Zhang He (?-231), whose courtesy name is Yi, was from Zheng County, Hejian County (now Renqiu City, Hebei Province). A famous general of Wei State during the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period.
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out. Zhang He joined the army to fight against the Yellow Turban. Later, he became the Sima of the army under the command of Han Fu. Later, after Han Fu sold Jizhou , Zhang He led his troops to Yuan Shao . Yuan Shao used Zhang He as his lieutenant and sent him to attack Gongsun Zan. He was promoted to the General of the Central Army of Ningguo for his military merits.
In Battle of Guandu , Yuan Shao sent Chunyu Qiong to supervise grain and grass in Wuchao. Cao Cao personally led the elite troops to attack Wuchao. After receiving the news, Zhang He said to Yuan Shao: "Cao Gong's soldiers are brave and will definitely defeat Chunyu Qiong and others. Once Chunyu Qiong fails, the general's great cause will be lost. You should condemn the troops to rescue as soon as possible." But the adviser Guotu said: "Zhang He is not a good idea. Our army is worse than attacking Cao Cao's camp. Cao Cao will definitely rescue him. If Chunyu Qiong is not rescued, he will resolve his dangers." Zhang He retorted: "Cao Gong's camp is solid and he will definitely not be able to capture it in a hurry. If Chunyu Qiong and others are captured, we will definitely be captured." As a result, Yuan Shao believed in Guo Tu, did not listen to Zhang He's dissuasion, and sent light cavalry to rescue Chunyu Qiong, and sent Zhang He and Gaolan to lead heavy troops to attack Cao's camp. At that time, Cao's army camp was the main general and Xun You as the adviser. Zhang He and Gao Lan were unable to capture Cao's army camp guarded by Cao Hong.
attacked Cao's army's camp before it could be completed, and the food and grass were also robbed and burned by Cao's army. Guo Tu's plan failed. In order to reduce his responsibility, he falsely accused Zhang He and the others and said, "Zhang He is happy with the failure of our army and is rude." Zhang He, Gao Lan and others were afraid of being pursued by Yuan Shao, so they burned the siege and surrendered to Cao Hong. After Cao Cao returned to the camp, he was very happy to hear that Zhang He had surrendered to Cao Hong and said to Zhang He: "If Weizi goes to Yin, Han Xin returns to Han." He also appointed Zhang He as a partial general and granted him the title of Duting Hou.
Zhang He was highly valued by Cao Cao, so he asked him to follow him to attack Yecheng and occupy Yecheng. Zhang He followed Cao Cao to Bohai and attacked Yuan Tan . He led his army alone to surround Yongnu and defeated Yuan's army. When Cao Cao was conquering Liucheng, Zhang He, Zhang Liao, , , Cao Chun, and others were in the vanguard army. In , the Battle of Bailang Mountain, under the command of Zhang Liao, the Wuhuan was defeated, Tadun and more than ten people were killed, and more than 200,000 people were captured. Finally, the Wuhuan was pacified and the remnants of the Yuan family were completely eradicated.
Zhang He followed Cao Cao to Weinan , defeated Ma Chao , Han Sui , etc., and surrounded An Ding, Yang Qiu surrendered. Zhang He and Xu Huang followed Xiahou Yuan and marched westward to conquer the bandits entrenched in Fucheng and the rebels of the Wudu generation. When Zhang He led his army to Weishui , Ma Chao led thousands of Di and Qiang to fight, but Ma Chao left without a fight. Zhang He collected the equipment left by Ma Chao's army and defeated Ma Chao's troops. When Xiahou Yuan arrived, all the counties had surrendered to Zhang He.
In the 20th year of Jian'an (215), Cao Cao fought westwardly. The Di people blocked the road. Cao Cao sent Zhang He to command a large army to attack the troops of Liang Xing and the leader of the Di tribe Dou Mao. From Sanguan to Hanzhong , Zhang He was sent to lead 5,000 infantry soldiers to lead the way forward, all the way to Yangping Pass . In November, Zhang Lu surrendered and Hanzhong was pacified. Xiahou Yuan led Zhang He, Xu Huang and others to guard Hanzhong and advance to Ba County to reject Liu Bei . Zhang He led the army south to attack Badong and Baxi counties, hoping to migrate the local people to Hanzhong. Liu Bei sent the general Zhang Fei to attack Zhang He as the prefect of Baxi County to fight against Zhang He. Zhang He led his army to Dangqu and refused to Zhang Fei for more than fifty days. Zhang Fei led more than 10,000 elite troops to attack Zhang He from a small path. Because the mountain road was narrow and could not be rescued from the beginning and the end, Zhang He was defeated and only had more than ten people abandoned his horse and fled to the mountain, and withdrew his troops back to Nanzheng .
In the 23rd year of Jian'an (218), Liu Bei attacked Hanzhong and stationed in Yangping. Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He, Xu Huang and others led their troops to fight, and Zhang He was responsible for defending Guangshi.
In the 24th year of Jian'an (219), Liu Bei personally led more than 10,000 elite troops, divided into ten units, and attacked Zhang He fiercely at night.Zhang He led his personal troops to fight against the Shu army, but Liu Bei was unable to defeat him, so he wrote a letter asking Yizhou to send reinforcements. Zhuge Liang Hesitated for a moment, and Yang Hong persuaded him: "Hanzhong is the gateway to Yizhou. Without Hanzhong, there would be no Yizhou. Why are you still hesitating?" Zhuge Liang suddenly realized and immediately sent troops to reinforce.
