"Chen Duxiu's group of people are teachers of our generation." This is what Chairman Mao said to Chen Duxiu.
Chen Duxiu plays an important role in the history of the Chinese revolution. He is the enlightener of the youth movement during the May Fourth period , and is also the propagandist of the early Marxism-Leninism , and is also the founder and early leader of the Communist Party of .
Chen Duxiu
Chen Duxiu, who has these titles, naturally made an indelible contribution to China's democracy and science. But after the failure of the first domestic revolution, he gradually moved towards the opposite side of the party. At 87 meeting , his position as general secretary was revoked, and he was later expelled from the party.
From the glorious first secretary to the unsuccessful non-party person in his later years, Chen Duxiu's life experience is regrettable. Although his later years were miserable and he refused to accept the CCP's acceptance, his life still shone like a star in the revolutionaries' pursuit of Marxism-Leninism. Even Chairman Mao thought that Chen Duxiu was the teacher of their group, which means that Chen Duxiu's achievements are irreplaceable.
However, Chen Duxiu's later transformation was unexpected. The Revolution can be regarded as a very important turning point for him. What did Chen Duxiu do after the Great Revolution?
Chen Duxiu
1. The red veterans of the party
As the flag bearer and initiator of the New Culture Movement , Chen Duxiu, like the revolutionary patriots of those eras, stood at the forefront of history and launched the May Fourth Movement .
He was not only the early founder and leader of the Communist Party, but also led the scattered parties to complete step by step.
Although he was born in a family of officials who fell in the Qing Dynasty, Chen Duxiu had a very independent mind since childhood. Later, in order to seek a new emancipation of his mind, he went to Japan to study, where he came into contact with the culture of the new world. He even cut off the long braids on his head while studying in Japan. This move also made the braids in his heart gradually fall into the ground.
After Chen Duxiu returned to China, he actively participated in various movements against 张张新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开新开But he did not get the fruits of several revolutions, so Chen Duxiu was disheartened and went to Japan again, hoping to find a new revolutionary path.
Yuan Shikai
When he came back, Chen Duxiu had mature thoughts in his mind. The founding of " New Youth " in 1915 is the best proof. At that time, he and Li Dazhao held high the banner of democracy and science, advocated new culture , and encouraged teachers and students to march, so that the Chinese people's thoughts were completely liberated.
When all the preliminary work is ready, time has come to
1921, with the help of the Communist International, , the First Congress of the Communist Party of China, was officially held. The party's strength was still very weak at that time, so International Communist International asked the Communist Party of China to cooperate with the Kuomintang.
"New Youth"
Regarding this issue, Chen Duxiu fiercely expressed his opposition to , but at that time, the Communist Party of China was just a branch or branch in the eyes of the Communist International. So no matter how Chen Duxiu opposes, our party eventually accepted the instructions of the Communist International and carried out the first intra-party cooperation between and the Kuomintang.
When the Northern Expedition Revolution was vigorously launched, the treacherous forms of the country also underwent earth-shaking changes. Before the fruits of the revolutionary victory were picked, Chiang Kai-shek despicable betrayed the revolution and turned his gun towards the comrades in our party.
Chiang Kai-shek
You should know that at the beginning, he opposed the various interventions of the Communist International, and even opposed the Communist International's request for the Communist Party of China and Chiang Kai-shek to cooperate closely. Now his revolutionary comrades have been brutally massacred, and he has no various armed forces to use, which has led to some wrong lines in his mind.
2. The first secretary who is heading towards opposition
After the failure of the Great Revolution, Chen Duxiu showed all kinds of immaturity and naivety as a leader. His plan was to pretend to obey the leadership of the Kuomintang, hand over all the guns, and then secretly strengthen his power, quietly hiding dormant and waiting for the opportunity. What he means is that while waiting, actively compete with the Kuomintang for the right to speak in negotiations to protect his own vitality.
But his line was opposed by many comrades in the party, especially Chairman Mao’s “If we hand over the gun, we will be mermaid meat.”
After all, Chen Duxiu’s thoughts were a bit too weak, so that he left the supreme leadership position of the CPC Central Committee when he suffered setbacks in the revolution and his position was questioned, and he retreated to his study.
