Qing Shizong Aixinjueluo Yinzhen (December 13, 1678-October 8, 1735), the fifth emperor of the Qing Dynasty (reigned from 1722 to 1735), and the third emperor after the capital was settled in Beijing , The reign of Yongzheng. Mongolian is called "Naylal Tutobhan", Tibet is called "Emperor Manjusri". The fourth son of Emperor Kangxi, whose mother is Empress Xiao Gongren ( Defei Wuya clan ), was born in Yonghe Palace in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
Early Years Experience
Young Yinzhen Traveling Music Picture
Yinzhen was born in the Forbidden City on October 30th (December 13, 1678) at Yinzheng in the Forbidden City, Beijing, and span2. For De Fei Wu Ya's. Because his biological mother, Wu Ya, was born from a humble background, he could not give Yinzhen a special status among the princes. In addition, in the early Qing Dynasty, the harem did not allow his biological mother to raise her own son. Therefore, Yinzhen was given a full moon by , the queen of Xiao Yiren Tong Jia 'S upbringing. Empress Xiao Yiren is the daughter of first-class father Tong Guowei, and the niece of Empress Xiao Kangzhang. Empress Xiao Yiren has never given birth to a prince, and only one princess died at an early age. Therefore, she raised the sons of virtue and concubine. The young Yinzhen was dignified because of her dignity. It's possible to indulge her intentionally. _P3pIn the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683) Yinzhen entered the study room at the age of six. Yinzhen followed Zhang Ying to learn the Four Books and Five Classics, and learned Manchu from Xu Yuanmeng . The one who has the closest relationship with Yinzhen is Gu Badai. Yinzhen said that he was "excellent in character and mellow in academics." In his youth and youth, Yinzhen was strictly controlled by his father and master, and engaged in the study of the four books and five classics. During this period, he wrote poems such as "Reading in Spring" and "Reading in Summer". Slightly longer, he followed Emperor Kangxi on a tour around and was ordered to handle some political affairs. When he was sixteen, he accompanied his three brothers Yin Zhi to worship the Qufu Confucian Temple.
In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi (1696), the 19-year-old Yinzhen followed Emperor Kangxi to conquer Galdan and was in charge of the Zhenghongqi camp. Yinzhen did not participate in this battle, but he was very concerned about this battle and wrote "The Wolf "Juxu Mountain Great Reading", "Gong Cheng Huiluan Two Poems",Praise is the merit of the father's use of soldiers. He went to Zunhua temporarily to worship the Empress Xiaozhuangwen in the Fengdian. In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi (1698), the 21-year-old Yinzhen was named Baylor. In the thirty-nine year of Kangxi (1700), the 23-year-old attendant of Emperor Kangxi Yinzhen inspected the Yongdinghe construction site to inspect the quality of the project. Twenty-five years old, accompanied his father and emperor on a tour of Wutai Mountain, and the following year, he served in the south of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to inspect and accept the Yellow River and Huai River projects.
Management and reserve
In the summer of the 47th year of Kangxi (1708), the Emperor Kangxi first deposed the prince 胤礽 . In the process of selecting the new prince, Yinzhen supported Fuli Yinzhen and maintained a good relationship with the eighth son Yin禩 . In the forty-eight years of Kangxi (1709), Fu Li Yinfeng was crowned prince. In the same year, Yinzhen was named the Prince of Heshuoyong. Here, the princes have formed private parties in order to seek a place, and the intrigue is extremely fierce.
After the re-establishment of Yinfeng, some illegal activities were carried out to consolidate the reserves, which caused the unhappiness of Emperor Kangxi, and he was deposed again in the 50th year of Kangxi (1711). From then on, courtiers kept busy resetting him, and he was punished by Emperor Kangxi. Yinfeng was abandoned, but the vacancy of the crown prince he left was not replaced by Emperor Kangxi, which caused the princes to be greatly tempted. Yinhu has the capital and continues to be active, but once again he is reprimanded by his father. His accomplice Yin禵 "Corporate sage", contacted all parties, "quite a plan." In the 57th year of Kangxi (1718), the fourteenth prince Yinxuan was appointed as General Fuyuan, went to the northwest, commanded two Qing troops into Tibet, sent Dalai VI to Lhasa, and expelled the Junggar people who once entrenched Tibet. The forces stabilized the situation in Tibet. His reputation is rising, and he may become a prince. The Third Prince Cheng, Prince Yinzhi, was ordered to open the Mengyangzhai Pavilion, and a group of scholars gathered around him. He also "hoped to reserve a position", and even after Yinrong was abolished, he "proclaimed himself as the crown prince".
