very academic, complex and unfriendly thing. We only need to know that this is related to the muzzle velocity and storage velocity of the test ammunition.
The ESAPI currently issued has a protection level of M2 AP (.30-06 caliber armor-piercing projectile). This bullet is the second most powerful penetrating bullet caliber in the US military’s current arsenal, second only to the .50BMG. This is also the current extreme level of wearable protective products/armor.
The protection object of ESPAI’s previous generation SAPI is the full-power rifle bullet 7.62X51 NATO. For the US military, guarding against these calibers is to meet the protection needs.The main international representatives of
:
1, the National Academy of Justice of the United States: Ballistic Protection Standard for Body Armor - NIJ 0101.06
The most popular, most comprehensive, most cited, and most widely recognized internationally is undoubtedly the United States' NIJ 0101.06 "Bullet Armor Ballistic Protection Standard", generally referred to as the NIJ standard. Of course, this standard is just one point in a system project. Others include helmets, stab protection, bulletproof test methods, recommended standards for body armor, etc.
Note: Because there are so many people using it, NIJ is often omitted and only the level is reported. This situation is particularly serious in our country. Our country also exports a large amount of finished armor products, and of course the exports use NIJ standards. However, our country has its own standards, so be sure to confirm which standard is used before purchasing, because there is a big difference between the two.
The current NIJ 0101.06 version of the bulletproof standard
NIJ 0101 is an armor bulletproof level and testing standard document jointly formulated by the National Institute of Justice, an academic institution under the Ministry of Justice, and 06 is the version suffix. Standard partners include the U.S. Army's research institutes, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Border Services Agency, and others. The first version of the NIJ 0101 standard was released in 1978. It has been 40 years since then. It has been revised many times since then. The last version released was 0101.04.
NIJ version 0101.04 of the bulletproof standard. As can be seen in the picture on the right, in fact, NIJ I, which is the lowest bulletproof level, has no practical value. Therefore,
has been canceled in the current version 0101.06. The NIJ standard is divided into six levels, represented by Roman numerals, with levels ranging from low to The highest order is: I, IIA, II, IIIA, III, IV. Among them, III and IV are rifle levels, and the rest are pistol bullet levels.
As a major exporter of bulletproof products, my country has many manufacturers conducting NIJ standard assessments. For example, although the new version of the 07 standard has not been officially passed this time, AAShield has specially sent the product to the NIJ standard accreditation laboratory for grade testing and evaluation.
The latest NIJ0101.07 is already under public review and re-evaluation. If there are no accidents, this set of standards will replace the old version 06 and become the new product protection standard
Special note: There is no + or - in the NIJ standard, and everything written with III+ or IIIA+ The products are all intentionally misleading by the manufacturers themselves. They do not fall under the NIJ standards and have no legal effect.
The most misleading ones are IIA and IIIA. A seems to mean strengthening, but it refers to the special second category and the special third category, which are actually the intermediate levels.
Also, since the level of protection of Class I is too low, some existing anti-stab products can provide protection above this level, so they have lost their practical significance. Therefore, in this version (06) of the bulletproof standard, the bulletproof level I was cancelled, and the minimum bulletproof level of the standard was upgraded to NIJ IIA level, which can withstand the 9mm Parabellum pistol fired by a short-barreled pistol. 40 caliber Smith & Wesson pistol cartridges. Comparing versions
04 and 06, you can see that some values have changed.
In addition to canceling NIJ I, version 06 of the standard no longer uses the 9mm Parabellum pistol bullet fired from a submachine gun as a test bullet at the NIJ IIIA bulletproof level. , but instead used the fully armored 357SIG and the semi-armored 44 Magnum hollow point projectile (SJHP).
In addition, the new version of the NIJ standard has also been improved in terms of high-level bulletproof levels. In the old version 0101.04, the highest NIJ level IV bulletproof level can only withstand NATO 7.62mm caliber armor-piercing bullets.
It should be noted that the threat ammunition used in this level is full-power rifle ammunition, and there are no intermediate or small calibers. The highest level defined by NIJ is Level IV (abbreviated as Level 4). Its protection object is 30-06 armor-piercing bullets, which is exactly the protection level of the ESAPI hard bulletproof insert (ICW) issued by the US military. This caliber is the M1 .30-06 rifle bullet fired by the famous M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle of the US military. It has more powder than 7.62mm NATO and is naturally more powerful.
