In 641 AD, under the two efforts of Tubo Zanpu Songtsen Gambo, Tang Taizong finally agreed to his marriage proposal.
The clan girl chosen this time is Princess Wencheng of .
There are some stories, history tells us the beginning, but does not tell us the ending, such as Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet.
Songtsen Gambo and Princess Wencheng's beautiful story lasted only 10 years, and then Princess Wencheng lived in Luoxuecheng for 30 years.
During this period, the political situation changed and the peace crisis between the two countries continued, but Princess Wencheng never wanted to return to Chang'an.
01 Songtsen Gampo asks for a kiss
The beginning of this story is Songtsen Gampo 's deep admiration for the advanced civilization of the Tang Dynasty.
In 629 AD, Songtsen Gambo succeeded to Tubo Zamp, also the king of Tubo, " New Tangshu" called him Abandoned Zong Zan .
Before this, Tubo was just one of the many regimes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, located in the south of the mountain . Thanks to the efforts of two generations of Songtsen Gambo ’s grandfather and father Langri Lunzan , Tubo unified Tibet in form.
However, Lange commented on praise In his later years, the political situation in Tubo was turbulent, conflicts between the nobles were sharp, and he himself was poisoned to death.
Songtsen Gambo, who has just ascended the throne, is only 12 years old, but with the help of his uncle on Coer and prime minister Shangsang , he quickly put down the rebellion.
In 633 AD, Songtsan Gambo moved its capital to , which is today's Lhasa. After that, Songtsen Gambo conquered Subi in southern Qinghai, and began to use sheep and at the border of Tibet.
Around 638 AD, Songtsan Gambo began to look at Tuyuhun in the northeastern part of Qinghai.
At this time, the Datang Empire was also expanding westward.
In 630 AD, the Tang Empire defeated Turkic Jieli Khan and became the overlord of East Asia. In 633, Tang defeated Tuyuhun and supported the pro-Tang’s Fushun Tugu, . ; 640 AD,The Tang army conquered Gaochangguo and quickly opened up the Western Regions.
The two largest empires in East Asia converge in the river Huang Valley .
Songtsan Gambo is a very wise politician. In the process of unifying Qinghai-Tibet, he found the strong password of the Central Plains Empire: agricultural technology + centralization.
At the same time, Songtsen Gambo also realized that in these two aspects, he still needs to learn from his master Datang.
In 634 AD, Songtsen Gambo first sent an envoy better than Tang. Later, Tubo Dalun (Prime Minister) Ludongzan came to Chang'an and expressed Tubo 's strong desire to marry the princess of the Tang Dynasty.
The marriage of the Central Plains Dynasty is either to be invincible, or to conquer the prospective younger brother. Tubo Obviously neither has it.
More importantly, in Qinghai-Tibet, the Tang Empire had already received the younger brother Tuyuhun , and Tubo and Tuyuhun had a territorial dispute.
So this matter, Tang Taizong initially refused.
Songtsen Gampo was very angry after learning about it,He defeated Tuyuhun eastward and attacked Songzhou in Tang Dynasty in 638. However, the Tang army commander Hou Junji and lost their mind before they arrived, the Tubo army was defeated by Tang general Niu Jinda .
This tentative attack made Songtsen Gambo realize that the newly unified Tubo obviously does not have the strength to wrestle with the Tang Empire.
So, he ordered the army to withdraw from the party project and the land of Tuyuhun, and sent envoys with a heavy gift to propose to the Tang Dynasty again.
On the other hand, the Tang Empire had no intention of opening up the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but it also realized that the unified Tubo was not a role that could be easily manipulated, and decided to use marriage.
So, this time, Tang Taizong agreed.
02 Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet
In 641 AD, accompanied by the envoy Jiangxia Wang Li Daozong and Tubo Dalun Ludongzan, Princess Wencheng's frame departed from Chang'an slowly Go west into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
And Songtsan Gampo led the Tubo army and important officials to come to the source of the Yellow River early near Baihai to welcome them.
When the sent-off delegation arrived, Songtsen Gambo was very respectful to Li Daozong ,Meet Li Daozong with the manners of his son-in-law ( ).
Princess Wencheng is not the biological daughter of Taizong Li Shimin, and we still don't know her specific birth. Therefore, many people speculate that Princess Wencheng is the daughter of Li Daozong .
In fact, this is unlikely, and this move reflects more of Songtsen Gambo's contribution to the Tang Dynasty marriage and the agricultural technology and the Tang cultural system brought by Princess Wencheng. The respect and admiration.
As Songtsen Gambo said later, being able to marry a princess of the Tang Dynasty is an honor that my father and grandfather has never received. I will build a city for her and let future generations remember this honor ( my father and grandfather There is no intermarriage to join the country, today I have to go to the Princess of Tang Dynasty, for the sake of luck. I should build a city for the princess to boast about the offspring.
The construction of logical cities and Potala Palace may not only be due to the arrival of Princess Wencheng, but also an inevitable move after the relocation of the capital. But different from the previous peace relationship, Songtsen Gambo himself and the top political leaders of Tubo are truly proud of this marriage.