Young Yinzhen reading portrait
Yinzhen is good at governing the country and knows how to keep a low profile. He respects Buddhism and Taoism, claims to be "the best idler in the world", maintains harmony with the brothers, and has close contacts with Nian Gengyao and Longkodo,At the same time, he showed sincere filial piety to his father Emperor Kangxi and painted Tibet on the territory, winning the trust of Emperor Kangxi. In the 60th year of Kangxi (1721), when Yongzheng was forty-four years old, it was the 60th anniversary of Emperor Kangxi’s accession to the throne. He was ordered to go to Shengjing to sacrifice to the ancestral mausoleum, and return to Beijing to participate in the examination of the Tribute Society. At the winter solstice, he obeyed the order of Emperor Kangxi to worship the sky in the southern suburbs. The following year, the two warehouses in Beijing and Tong were checked and ordered to worship the sky during the winter solstice. These activities of Yinzhen have two meanings to him. One is that he has traveled extensively in major areas of China on patrols and government affairs, so that he has the opportunity to learn about economic properties, mountains and rivers, and folk customs. Religious beliefs and historical issues have obtained first-hand information on civil affairs; the second is to observe Emperor Kangxi’s handling of political affairs, examine local administration and government officials, exercise the ability to handle certain political affairs, and gain some experience in politics. These two factors have great practical significance for Yinzhen's future governance of state affairs.The victory of Emperor Yongzheng in the struggle for the reserve has its inevitability. This is: First, his talent and pragmatic spirit will win the support of some people. His personal Dai Duo was once praised by the scholar Li Guangdi His master: "Comprehensive talents and virtues, with both kindness and power, and great accomplishments." In fact, in the struggle for the crown prince, Emperor Yongzheng proposed a political policy of rectifying accumulated habits and vigorous activities, which is in opposition to the policy of benevolence and righteousness of the eight princes, Yinsi. Strive for popular support. Second, he was good at playing double-faced tricks, thus deceiving his opponents and Emperor Kangxi, so that political opponents did not care about him, did not concentrate on dealing with him, and thus succeeded lightly. Thirdly, he has a group that has used his strength at critical moments, such as stabilizing the situation in central Beijing through and Longcordo , and controlling Yinqi and stabilizing the northwest region through Nian Gengyao.
Consolidate the emperor's throne
On November 13th in the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Emperor Kangxi died of illness in Changchunyuan in the northern suburbs. Yinzhen inherited the throne, and the following year changed his name to Yongzheng. After he assumed the throne, Emperor Yongzheng re-used the thirteen sons of Kangxi, Yinxiang, and did not want to let go of his political opponents Yinhu and others. Yinhu and others were unwilling to lose. Therefore, the struggle between the two sides continued after Emperor Yongzheng took the throne. He took various political measures. To consolidate his throne. The first is to eliminate dissidents, divide and disintegrate the prince groups, and recall Yinqi from the Northwest Army.Be banned. Jin Feng Yuxu was appointed Prince Lian and Minister of Prime Minister Affairs. Send 胤禟 to Qinghai West Datong (now northwest of Qinghai Datong). In view of the fact that the Qing Dynasty did not have an effective reserve system, it often caused disputes over the succession to the throne and created a secret reserve system.
Yongzheng Emperor's Reading Statue
Before the spring of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Yongzheng had restrained his attacks on political opponents. This was because the regime was not too consolidated and it was inconvenient to stimulate the opponent. In March of the 2nd year of Yongzheng (1724), Qinghai won the rebellion, and the power of the Yongzheng regime was strengthened, and the punishment of Yinsi and the group was stepped up. In April, he condemned Yinhu himself, saying that he "has wanton rebellion and violated the law. Although I want to be tolerant and forgiving, and the constitution is in place, there is nothing to do. I should rectify his sins together with the ministers." Zongju was cut and banned, and was renamed "Aqina" (meaning fish to be slaughtered), Yinzhen was cut and banned, and was renamed "Sethhei" (meaning nasty person) ). The tenth son of the emperor Yinzhen I was detained, and the fourteenth son of Emperor Yinzhen of Kangxi (Yinzhen) was first sent to guard the mausoleum and then he was detained. The twelve sons of Emperor Kangxi were downgraded, and the third son of Emperor Kangxi, Yinzhi, was also banned by the king.In May of the same year, he went to Sunubel, and in July issued the "Imperial Friendship Theory" to further carry out the activities against the Yinhu party members. Soon after the emergence of the problems of Gengyao and Longkodo, he relaxed his opposition to Yinhu In December of the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Nian Gengyao gave his offensive and accelerated the punishment of Yinhu and others. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Yinzhen and Yinzhen were imprisoned to death. Yinzhen moved to Jingshan, Beijing, Cai Huaixi committed suicide, Guo Yunjinxiao first made public statements, and other Yinzhen party members were also punished. So far, Yinhu Group, which has been in business for more than 20 years, completely collapsed. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Emperor Yongzheng ordered Fuyuan General Nian Gengyao to commit suicide in the name of being a domineering blessing and forming a party for private gains. At the same time, he cut Long Kedo Taibao and banned him to death. And because of this, Wang Jingqi "Western Expedition Essay" case and Cha Siting test question case were linked up.