Liu Bei set fire to the deer antlers outside the Cao army camp at night. Xiahou Yuan sent Zhang He to repair the deer antlers in the south, and personally led light soldiers to repair the deer antlers in the east. Liu Bei attacked Zhang He, and Zhang He's army was unfavorable. Therefore, Xiahou Yuan sent half of the soldiers and horses in the east to rescue Zhang He. Liu Bei's army took the opportunity to attack the east fence of Lujiao, and Xiahou Yuan was killed by the Shu army because he had few soldiers around him. Cao's army was defeated, and Zhang He and his defeated army retreated to Yangping Guandong. When Liu Bei heard that Xiahou Yuan was killed, he said, "If you want to kill, kill Zhang He. What's the use of killing Xiahou Yuan!"
Sima Guo Huai and the governor Du Xi restrained the scattered soldiers and said, "General Zhang is a famous general of the country, and Liu Bei is also afraid of him. The situation is urgent now, and only General Zhang can calm the morale of the army." So everyone elected Zhang He as the commander, commanded the soldiers, arranged camps, and had a stable morale of the army. Soon, Cao Cao sent an envoy to order Zhang He to have a holiday. Soon Cao Cao personally attacked Hanzhong and failed to win, so he ordered Zhang He to station troops in Chencang .
In the second year of Taihe (228), Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han, launched a large-scale invasion of the north, and the officials and people of the three counties, including Tianshui, Nan'an and Anding, rebelled against Zhuge Liang. At that time, the court officials had unknown plans, and Cao Rui said confidently: "Zhuge Liang relied on the danger and was not easy to attack. Now he came automatically, which was in line with the tactics of leading the enemy. It was certain to defeat Zhuge Liang." So, Cao Rui sent the generals to lead the generals and attack Zhuge Liang. Cao Rui added special positions to Zhang He, who was the right general at the time, and sent him to lead the army to block Zhuge Liang's general Ma Su in Jieting.
Ma Su set up a camp on the dangerous Nanshan Mountain and did not go down the mountain to occupy the city. Zhang He cut off his way to get water, then launched an attack and defeated Ma Su. The counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding rebelled against the Wei State and responded to Zhuge Liang. Zhang He led his troops to pacify these places. Cao Rui issued an edict saying: "The bandits Zhuge Liang led the troops of Ba and Shu and met our soldiers like tigers. General, you are shawl-covered and holding sharp weapons, and you will defeat everything. I want to reward you for your great achievements and increase your fief by 1,000 households, and a total of 4,300 households with one thousand rewards."
At that time, Sima Yi was governing the navy in Jingzhou , intending to follow the Mian River and enter the Yangtze River Yangtze River to attack Dongwu . Cao Rui issued an edict to order Zhang He to command the troops of Guanzhong to accept Sima Yi's command. When Zhang He arrived in Jingzhou, he was in the shallow winter and the large ship could not move forward, so he returned to the army to garrison in Fangcheng .
In the third year of Taihe (229), Zhuge Liang once again launched a fierce attack on Chen Cang. Cao Rui sent the Yima to summon Zhang He to the capital, and personally went to Henan County to set up a banquet to see Zhang He off. Cao Rui sent 30,000 soldiers and warriors from the Wuwei and Huben battalions to escort Zhang He, and asked Zhang He: "When the general arrives at the front line, will Zhuge Liang have occupied Chen Cang?" Zhang He knew that Zhuge Liang was alone and would not carry too much food and grass, so he could not attack for a long time, so he replied: "I guess Zhuge Liang had already withdrawn before he arrived at the front line. I calculated that Zhuge Liang's food and grass could not last ten days." Zhang He marched day and night to Nanzheng, and Zhuge Liang indeed retreated, and the idiom "One handful" evolved from here. Cao Rui ordered Zhang He to return to the capital and appointed him as the general of the cavalry in the west. In the fifth year of Taihe (231), Zhuge Liang made his fourth Northern Expedition, and Cao Wei sent Sima Yi to command Zhang He, Guo Huai, Fei Yao and others to fight Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang asked for battle many times, and Sima Yi kept his own camp. Although Sima Yi did not fight Zhuge Liang, he kept leading his army to follow Zhuge Liang's army. Zhang He opposed: "The enemy comes to fight our army from afar, but we cannot ask for a fight. For our army, it is a good idea not to fight, and a long-term confrontation is the best way. Moreover, our Qishan Fortress already knows that the army is not far from them. According to human nature, they will spontaneously defend the fortress, so our army can stop advancing, station here, divide surprise troops, and circumvent the enemy's rear.We should not only move forward and dare not fight like we are now. Your approach to advance and avoid war will only be disappointed. "Sima Yi refused to obey.
Zhuge Liang led his army to surround Qishan and sent him to guard the southern circumference. Sima Yi led a large army to attack Zhuge Liang and sent Zhang He to attack Wang Ping. Wang Ping remained unmoved, and Zhang He could not defeat him. Zhuge Liang returned to Qishan, and Sima Yi ordered Zhang He to pursue him. Zhang He said: "Military law, the siege must be a way out, and the return army should not pursue him. "Sima Yi refused to listen, Zhang He had no choice but to , so he led his troops to pursue him. The Shu army was hiding in Mumen Valley, and bows and crossbows were fired randomly. Flying arrows shot Zhang He and died on the spot.
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