After the Manchus rose up to fight against the Ming, the Ming army gradually began to circulate a sentence "Jurchen is dissatisfied and invincible". This sentence describes the Eight Banners of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties at that time. Although the number was small, they were extremely sharp. As stated in "The Art of War by Sun Tzu" : As fast as the wind, Xu Rulin, immovable as a mountain, invading the super corps like fire. After the Qing army entered the customs, this sentence was even more explained as why there are only hundreds of thousands of troops in the Houjin Jurchen, who can easily conquer the seemingly powerful Ming Dynasty in such a short period of time and replace it. .
Qingjun stills
However, there is one thing everyone must be aware of: the so-called twenty-four official history is the history of the later dynasties writing the previous dynasties. To put it bluntly, it is the winner who writes the history of the loser. Although such history is indeed called official history and has official certification, it is only the correct answer in the textbook. The truth of history is far from being as clear as the correct answer. Because of the situation that can be known by thinking about it, the Manchu with a mere two hundred thousand and annihilated the Ming Dynasty with an army of two million, is it really the Manchu relying on his mere hundreds of thousands of troops?
What is the truth of history?
What happened at the end of the Ming Dynasty? Let such a huge country collapse suddenly. Behind all of this, there are many facts that we cannot see or even understand. And behind these facts, what is reflected is a real society and people's minds in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
Chongzhen Coal Mountain committed suicide, and the Ming Dynasty perished
The mystery of the rise of Nuerhachi
Tang Zhenjiu, a thinker in the early Qing Dynasty who was known as one of the three masters of Sichuan I have said a very famous phrase : "Since Qin, all emperors are thieves."
Nurhachi, surname Aixinjueluo, native place: Northeast This person can be said to be an entrepreneurial legend. Because in many historical books, he was promoted as a magical figure who made his fortune with thirteen armors. But there is a problem. The history of the Qing Dynasty is propagating this section, and there is very little record of what happened to the legend who founded the Eight Banners before he raised his troops. There is even no detailed record of how Nurhaci unified the Jurchen tribes in the war.
Nurhachi Statue
Let us look for clues of facts from the crevices of history and restore this real one: 承天广运圣德功作纪立Extremely benevolent, filial piety, Wu Duanyi, Qin'an Hongwen, Dingyegao Emperor.
In the second year of Wanli, Wang Gao (Nurhachi's grandfather) rebelled against the Ming Dynasty and was killed by Li Chengliang, the Liaodong General Soldier at that time. Then Wang Gao's son Ataizhang (Nurhachi's uncle) ran to Gulezhai and continued to fight Daming. Naturally, Li Chengliang would not let this ignorant fellow go, so he sent a large army to encircle and suppress.
Because the terrain is not very familiar, so I let Nurhachi's grandfather (Jiao Changan) and father (Taks) as guides. But the contingency of history is so unpredictable. Li Chengliang accidentally slaughtered Jue Changan and Takshi by the way when the army was besieging Atai Zhang.
At this time Nurhachi is still a young man under the protection of his grandfather and father (Nurhachi 20 this year). Facing the family’s situation and his own situation at this time, the hero is worthy of being a hero, and Nurhachi immediately Kneeling in front of Li Chengliang: Please die. However, there are many strange places in history. Instead of killing Nurhachi, Li Chengliang took him as his family.
So the real history is: Nurhachi was once a soldier in Guanning Iron Cavalry Middle of the Ming Dynasty (Guanning Iron Cavalry was formed by Li Chengliang's family soldiers), and he also served for Daming. Next, a more narrative situation happened to Nurhachi, and the so-called aura of the protagonist was nothing more than this.
Qingjun stills
Li Chengliang’s wife thinksNurhachi was handsome, so he let go of Nurhachi (Qing Shi Draft Za: Taizu and his younger brother Shuerhaqi were not in the army, they became Liang's wife with strange appearance, and returned to his own tribe. ) Nurhachi was greatly stimulated, so he decided to do it himself, so he began his thirteen armor business development history.
We know from many historical materials that Nurhachi had only thirty or forty people when they started to unify the female reality, and even so, this early start-up team was quite a "cottage" and often did not listen to instructions. When attacking a village of the Yehe tribe, the soldiers were reluctant to advance in the snow because the snow was a bit heavy. No matter how angry and angry Nurhachi was, they still could not order the soldiers to advance. This shows that the original Manchu fighting quality was not very high.
Ming Qing Army War
But because of Li Chengliang’s wife, when strangling the Liaodong Jurchen tribe, Li Chengliang chose to let it go. But it was just such a letting off that caused the entire Daming and more people to die, and all of this, I am afraid that many people would not think, because of a woman whose name has not been recorded. But what I didn't expect was that Nurhachi had the opportunity to develop because of his handsome face.
Who said that men are so worthless? From this point of view, appearance is more important for men.
Manchu Expansion in Eastern Liaoning
Nurhachi served in the Ming army, so he knew the true level and strength of Ming army in Liaodong area. He knew very well that only the Guanning cavalry formed by Li Cheng and Liang Jiading was really allowed to conduct field battles in Liaodong.
In the Battle of Korea, one of the three major expeditions in Wanli, the Liaodong iron cavalry first entered Korea. This army was led by the deputy general soldier Zu Cheng. But this 3,000-man Guanning cavalry was almost wiped out in the first battle because of underestimating the enemy. In the subsequent battle of the Bihoi Pavilion under the command of Li Rusong, this cavalry composed of Li Jiajia Ding was almost completely lost. So after this, the only power in Liaodong, the number of people has always remained around 10,000.