At that time, he was still a pure Chinese revolutionary. Until 1929, Chen Duxiu saw Trotsky article about the Chinese revolution . He began to feel that this person had ideological resonance with him, and began to accept the Trotskyist line on the Chinese revolution theory.
Trotsky
In plain language, the meaning of "Trotskyism" is to advocate skipping the democratic revolution and directly carrying out socialist revolution .
So Chen Duxiu believed that at that time, China had entered a period of stable development of capitalism, and proletarian was in a state of rest, and just use legal means to win votes. The most deadly thing about his thoughts is that opposes the Chinese Communist Party seizing the fruits with armed forces .
It can be seen from this that Chen Duxiu was deeply influenced by the Trotskyists at that time, and his vague view of the revolutionary situation was also very incorrect.
Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao's statue
He hid in his study and wrote letters after letters to the new Central Committee of the Communist Party of China stating his reasons. But these letters were not taken care of by our party until his third letter.
The letter pointed out directly at the party's line and borrowed many Trotskyist theories and pointed out some incorrect lines and guidelines of the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. These letters of have become important tools for him to make a change. From then on, the debate between the new Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chen Duxiu finally intensified from the dispute over the line to mutual accusations and hats. At this time, he had completely stood on the opposite side of the party.
Since standing opposite, Chen Duxiu has started to carry out various activities. He has been actively promoting his thoughts within the party, and also promoting Trotskyism with party members from other places.
Chen Duxiu
In October 1929, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China asked Chen Duxiu to immediately stop these incorrect activities and asked him to make criticism and self-criticism. This very eye-catching warning was ignored by Chen Duxiu, and he even wrote a letter to the Party Central Committee, taking the opportunity to express his position.
However, the Communist Party of China was not able to make the decision at that time, and the Communist International had a clear voice in the party. In November, the Communist International gave the Communist Party of China further instructions, that is, cancelled all positions in the Communist Party of China and expelled him from the party.
Unlike others, Chen Duxiu is still in public activities even after being expelled from the party. Even in December, he raised his arms and shouted: "I am not afraid that I will be expelled from the party. Even if I sacrifice everything, I will save the Chinese revolution."
Picture source network
Later, Chen Duxiu actively promoted the unification of Trotskyist organizations in China. They clearly supported Stalin , which means that they completely divided the camps with our party. But less than a month later, his so-called Trotskyist organizations fell apart again, and after he was arrested and imprisoned by the National Government.
Even in prison, Chen Duxiu was still spreading his own ideas and fiercely criticized the ideological line of the CPC Central Committee. Wrong.
When he was in prison, Chiang Kai-shek knew his influence in China, so he sent people to bribe him several times. Not only did Chiang Kai-shek's actions clearly reject him, but Chen Duxiu also ridiculed him as "the first person to rebel against the revolution" .
Chiang Kai-shek
It can be seen that although Chen Duxiu's ideological policy had a greater difference with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, his identity as a revolutionary was never discarded, and in fact he did the same.
3 The firm-willed non-party
When 's second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was launched again, the CPC Central Committee asked the Kuomintang to release all patriotic political criminals, and Chen Duxiu was also released as an exception.
After he was released from prison, he came to Sichuan and Shaanxi to settle down. At that time, the revolution in China was in full swing, but Chiang Kai-shek was still fiddling with the political masters.
Chiang Kai-shek
He knew that Chen Duxiu was alone at this time, and the CCP could never accept him, so he sent people to show kindness to Chen Duxiu many times and invited him to come out to be an official in the Kuomintang. But unexpectedly, Chen Duxiu bombed all the people who visited the Kuomintang out of his home.
Following the standard of living Chen Duxiu's body became worse and worse. When Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai knew about Chen Duxiu's dilemma, Premier Zhou personally rushed to Chongqing from Yan'an to visit Chen Duxiu, and also asked him to go to Yan'an together to plan major events. However, Chen Duxiu stubbornly believed that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was still rejecting him and had no say when he went back, so he rejected the goodness of the Party Central Committee. I mean.
