Zhang Guotao
In 1979, the winter in Canada was very cold.
Zhang Guotao was lying on the hospital bed, looking at the snowflakes flying outside the window. It just felt so cold that even the bone marrow was "chilled".
Zhang Guotao looked around, in the cold room, only his "cold" self remained. He felt genuinely lonely and desolate, and his heart was bitter. Could this be his "retribution"?
The blanket slipped to the ground, and the cold swept through him. Zhang Guotao wanted to reach out and pick up the blanket from the ground, but this simple action was extremely difficult.
Yes, he's already paralyzed.
Zhang Guotao could only reach out to ring the bell on the bedside, but after waiting for a long time, no nurse came.
Zhang Guotao gave up, thinking to himself, maybe it's too cold this day, and the cold nurses are reluctant to go out.
He felt that the temperature in his blood was "passing" a little bit, and an aura called "death" was gradually "eroding" him.
Is he dying? Zhang Guotao's consciousness was blurred, but he was somewhat unwilling and regretful in his heart.
He still wants to see his family again, he still has something to say and something to do. He didn't want to die alone, in this foreign country.
The third from the right is Zhang Guotao
It is clear that when he was first, he also had his country and country in his heart and had a high ambition. Why did he finally change his mind and embark on a road of no return?
In the summer of 1917, 20-year-old Zhang Guotao went to Shanghai.
Under the introduction of his second uncle, Zhang Guotao lived in an ordinary house in Shoushanli, Baxianqiao, in the French Concession. The revolutionary Mr. Ye Boheng lived with him.
The furnishings in the house are very rudimentary, with only a few pieces of worn-out furniture, and books and newspapers are piled up in a mess on the table.
For a "rich boy" like Zhang Guotao, his current residence is indeed "shabby". But he was not dissatisfied, even quite happy.
Because of these days living with Ye Boheng, he has come to know a lot of ideas and viewpoints that he has never been exposed to before.
Listening to Boheng and other revolutionary party members, Zhang Guotao also had a new understanding of the national conditions and political situation at that time.
Zhang Guotao's autobiography
He couldn't help but ask Ye Boheng: "Since , Yuan Shikai and those warlords are so abhorrent, is there any way for the revolutionary party to deal with them?"
It seems that in their hearts, Mr. Sun is the omnipotent "god" and the "guide" on their revolutionary journey. light".
It's a pity that Zhang Guotao has not seen Mr. Sun as they say, and he continued to ask: "How about a revolution?"
"Of course it is the United Party, the movement of the army, to deal with everything with pistol bombs."
Will this lead to the victory of the revolution? Zhang Guotao didn't understand, because it seems that these people who have been in revolution for many years have no better way.
Since the Ganning campaign against Yuan in 1913, Yuan Shikai has been persecuting the revolutionaries. Ye Boheng and others were unwilling to surrender to Yuan Shikai, so they could only hide in the French Concession.
Before Zhang Guotao "departed" with Ye Boheng, he was so poor that he sold all his clothes in Dian.It is more common to have no food to eat, and sometimes even two or three people "wear" a pair of trousers, and
go out in exchange for each other.
The first left is Zhang Guotao
Zhang Guotao listened to Ye Boheng's story of his past difficulties, and he was shocked.
"Why do you have to persevere?"
Ye Boheng looked at the young boy in front of him and smiled gently: "Although we are so poor that we don't even have to wear pants, as long as we make a revolution, we are still very strong. "
Zhang Guotao heard this, and for the first time deeply felt the spirit of the revolutionaries' hard work. In his heart, sympathy and admiration rose spontaneously.
This is like a "tinder" that ignites the passion in his heart.
Zhang Guotao felt that he had somehow "broken into" the small world of revolutionaries in the French Concession, which was full of revolutionary idealism and heroism.
He was touched by the revolutionary spirit of risk-taking, and in his opinion, if this high revolutionary enthusiasm can be supplemented by knowledge and vision, then there will be "nothing to do" in the future.
Zhang Guotao felt that he should also do something.
Zhang Guotao
Yuan Shikai was dead at that time, Cai Yuanpei was appointed as the president of Peking University , and the situation in Beijing was "great".
Zhang Guotao has always admired Mr. Cai Yuanpei's name, so he decided to apply for Peking University to start a "new career" in Beijing.
Zhang Guotao went all the way north from Shanghai and successfully came to the campus of Peking University.
Zhang Guotao is curious about everything about Peking University,At the beginning, the professors of the school were mostly old Bagu, foreign scholars and the like. The representative characters of
are Gu Hongming with long braids, and Liu Shipei , one of the six gentlemen of the Chao'an Society. The students of the school also had some feudal thoughts, and often regarded themselves as "raised people" and "jinshi".
In Zhang Guotao's view, many other schools in Beijing have more or less a modern atmosphere, but only Peking University is still quaint and can even be said to be "conservative".
Cai Yuanpei
Fortunately, Mr. Cai Yuanpei will officially come to Peking University soon.