Qing Dynasty Cavalry
In the forty-sixth year of Wanli, on April 13th of the lunar calendar, Nurhachi released the seven hatreds. And Nurhachi really said to do it. On the second day, Nurhachi directly led 20,000 cavalry to attack Fushun. In this battle, Nurhachi listened to Huang Taiji's strategy, let the soldiers of the Eight Banners pretend to be horse dealers into the city, and then reconciled inside and outside, and captured Fushun in one fell swoop. Li Chengfang, the general guarding here, saw that the general situation was gone, and soon surrendered. Here we must remember this person, because the Han Chinese general who surrendered played a pivotal role in the subsequent Battle of Saarhu. The news of
reached Shenyang, and Li Weihan, governor of Liaodong, was shocked. Facing the loss of the city, as the highest officer of the place, he should bear the main responsibility. He immediately asked General Zhang Yongyin to take ten thousand cavalry to recover Fushun. I won’t go into the details, but as a result, 10,000 people were wiped out.
Ten thousand people are gone, and the general is also dead. The news reached Beijing and the court was shaken. Wanli then ordered the mobilization of the army to conquer Nurhachi.
The Battle of Saerhu broke out
This battle, I will not say much, after all, many people are now writing about this battle and analyzing the factors of its defeat. I am here mainly to talk about the other side of this history, which is the external and internal causes of this battle.
Saerhu Campaign
External Cause: Mongolian Eight Banners
is that Nurhachi once faced an enemy before he started to become an enemy of Daming. It is Mongolian. Especially the Horqin tribe in Mongolia. Before the Jurchens were unified, the Yehe tribe once united nearly 10,000 people from the Horqin tribe to fight Nurhachi together. This is the famous Nine Allied Forces in Jurchen's history to attack Manchuria.
Although this battle was still won by Nurhachi, it also made Nurhachi feel the terrible Mongols. Then they developedA policy that lasted until the end of the Manchurian Qing Dynasty was to make peace. Nurhachi established an unbreakable connection between his family and the Mongolian tribes through the peace-marriage policy, making the Manchu Qing be Mongolia and Mongolia the Manchu Qing. Because of this, he stabilized his back garden and got the full support of Mongolia.
"The Qing History Draft" records "Manchuria and Mongolia, although the language is different, but the food, clothing and daily life are all the same, the country of brothers is also the same" Nuhachi had the courage to challenge Daming. This is also an important reason for the outbreak of the Battle of Thrall.
It can be said that Nurhachi solved one of the most troublesome problems in Northeast Asia, which is the Mongolian issue. In this regard, even a generation of Emperor Kangxi praised the great achievements of his ancestor Nurhachi. Because of this policy, the Great Wall has since lost its role.
Nurhachi portrait
Internal cause: 李承芳
It can be said that this person is the first Han general to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. It can also be said that this person played a huge historical role in the failure of the Battle of Salhu. According to historical records, although the Ming army had only about 80 to 100,000 people at that time, it was also known as an army of 470,000. At that time, Nurhachi really scared him. After all, he himself knew the three major expeditions of Wanli. Once the court played with him for real, he would be more and more miserable. So Nurhachi and his subordinates planned to escape, or avoid.
At this time, Li Chengfang said that the general of the Ming army was named Yang Gao. Although he had won several battles, he was born as a civilian and did not know much about military affairs. This time it was launched because it was related to the first assistant Fang Congzhe, and he had a very bad relationship with general Liu Ting, and there must be flaws. As long as we can concentrate our forces in this battle, we can defeat them one by one.
Sure enough, Liu Ting's Donglu Ming Army, under Yang Gao's "care", not only had the worst weapons, but even had no artillery. You know, the firearm equipment has reached 50% in the late Ming Dynasty, and in the face of the development of firearms, the Ming Dynasty also developed cotton armor (the kind worn by the Eight Banners, but the standard Ming Dynasty armor).
Manqing Eight Banners Armour
Sure enough, before leaving the station, Liu Ting said to the North Korean Marshal Jiang Hongli who sent troops together : "Yang Ye and I are not good at present, it is necessary If I die, I also receive the grace of the country and promise myself to die."
The united war of the Manchus
Qing history expert Mr. Xiao Yishan once said an evaluation : "Since the Manchus entered the Pass, they did not have a major battle, and they were the result of the defeat of the enemy. "
When the Qing army invaded Nanming’s accompanying capital, Nanjing, a total of 70 generals from the Ming Dynasty surrendered and more than 230,000 soldiers from the Ming Dynasty surrendered. This does not include Hong Chengshou and Wu Sangui, who surrendered to the Qing army before, and the 150,000 people under Zuo Liangyu's son Zuo Menggeng. According to incomplete statistics, the number of Ming troops who surrendered to the Qing army was at least about 500,000.
Hundreds of thousands of Ming troops surrendered to the Qing army
In the heartbreaking Yangzhou ten days, the most cruel thing was the 150,000 army under Zuo Menggeng who surrendered to the Qing army. The culprit of the Jiading Three Massacre was Li Chengdong, a Han general who was notorious for rebelling against the Ming and subduing to the Qing Dynasty. This person cannot fight a foreign war, but he is full of courage to fight his own compatriots, killing two emperors (Emperor Longwu and Emperor Shaowu), but also a traitor to the extreme.
The Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty unified the entire Central Plains at that time without spending a little manpower and material resources. Without the contributions of these "second ministers", I am afraid that there would be no way to go. But history is such a miraculous thing, it seems to be very unreasonable, but a careful study will produce such emotion!
References:
"History of the Founding of the Qing Dynasty" [M]. Nanjing. Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 1988
"The Record of Qing Taizong" (Vol. 64) [M] Beijing . Zhonghua Book Company, 1985
"Man Wen Old Files" Volume 1, Zhonghua Book Company 1990 Edition Sun Chengze; "Chunming Dream Yulu" Volume 25, "Six Sections"
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