As early as the Qin and Han dynasties, the Han court had made peace with the Xiongnu countries in the Western Regions many times.
But in order to prevent cultural infiltration, Han princesses such as princess and Wang Zhaojun are not the Dalan clan of the Xiongnu Shanyu, but the side rooms.
To prevent Han descendants from taking control of their country,The descendants of the Han princess are often squeezed out by the local aristocracy. Princess Jieyou Most of her offspring died in political struggles in his later years, and Wang Zhaojun’s descendants also missed the Xiongnu Shanyu, which is a clear proof.
But after Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, Songtsen Gampo was crowned immediately and named Zanmeng (Queen of the Tubo Royal Family). After the death of Princess Wencheng, Princess Wencheng was received by Tubo together with Songtsen Gampo. National sacrifice. ( "Princess Zanmeng Wencheng welcomed Gar. Dongzan Yusong to the land of Tubo." "As of the Year of the Goat (683)...winter, worship Princess Zanmeng Wencheng.)
All these show that Princess Wencheng is here Tubo received very high political treatment.
Not only that, marriages are often just political marriages, but Princess Wencheng seems to be the only exception.
When married Princess Wencheng, Songtsan Gambo was only 25 years old and flourishing. . And his admiration for the culture of the Central Plains, and then transformed into a love for Princess Wencheng.
When seeing the sent-off delegation, Songtsan Gambo saw the Tang suits gorgeous, consciously paled in comparison, after returning to Tubo, So he took the lead in wearing silk clothes, learned the customs of the Tang Dynasty from his wife, and sent his children to Chang'an to learn Confucian "Poems" and "Books." Customs (can be understood as applying red paint on the face), Songtsen Gambo ordered the prohibition of the ochre custom in the middle school.
After marrying Princess Wencheng, Songtsen Gambo opposed Tang Ting Also behaved very respectfully.Tang Taizong won the battle, Songtsen Gampo sent the golden goose congratulations; after Tang Taizong's death, Songtsen Gampo presented a heavy sacrifice to Zhaoling.
If building these cities is more of a political consideration, and sending envoys to school is a measure of cultural reform, then changing dresses, banning ocher noodles, and He Sheng's funeral are somewhat of the favor of princess Wencheng. .
Therefore, although the princess of Wencheng is a political and pro, she seems to have received excellent treatment in Tubo and found love.
However, Tianjiu Jiayuan, in 650 AD, Tang Gaozong Yonghui first year, only 35 years old Songtsen Gambo died, Princess Wencheng widowed ever since.
03 Princess Wencheng refused to return to the Tang
After Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, the agriculture, medicine, and handicraft industry of Tubo have been greatly developed, the centralization of power has also been strengthened, and the national power has greatly increased.
Therefore, after Songtsen Gampo's death, many aristocrats in Tubo believed that it was time to regain control with Datang.
In 670 AD, due to a territorial dispute with Tuyuhun , another war broke out between Tang and Tu.
Considering that the peace break between the two countries will affect the situation of Princess Wencheng, it is said that Emperor Gaozong once issued an edict to let Princess Wencheng return to the court. However, Princess Wencheng refused.
After that,Regardless of the peace or war between Tang and Tubo, Princess Wencheng of never returned to China until her death in 680 AD at .
Count down the past dynasties and the princesses, after the death of the princess, all have returned to the country.
Princess Xijun and her pro- Wusun, after repeatedly requesting to return to the country, she soon disappeared. In her later years, the princess Jiefang witnessed her children and grandchildren die in political struggles and returned to the country, and finally Success; after the death of Huhanxiedan Yu, Wang Zhaojun also submitted a letter to return to China, but was also rejected by Han Ting.
However, the princesses of the Hanting have repeatedly submitted letters requesting to return to China and are not allowed. Now Princess Wencheng has the opportunity but is reluctant to return. Why is this?
The biggest difference is that the Xiongnu, Wusun, etc. are all tribal countries with a very low level of civilization. They have a custom of accepting step marriages. This is an extremely shameful thing. accept.
For example, Princess Jieyou married Wusun Kunmi, Junxu mi, her brother Weng Guimi, and her son Nimi, two generations of 3 people, Wang Zhaojun is calling After the death of Han Xie, his eldest son, , was successively adopted by , and his second son, , who found Harmony Ruodan on .
Wang Zhaojun's request to return to the dynasty is because he is unwilling to "combine with the vulgar customs", and it is difficult to accept this unethical marriage custom.
and Songtsen Gambo after his death,After her grandson Mansong Manzan succeeded to the throne Zamp , Princess Wencheng did not receive the sorrowful treatment of sorrow and Zhaojun.
Tang dynasty poet Chen Tao once described the Tubo after making peace: Since the noble lord made the marriage, half of the Hu Feng resembles the Han family.
Perhaps due to the efforts of Princess Wencheng and his wife, influenced by the Han culture, Tubo has given up the bad custom of accepting marriage; perhaps because Princess Wencheng is a tribute to the Mongolian, although there is a custom of accepting marriage, it will not affect Princess Wencheng .