Finally, I reiterate that the NIJ standard requirement for type variables is 44mm. Maybe it’s because Americans generally have high protein and fat content...
2, British Home Office Science Development Bureau Police Armor Technical Standard (HOSDB)
British Home Office Science Development Branch (Home Office Science Development Branch, abbreviation HOSDB, is The unit under the British Home Office that is mainly responsible for technical matters of internal security in the United Kingdom. Mainly responsible for projects include crime prevention and domestic CCTV (closed circuit television).
The reason why I did not write about body armor is because the HOSDB Body Armor Standards for UK Police (2007) document not only contains standards for body armor, but also defense standards for cold weapons (such as cutting and puncture). The routine of the corrupt people is obviously to define standards from the user end, rather than distinguishing each standard separately from the technical direction like the United States and China.
Since anti-stab standards and anti-cutting are not within the scope of this article, we will not discuss this for now and will discuss it later.
What is interesting is that the Chinese specifically distinguish the protection levels of pistol bullets, rifle bullets, and also separately list the levels of shotguns.
What is very special is that the 5.56mm NATO ammunition is included in the pistol level. The rifle grade is 7.62mm NATO ordinary bullets and armor-piercing bullets.
The rifle bullet level is still the NATO standard 7.62mm rifle bullet, and its armor-piercing bullet is the highest level.
3, Maozi GOST standard
The standard used by Maozi is called GOST R 50744-95. I downloaded the old version of this document, but I don’t understand the Cyrillic alphabet. I hope a more professional Maozi expert can help supplement it. Just because I came across it by the way, I took it out for everyone to see.
GOST R 50744-95
You can see that they define 9 levels in a very complicated way. The highest level "6a" of the 95 version is the 7.62X54r armor-piercing incendiary bomb shot by SVD. But this is already data from 20 years ago. See the new version of the standard below:
It seems that in the new version of the document, Maozi has set their 12.7X108 armor-piercing incendiary bombs as the highest level...and despite Maozi's BFS requirement being 17mm, starting from BR4, there is no requirement for type. Variable (meaning it can’t be penetrated?
Maozi’s idea is indeed beyond the reach of normal people.
4, UL standard
As the most authoritative and leading security technology company in the world, the UL stamp appears in every aspect of our lives. The role and influence are far beyond imagination. Bulletproof is also one of their business contents.
UL752 is a commercial standard specifically for bulletproof products. Although
can be used for the evaluation of bulletproof vests, this set of standards is mainly used for the evaluation of bulletproof vests. Used for safe houses, bulletproof vehicles and special needs protection. Interestingly, UL and British standards are the only standards that list shotgun separately among all protection levels.
International standards include EN, VPAM, etc. These European standards are similar, and there is no essential difference, so I won’t go into details. In addition, standards associations such as ASTM also have relevant standards, but they are also the product of cooperation with NIJ, so we will not discuss them separately.
The next thing to mention is my country. There are two standards for bulletproof vests in my country. The difference is not big and they are relatively unified. One is the "Public Security Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China - Police Bulletproof Jackets" and the other is "China's Bulletproof Jackets". National Military Standards of the People's Republic of China - Technical Performance Requirements for Military Body Armor.
In addition to the standards for body armor, bulletproof helmets, , transparent bulletproof materials, bulletproof shields, etc. all have separate standards for management.
What needs to be explained is that my country. It is the only country that sets a threshold for effective protection area as a hard content. Military standard warning standards have specific area requirements for soft and hard protection (which is also very confusing).
Description: my country has unified requirements for type variables (BFS). It must not exceed 25mm.
5, "Public Safety Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China - Police Body Armor"
The full name of this standard is "Police Body Armor", abbreviated as GA141, or Public Security Standard. The public security standard is divided into 6 levels, generally written as: GA1, GA2, GA3, GA4, GA5, GA6.
The current industry standard GA 141-2010 "Police Body Armor"
As the name suggests, this is a relevant standard for police body armor. The predecessor of this standard, GA 141-1996 "General Technical Conditions for Police Body Armor", is my country's earliest body armor standard. Later, this series of standards launched GA 141-2001 "General Technical Conditions for Police Body Armor" in 2001.