Government reform
Emperor Yongzheng said at the beginning of his ascension: "I have been in the residence for more than forty years, and when the ministers formed the party and harbored traitors, please entrust me.To deceive the unbelievers, to deceive the yang and the yin, to lie to the public for selfishness, to face wrongs, and all kinds of bad habits, all of my insights and insights can be counted on a handful, compared to the ancient times when the vassal king entered the inheritance, such as the Han Dynasty emperor, I have more knowledge Pass it. He is well aware of the social problems in the late Kangxi period, such as crony struggles; poor governance; relying on the implementation of the policy of enriching the people, has accelerated the accumulation of contradictions between the rich and the poor; the northwest is constantly using troops and needs to continue to resolve the contradictions with the Junggar region; and the national money is empty. He aimed at reality and combined his own ideals to produce his political program. In the month of Emperor Yongzheng’s ascension, he ordered the scholars, Shangshu, and ministers: "There are people who should behave in politics and can benefit the national economy and the people’s livelihood. The pros and cons are also in secret. Immediately afterwards, on the New Year's Day of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), the enactments issued to local civil and military officials at all levels stated that the ancient pure ministers all "prospered the advantages and eliminated the disadvantages, and carried out real governance with solid heart", and issued the pros and cons for the national economy and the people's livelihood. A call for political reform. His reform thoughts include the following:
Yongzheng's portrait made by Yunli
first, opposed to follow suit. Emperor Yongzheng believed that when he ascended the throne, "people's hearts have been played for a long time, and there are many evils." ", "If you don’t punish the wound, there will be no end to the future." He has repeatedly warned his ministers not to "play along the lines". He advocated "discriminate deliberately" in response to Emperor Kangxi’s thinking that “one more thing is better than one thing less” and attacked this. "Throttled" people denounced as "the superficial and ignorant people." He opposed the old-fashioned approach in order to remove ideological obstacles on the road of reform. Second, rectify the administration of officials to benefit the people's livelihood. Emperor Yongzheng said in the aforementioned letter to the governor on New Year's Day "Today’s official officials think it’s fame to fish for fame, but the fat family thinks it’s true, and they say “accept both name and reality”. I don’t know what the so-called name is true.” Actually issued a notice to rectify the staff. He is on his first anniversary. At the time, he said: "I have inherited Piji, always thinking of the management of the soldiers and the people", indicating that he is trying to achieve the goal of enriching the country and the people by rectifying the management of the officials. Third, oppose cronies. Emperor Yongzheng knew cronies from personal experience. The harm: crony parties do their own things, undermine the unity of government and government, and undermine the authority of the monarch. The cronies attack each other and appoint private individuals, which not only loses the normal principle of employing people, but also interferes with the authority of the monarch to use people to remove people; the crony parties express their political views and advertise themselves. Criticizing the government, disturbing the monarch’s audiovisual and obstructing adherence to established policies. Therefore, he said that "crimes are the worst habits".The crony he opposes includes the sect relationship between teachers and students of officials from Kejia in the same year, so he declared that he wanted to "cleanse the accumulated habits of Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming." "Afford to revitalize the decadence for hundreds of years in order to rectify the roots of governance." Indicates his determination to clarify politics and cure chronic diseases. The reform thought of prospering and eliminating disadvantages is part of Yongzheng's political thought. In addition, he believed that "there is no way to govern people," and that good monarchs and officials can manage politics. This is his basic concept. He advocates "being pragmatic for the government", that is, proceeding from reality and working in a down-to-earth manner. This is the soul of his thinking. He advocated strict governance and a vigorous and resolute style of doing things. This is his strategy of governance. In all the political ideas of Emperor Yongzheng, prospering the advantages and eliminating the disadvantages is the core content, which is the basic characteristic of his governance.In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), he accepted the suggestion of Nomin, the governor of Shanxi, to implement measures such as the envy of the public and nourish silver, so as to increase the central government's revenue and limit local expropriation. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Yongzheng also decided to conduct a strict inspection on the serious shortage of money and grain in various places in the last years of Kangxi, and immediately ransacked corrupt officials to recover stolen goods. In the clean-up policy, where there is a deficit in a locality, the limit is limited to make up within three years. If the limit is not completed, the crime will be severely punished.