In short, to receive the courtesy of Tubo, this is the primary reason why Princess Wencheng is willing to continue to live in Logan instead of returning to Chang'an.
Of course, and more importantly, from many sources, Princess Wencheng had a high prestige in Tubo before she was alive, and she was deeply loved by the Tubo nobles and people.
Although the Tang Dynasty was his hometown, in Chang'an, he was just an ordinary woman in the clan. After his death, he was called the "Li family" by posterity at most. Although Tubo is a foreign land, she has already combined herself and herself. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is integrated.
Here, there is her lover Songtsan Gambo , and her people, the vast Tubo people.
04
In 680 AD, Princess Wencheng, who lived in Tubo for 30 years, passed away. A grand funeral was held for her in Tubo, and the Tang court also sent an envoy to hang sacrifice .
In the more than 1,300 years since then, many legends of Princess Wencheng have been circulating on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They have been widely spread in the form of poems, songs, and stories.
To the east of today's Qinghai Lake , there is a Riyue Mountain and a Daotang River. In Tibetan legends, they are closely related to Princess Wencheng.
Legend has it that when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet,Seeing that she is farther and farther away from home, homesickness is becoming more and more eager. I remembered that before leaving, my mother had given her a mirror and told her to take it out when she was homesick.
So, Princess Wencheng took out the treasure mirror, but only saw her face full of sadness. When she got angry, she threw the mirror to the ground, not wanting the treasure mirror to fall, but turned into Riyue Mountain.
Princess Wencheng looked at all the rivers flowing east, but she wanted to go west, she was even more sad, and a river blocked by Riyueshan heard the princess's cry, and immediately reversed direction. This is flowing backwards. River.
There is also a saying that the flowing river is turned into the tears of Princess Wencheng's homesickness.
Not only that, there are many beautiful legends about Songtsan Gambo's marriage to Princess Wencheng, and there are many beautiful legends about the welcoming ambassador Ludongzan in Tubo.
Legend Lu Dongzan When proposing to the Tang room, there were envoys from many countries who wanted to marry the princess of the Tang room, so Tang Taizong decided to test these envoys, and the smartest one could marry the princess.
This is the story of the "Six Trial Marriage Envoys" that has been preserved in the murals of Jokhang Temple and Potala Palace in Lhasa.
In these stories, Lu Dongzan finally passed the tests with his ingenuity, and this was the result of Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet and marriage.
There are many rapport stories in history, but most of them revolve around the beauty of the raping princess and the war between the two countries. However, the raping princess has never been given such a high status by the rapprochement, let alone compiled for the envoy. Set of stories.
Of course, these stories are not true, but they really reflect the welcome of Princess Wencheng to Tibet in Tubo and the sense of honor to be able to pro-Datang.
In today’s Potala Palace,There are still many murals related to Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet, as well as large colored sculptures of Songtsen Gambo and Princess Wencheng .
In Yushu, Qinghai, Sanjiangyuan, China, near the Baihai where Songtsan Gampo was originally welcoming relatives, there is a very incense temple called "Princess Jiasha Temple".
According to legend, Princess Wencheng entered Tibet and stayed here for a period of time. There are many stories about princess Wencheng who taught the local Tibetans to cultivate and weave in the murals in the temple.
In today's Xi'an, there is a Guangren Temple , which is the palace where the great Tibetan lamas came to Beijing and passed through Shaanxi, so it is also called the Lama Temple.
In the middle of the Daxiong Hall of Guangren Temple, a Bodhisattva named Green Tara is enshrined. Its predecessor was the Green Tara Bodhisattva enshrined in the Kaiyuan Temple of the Tang Dynasty imperial temple, and it was once a gift of Ludongzan to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty.
Green Tara, also known as Save Tara, is the first of the twelve great Tara in Tibetan Buddhism. Many Tibetans and Mongolians may not know Guangren Temple, but they all know that there is a Green Tara in Chang'an who has spoken and rescued. Buddha.
According to legend, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she took away the Buddha statues in the main hall of Kaiyuan Temple. Tang Taizong was thinking about which Buddha statues should be enshrined in the main hall. !
Therefore, in the eyes of Tibetan people, Princess Wencheng is also the incarnation of the Green Tara Bodhisattva. It is said that many Tibetans have regarded Princess Wencheng as a Bodhisattva for generations and worshipped them from time to time.
Ziyu said
For the Tubo nobles, Princess Wencheng brought advanced Central Plains culture; and for the people, Princess Wencheng brought advanced agricultural technology, textile technology, and medical achievements, bringing more people Able to eat and wear warmth and suffer less from illness.
Therefore, Princess Wencheng not only received courtesy and respect at the top of Tubo,After his death, he was sacrificed by the Tubo country many times, and he was also very much loved among the Tubo people. After his death, he became a bodhisattva in the hearts of Tibetans.
She has left her nostalgia and homesickness to the east of Riyue Mountain; she has left her welfare and care to the people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
And this may be the root cause of Princess Wencheng's reluctance to return to Chang'an, but she has to keep track of her death.
text/Ziyu
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