In fact, some of the public safety industry standards for bulletproof products published by our country before 2010 basically adopted the same set of bulletproof standards. Compared with the current GA 141-2010, the highest bulletproof standard of the early version (GA6 level) is equivalent to the current version (GA5 level). It can be seen from this standard that my country's bulletproof product industry is developing day by day.
GA 141-2010 "Police Body Armor" protection standard
public security standard requires that the actual projected area of body armor (soft material) shall not be less than 0.25 square meters. The hard bulletproof insert plate shall not be smaller than 250X300 (mm), and the chamfer shall not exceed 25mm.
6, "National Military Standard of the People's Republic of China - Technical Performance Requirements for Military Body Armor"
my country's current military standard for body armor is GJB 4300-2002 "Safety Technical Performance Requirements for Military Body Armor", referred to as GJB 4300-2002, or the National Army mark.
my country's current military standard GJB 4300-2002 "Safety Technical Performance Requirements for Military Body Armor"
This standard was officially promulgated in 2002. This standard is relatively simple compared to GA 141-2010. When this standard was first introduced, its bulletproof standards were considered very high. Its highest level of GJB VI bulletproof standard can withstand 5.8mm rifle bullets that are known for their penetrating power. It has a slightly higher protective capability than the SAPI body armor that was widely equipped by the US military at that time.
The protection level of this standard
At the same time, whether it is GA 423-2003 "Bulletproof Shield", GA 141-2001 "Police Body Armor" or GA 293-2001 "Police Bulletproof Helmet and Face Mask", the highest bulletproof level Neither can withstand 5.8mm caliber rifle rounds.
Of course, after more than ten years of continuous innovation, the current highest level of various bulletproof standards in our country can almost withstand 5.8 mm caliber rifle bullets or 7.62 mm caliber full-power rifle bullets.
The national military standard also stipulates that the type variable (BFS) shall not exceed 25mm. But what is more mysterious is that after stipulating that body armor should be divided into three sizes: large, medium and small, it still stipulates that the soft protection area shall not be less than 0.24 square meters, and the hard protection area shall not be less than 0.23 square meters. It does not fully reflect the purpose of the size...
7, other relevant standards in my country
Regarding bulletproof products, although the most important thing is bulletproof vests, there are also many other types of bulletproof products. In order to ensure that all walks of life can achieve "standardization", there are naturally many various bulletproof standards that are improved from existing bulletproof standards.
For example: GA 165-2016 "Bulletproof Transparent Materials"
This standard is used to replace the "Bulletproof Clothing and Glass" formulated in 1997. However, it is worth noting that since this standard was only formulated in recent years, the bulletproof level has naturally increased. The "special grade" that can withstand Type 53 armor-piercing incendiary bombs in GA 141-2010 "Police Body Armor" is the highest grade in "Bulletproof Transparent Materials", that is, GA6 level.
China's current industry standard GA 165-2016 "Bulletproof Transparent Materials" protection level
GA 423-2015 Police bulletproof shield
The current GA 423-2015
As for the CQB operation in the raid room, bulletproof The shield is a frequently seen equipment.Compared with bulletproof vests, the biggest difference between bulletproof shields and bulletproof vests is that bulletproof shields are a type of bulletproof product specifically used to "attract firepower", and are different from bulletproof products such as bulletproof vests and bulletproof glass that are used for emergency life-saving purposes. Especially for wheeled bulletproof shields, the minimum protection area is required to be no less than 0.5 square meters.
Protection standard
GA 293-2012 Police bulletproof helmets and masks
Bulletproof helmets, like body armor, are extremely important bulletproof products. The development of bulletproof helmets in our country is relatively late. The earliest one appeared is the Type 80 bulletproof helmet, which can resist the Type 51 pistol bullets fired by the Type 754 pistol. After that, bulletproof helmets such as the Type 93 heavy bulletproof helmet and the Type 96 bulletproof helmet appeared one after another.
At the 2016 Police Exhibition, a bulletproof helmet that could withstand Type 56 semi-automatic rifles even appeared.
Relevant standards for current bulletproof helmets
Special note: In GA 293-2012 "Police Bulletproof Helmets and Face Masks", there are only two levels of protection, which are protection against pistol bullets fired from Type 64 and Type 54 pistols.
It is also worth pointing out that the highest protection level of this standard does not represent the highest protection level of current bulletproof helmets.