Prime Minister Zhou
At that time, he was very poor and his life was very poor. His revolutionary friend Li Dazhao was jointly strangled by the Kuomintang reactionaries . His two sons also fell in the battlefield of the revolution. His companions who fought side by side with him in the past also left him. At that time, Chen Duxiu was already lonely and helpless and had no hope.
Li Dazhao
As he gets older, Chen Duxiu suffers from High blood pressure. He is suffering from illness every day while still worried about the line and condition of the Chinese revolution.
But what he didn't know was that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had changed a lot at that time. Gone are the scene of the Party Central Committee being intervened by the Communist International. If he could, he could return to the Party Central Committee to do something. However, he once again miscalculated the situation, so that his later years were miserable and poor.
A few years later, Chen Duxiu unfortunately died due to suffering from illness. After his death, Chairman Mao also actively cared about his family. You should know that the Chen family is full of loyal and martyrs.
In his later years, Chen Duxiu is still a pure revolutionary in the eyes of the public. Although he once stood opposite to the Party Central Committee, he had never done anything to harm the Communist Party. even scolded the Kuomintang as the counter-revolutionary leader when the Kuomintang invited him.
Chen Duxiu went to prison five times in his life, and each time he was arrested and imprisoned because he rushed to the forefront of giving advice to the party. After his whole life, he is a party member with firm beliefs and firm party spirit.
The reason why he performed like that after the Great Revolution is just because his ability is indeed insufficient. What's more, China was in ignorance at that time. Although Marxism was gradually becoming popular in China, every revolutionary patriot was groping in the dark.
Chen Duxiu has never been separated from his identity as a revolutionary party. Even if he was expelled from the party, he is still seeking national rejuvenation as a revolutionary.
Chen Duxiu
Indeed, Chen Duxiu took a large part of the responsibility for the Great Revolution, but he was not a direct fuse. At that time, the one who guided the Chinese revolution was Comintern , and the main radicals in the country were also exploring the route in the darkness. Therefore, under the matchmaking of various negative factors, the failure of the Great Revolution was both limited by objective conditions and the lack of ability of the Party. It is probably wrong to impose all the failures of the Great Revolution on Chen Duxiu, and it is also deliberately erasing Chen Duxiu's achievements.
Therefore, according to objective circumstances, the Communist International and its representatives in China should bear serious and unshirkable responsibility for the failure of the Chinese Revolution.
Of course, Chen Duxiu's own problem is not bad, but this is understandable. After all, he was than Chairman Mao, Deng Zhongxia and Comrade Xiaoping and others were over 20 years older. A middle-aged man led a group of young people to carry out a revolution, and disagreement of opinions is naturally the most normal thing. After all, a middle-aged man's thoughts are easy to be conservative.
pic source network
And the biggest difference between him and Chairman Mao is that he received education from literati since he was a child, so he has always explored theories and directions of revolution in books. But Chairman Mao is different. He is a child who grew up from the land and has a deep understanding of China's reality and practice.
Therefore, Chen Duxiu yearns for the kind of revolutions like writing articles, giving speeches, drinking tea. This is contrary to the reality of China at that time. Chairman Mao once commented: "Doing a revolution is not a treat to a meal" , which is enough to illustrate the difference between the two people.
Chairman Mao
Comprehensively speaking, Chen Duxiu has a tragic and magnificent life. He has fought for China's liberation cause for nearly 30 years. This has devoted countless experiences and hard work to many of his predecessors and colleagues.
Even in the last 15 years of his life, he was still insisting on moving forward with his dry feet, even if he staggered, even if he was covered in mud, even if he fell, he had never been a traitor, a traitor, and never did anything that was unfavorable to the Communist Party of China.
Chen Duxiu
Therefore, Chairman Mao’s evaluation is very fair. Chen Duxiu was indeed a pioneer of the Chinese revolution. He was groping for the path of the nation's development in the dark. This spirit is fearless, firm, and loyal. Even if there are mistakes in thought and line, it will not affect the fact that he is a pure party member. Many people regard Chen Duxiu just because they put themselves in the perspective of God and judge the practices of people in the past from the current height.
If the position is changed, today's people may not be able to do better than him.
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