With the arrival of Mr. Cai Yuanpei, the teaching atmosphere of Peking University has changed greatly. Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi , Qian Xuantong , Lu Xun, Li Dazhao and others who advocated the new culture of came to teach at Peking University successively.
After these "fresh blood" were injected into Peking University, a wave of new culture began to sweep across the campus. Zhang Guotao was one of the first to support the new culture movement among Peking University students.
One day, Zhang Guotao accidentally saw " New Youth ". At a glance, he felt that its name was "very suitable", but after reading the contents, he became a "loyal fan" of "New Youth".
The new trend of thought is like a torrent flooding everywhere, Zhang Guotao felt that this "new thing" should be shared with his family.
So he sent newspapers and books like "New Youth" to his father every other week.
Zhang Guotao did not expect that,My father remained silent about his "Amway". Then I simply wrote back and told myself.
Cai Yuanpei
"I am very opposed to the new trend of thought and the vernacular, and the quintessence of the country should be preserved."
Zhang Guotao suddenly received a letter from his family, and it turned out that the family had found a fiancee of his own.
Zhang Guotao has accepted the baptism of new ideas, and he is not willing to marry a woman he does not know. He told his father firmly and decisively about his denial of the marriage.
This is the first time that Zhang Guotao and his father have had such a violent conflict. It is more like a "confrontation" between old and new ideas, but this time Zhang Guotao is the real "winner".
With the smooth dissolution of the marriage contract, Zhang Guotao further strengthened his path. He has to fight for new ideas and a new society.
On May 4, 1919, the May Fourth Movement swept through Beijing.
May 4th Movement
Zhang Guotao, as the head of the speech department of the Beijing Student Federation, started to organize open-air speeches in the streets and railway stations of Beijing.
actively promotes boycott of Japanese products and exposes the inappropriate behavior of the Beijing government and pro-Japanese factions.
The students' march gradually changed from boycotting the Paris Peace Treaty to beating traitors. Zhang Guotao has always taken the lead, and even became the first batch of student leaders to be arrested.
In the days of being trapped in prison, there is no freedom, pain and hunger are "double torture".
Zhang Guotao felt very at ease, and now it can be regarded as "continuing" Ye Boheng's footsteps. He should, and can be called a "revolutionary", revolutionize for the country and the nation.
June 7, 1919Zhang Guotao and other detained students were successfully released.
At the gate of Peking University, Zhang Guotao held his head high and walked in the front row of the team, like a hero who had just triumphed.
The teachers and students were all surrounded by warm applause. At this time, Zhang Guotao was indeed one of the best and most outstanding students of Peking University.
May Fourth Movement
And with this May Fourth Movement, he officially entered the "stage of history".
In 1920, the communist group was formed in Beijing. Li Dazhao was the secretary, and Zhang Guotao was in charge of organizing and guiding the workers to carry out the movement.
Under the guidance of Li Dazhao and Zhang Guotao, the work of the Beijing Communist Party is "in full swing". Among them, the Changxindian labor movement led by Zhang Guotao played a huge guiding role.
In order to organize more workers to participate in the movement, Zhang Guotao advocated the establishment of schools to teach workers to learn literacy.
This idea has been strongly affirmed and supported by Li Dazhao, but many workers are not very enthusiastic about learning.
In order to encourage more workers to attend the cram school , Zhang Guotao took Deng Zhongxia and others by train every day to the Changxin store , and persuaded the workers to sign up.
Zhang Guotao
Zhang Guotao has always been eloquent, so the corresponding speech work falls on him. Thanks to his efforts, more and more workers are participating in cram schools.
In the early days of the school, there was a shortage of teaching resources. Zhang Guotao, Deng Zhongxia, Luo Zhanglong and others took turns to serve as teachers, and Li Dazhao would also come to the school to give lectures in his free time.
That is, under the joint efforts of Li Dazhao, Zhang Guotao and others. More workers participated in the revolutionary ranks. It also provides a lot of human support and guarantee for the follow-up party building work.
During the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China , due to the busy school affairs of Mr. Li Dazhao, Zhang Guotao and Liu Renjing were appointed to represent the Beijing branch to attend the conference.
In other words, Zhang Guotao was one of the earliest founders of the Chinese Communist Party. It's just that no one thought that the founder would "betray the party" after many years.
Zhang Guotao is an extremely talented person, but also because of his talent, he is extremely proud of his character, or it can be said that he is himself.
The Biography of Zhang Guotao
On August 1, 1927, Zhang Guotao, as a special representative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, went to Jiangxi to preside over the Nanchang Uprising .
The opinion of the Party Central Committee on the Nanchang Uprising is: Be cautious in the uprising.
However, Zhang Guotao misinterpreted the opinions of the Party Central Committee and insisted on re-discussion on the eve of the uprising. At one point, he wanted to delay, or even give up, the uprising.
It must be known that the number of people who secretly participated in the uprising that night had already exceeded 100, and the relevant troops were urgently mobilized. All preparations are in place and everyone is ready to go.