Mid-Government
In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Emperor Yongzheng prepared to use troops against the Gars. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), he used Yue Zhongqi for the general of Ningyuan, and Fu Erdan for Jingbian. General, go out the North Road, march on the conquest. However, the front line suffered consecutive defeats, and Emperor Yongzheng imprisoned Yue Zhongqi and repeatedly changed the commander of the North Road barracks. Later, the two sides couldn't fight anymore and started negotiations. Emperor Yongzheng's goal of destroying the opponent was not achieved. The reason is that Emperor Yongzheng, Yue Zhongqi, Fuerdan and other underestimate arrogance are important factors. Before he left the division, Emperor Yongzheng claimed: "Select generals, who are the top talents in the town association, select soldiers, and lead all of them to be outstanding and strong, and they are not sloppy."
Yongzheng
and Northwest soldiers In coordination, Emperor Yongzheng set up military aircraft department to assist him in military affairs.The Military Aircraft Department has military ministers, and Emperor Yongzheng appointed them from among the scholars, scholars, ministers and relatives, such as Prince Yi Yinxiang, scholar Zhang Tingyu, Hubu Shangshu Jiang Tingxi, and scholar Ertai, etc. He is also a minister of military affairs. There is also the military plane Zhangjing, who is elected by the cabinet, the Hanlin Academy, the Sixth Ministry, and the Lifan Academy. All of these people are part-time workers, and their promotion is still going on in the original yamen. Therefore, at the beginning of the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, there was "no specialist". The Military Aircraft Department does not have a formal government office. There is a duty room in the Longzong Gate, close to the Yongzheng Emperor's Dormitory Palace Yangxin Hall, so that military minister can be summoned for discussion. No specialists and no bureaus make the Military Aircraft Department a special organization.Emperor Yongzheng also strengthened his ideological rule, Daxing text prison. In the 7th year of Yongzheng (1729), Lu Shengnan, the former head of the Ministry of Industry, who was sent to the Northwest Barracks, wrote seventeen chapters of "Tong Jian Lun", discussing issues such as feudalism, establishment of reserve, military system, relationship between monarchs and ministers, and governance by doing nothing. Sensitive issues such as disputes between the party and the party. Emperor Yongzheng said that he "relied on the things of the ancients, falsely quoted the words of the ancients, in order to vent his grievances and anger" and ordered him to rectify the law before the army. The supervisory historian Xie Jishi, who also worked in front of the army, criticized Neo-Confucianism by annotating "The Daxue" and "slandering Cheng Zhu". Emperor Yongzheng ordered to use it to accompany him when he executed and Lu Shengnan to show that Discipline. In the same year, Zeng Jing sent his disciple Zhang Xi to instigate Chuan-Shan Governor Yue Zhongqi to conspire against the book. The late Confucian Lu Liuliang was implicated. Emperor Yongzheng reinvigorated the literary prison as a means to control thoughts, combat political enemies, and improve his authority.
Emperor Yongzheng compiled a selection of the memorials he had reviewed and compiled them into "Zhu Pianyuzhi". His decree to the ministers and workers was compiled into "Shangyu Cabinet" and "Shangyu Eight Banners" by Zhang Tingyu and other records. His articles in various genres were compiled as "The Collection of Imperial Works" by later generations. _P3p
Bizarre death
In May of the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Miao bandits from Guzhou and Taigong, Guizhou, quarreled at the border. Emperor Yongzheng ordered Ha Yuansheng to be the general Yangwei to command the conquest of the four provinces. In addition, the prince of fruit Yinli, the fourth son of the emperor Hongli , the fifth son of the emperor Hongrui,University scholars Ertai, Zhang Tingyu and others coordinated the affairs of Miao and Xinjiang. Shangshu Zhang Zhao and Deputy Du Yushi Dexishou from the Ministry of Life and Penalty assisted Miaojiang affairs. Soon Ha Yuan settled down the Miao rebellion in Guizhou. _P3p
Emperor Yongzheng ran the Yuanmingyuan Palace during his reign, and he often lived in Yuanmingyuan and Da Nei. He suffered from heat in his youth and feared the heat later, so he took the cooler Yuanmingyuan as his shelter and lived in Jiuzhou Qingyan, Siyi Bookstore, Wanfang Anhe, etc., which are warm in winter and cool in summer. According to the "Records of Qing Shizong", Emperor Yongzheng fell ill on August 21 in the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), "still doing things as usual", and died on the 23rd day.
After the death of Emperor Yongzheng, according to his secret method of establishing a reserve, he was succeeded by Hongli, the fourth son of the emperor. Temple name Sejong, posthumous name Respect for Heaven and Prosperity, Jianzhong Table Text Wu Yingming Kuan Ren Xin Yi Rui Sheng Da Filial Piety to Cheng Xian Emperor, buried in the Western Tomb of Qing Dynasty Tailing
This article was edited by Toutiao Encyclopedia users Wanding Xingchen Gongbiao, Asai Hui, Wanding Xingchen Hammer, Wanding Xingchen Gao Yaopan, and user 5893467756467.
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