Zhang Guotao's actions at this time were tantamount to violating the overall situation. Li Lisan, Zhou Enlai and others even slammed the table, insisting that they would never give up on this uprising.
Zhang Guotao had to obey the majority in the face of everyone's opposition, and finally the Nanchang Uprising was a great success.
In other words, Zhang Guotao's insistence almost continued the overall situation, leading to the "abortion" of the Nanchang Uprising.
For this reason, at the Sixth Congress in 1928, Zhang Guotao was indefinitely stayed in the Soviet Union to "study" by the Comintern, hoping to correct his " opportunistic tendencies".
Nanchang Uprising
1936, The three main forces of the Red Army joined forces . In order to solve the problem of food and weapons supply difficulties at that time, the Party Central Committee decided to launch the Ningxia Campaign to get through Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, and then obtain assistance from the Soviet Union.
This is a matter of life and death for our party, but Zhang Guotao cares more about his personal gains and losses. He didn't want to follow the army to "depending on others", he just hoped that he could build a territory in Gansu and continue to consolidate his political status.
By the end of October, the Red Army troops have crossed the Yellow River westward . The Kuomintang army Hu Zongnan launched a siege, and the situation was extremely dangerous.
Peng Dehuai decided to command the challenge and prevent the Kuomintang army from going north. However, Zhang Guotao was afraid of Hu Zongnan's troops, and ordered the Fourth Army and the Thirty-first Army of the Fourth Red Army to retreat without authorization.
His decision made the entire campaign a failure, and our party's plan to capture Ningxia also came to nothing.
In desperation, the troops had to go to the Liangzhou area again. Who knew that on the way, I met the team of Ma Bufang again.
The entire Western Route Army persisted desperately until March 1937, but ended in defeat.
Zhang Guotao's tombstone
The defeat of the Western Route Army led to Zhang Guotao's complete defeat. After Yan'an , there were speeches and meetings criticizing Zhang Guotao everywhere.
Zhang Guotao knew that he was wrong, but in the face of the criticism and accusations around him, he was more dissatisfied and resentful. His pride made him ashamed to admit his fault.
At this time, Wang Ming returned from the Soviet Union.
Zhang Guotao and Wang Ming have always been at odds,As soon as Wang Ming returned, he ordered three senior cadres under Zhang Guotao to be shot.
This made Zhang Guotao, who was already frightened by his mistakes, even more frightened and panicked all day long. He felt that his path was coming to an end.
On April 5, 1938, Zhang Guotao boarded the car of the Chinese Kuomintang after sweeping Huangdi Mausoleum .
Zhou Enlai came to dissuade him: "You are the founder of the Communist Party, how can you leave?"
Zhang Guotao was guilty of not looking into his eyes.
The report on the handling of Zhang Guotao by the Party Central Committee
Then he ignored the dissuasion and left.
In fact, the only person who has changed is Zhang Guotao. Regardless of the reasons and excuses, Zhang Guotao's defection has become a fact.
In 1948, Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan. Zhang Guotao also went to Taipei with him.
However, life in Taiwan was not easy. Zhang Guotao had no relatives in Taiwan, and he could not be reused by the Kuomintang. Survival became a problem.
In desperation, Zhang Guotao had to lead his family to move to Hong Kong again.
In 1953, Chen Duxiu's son contacted Jin Yaoru, who was in charge of news work in the Hong Kong branch of Xinhua News Agency.
It turns out that Zhang Guotao wanted to go back to the mainland, but he didn't know how to speak. He entrusted Chen Duxiu's son to inquire on his behalf.
To this end, Zhang Guotao wrote a letter to Chairman Mao overnight.
"Under the leadership of you and the Party Central Committee,I am greatly encouraged and deeply remorseful that the Communist Party of China has achieved the victory of the new democratic revolution and the establishment of a new China. After these years of thinking, I am determined to return to the Party, and under your leadership, I will do my bit for the cause of the Party and the people, and do my best..."
Soon, Liu Shaoqi replied to Zhang Guotao on behalf of the Central Committee, saying As long as he is willing to review the mistakes he has made in history and promise to reform himself, the party and the state are willing to "accept" him again.
But for the proud Zhang Guotao, admitting his mistakes is nothing short of a great shame. Therefore, the matter of returning to China can only be put on hold again and again, and in the end, the opportunity will be lost forever.
In 1968, Zhang Guotao went to Canada again.
Zhang Guotao
A few years later, 79-year-old Zhang Guotao suffered a sudden stroke. He was half paralyzed and could not take care of himself. His family couldn't take care of him, so he had to send him to a nursing home.
In the winter of 1979, the snow in Canada continued.
Zhang Guotao was alone in bed, looking back on his life, I just found it extremely absurd and funny.
He looked at the swirling snowflakes, opened his hands to catch them, but got nothing.
His heart was also empty, he was proud all his life, but in the end he was a "lonely man".
Time? Fate? In the end, it's his own fault.
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