Sui Yang Emperor Yang Guang was the second emperor of the Sui Dynasty, and various historical materials' evaluations of Sui Yang Emperor were finally mentioned as "tyrant". However, with the gradual development of modern history, people's views on Emperor Sui Yang gradually became more objective. Regardless of the personal right and wrong of Emperor Sui Yang, I want to talk to you today about his construction of the "Eastern Capital of Luoyang".
The "tyrant" of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty in historical materials was mainly derived from "the murder of the father", the fight for the crown prince, the construction of the eastern capital Luoyang, the development of the canal, the construction of the Great Wall, and the unforgivable "crimes" such as brutal warfare. It is precisely because of these so-called "crimes" that finally led to the tragic phenomenon of "the world died in service".
However, after his death, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" recorded: "The prosperity of the Sui family is very much here." As the saying goes, the merits and demerits of the past can only be judged by posterity. How can it be said that there are advantages or disadvantages? In fact, the author is not trying to rectify the name of Emperor Sui Yang. I just think that the "Eastern Capital of Luoyang" he built played an important urban function in the Sui, Tang and even later dynasties.
"Chang'an in the west and Luoyang in the east" are both historical cities
Eastern Han Dynasty famous historian and poet Ban Gu, He used his life's energy to write the masterpiece "Liangdu Fu". The "Liangdu" referred to in "Liangdufu" actually refers to the "Western Capital Chang'an" and "East Capital Luoyang" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This is actually the source of "Changan in the west and Luoyang in the east".
According to the records in "Fu of Two Capitals", since the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Two Capitals" has actually become the political, economic and cultural center at that time. Moreover, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty was located in Luoyang, which shows that the status of Luoyang city at that time was significantly higher than that of the "Western Capital Chang'an."
1. "Luoyang, the Eastern Capital" is the origin of the Chinese civilization
In the minds of many history lovers, Chang'an was once the capital of the Tang Dynasty. It The status must be higher than Luoyang. But in fact, Luoyang, as the origin of the Chinese civilization and one of the main birthplaces of the Chinese nation, has been designated as "in the world" by ancient ancestors since ancient times.
Luoyang is one of China's "Four Ancient Capitals", although in modern society, it has lost its important position as "in the world". And many up-and-coming stars, the so-called "Cultural Ancient City", are actually more famous than Luoyang in terms of prestige and acquired cultural genes.
For example, there are the so-called "Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties" and "Ancient Capital of Thirteen Dynasties". However, in ancient society, it is no longer possible to count how many dynasties have designated Luoyang as a country. I believe everyone will be surprised to see this. It turns out that Luoyang was not only the place where Emperor Yang of Sui belonged to the heart, but also the "foundation foundation" of many dynasties in our country.
Luoyang used to be the "in the world" in ancient society. In 1046 BC, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang was once the capital of the country. Until 770 BC, the "East moved to Luoyi" during the Zhou Ping king's time was Luoyang. Counting from Zhou Ping Wang's "East Move to Luoyi", this is actually an important sign of the establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
If it is calculated from the Xia Dynasty, Luoyang was actually the main area of the Xia Dynasty. For example, the emperors such as Taikang, Zhongkang, and Dijie in the Xia Dynasty all used "poor" as their capital. The main area of the so-called "pouring" is actually in Luoyang city in modern society.
2. "The Ancient Capital of the Nine Dynasties" Luoyang
I believe most people will dismiss the "Nine Dynasties Ancient Capital" as soon as they hear about it, because the "West Capital" "Chang'an" was once the "Ancient Capital of Thirteen Dynasties". But if you are familiar with Chinese history, you will find that the word "nine" in the "Nine Dynasties Ancient Capital" is actually just a general term that cannot be counted, or a pronoun that cannot be described in many ancient Chinese.
It is no exaggeration to say that in the ancient history that everyone knows now, "China" or "Zhongzhou, Zhongtu, and Central Plains" are often mentioned.Such vocabulary actually originated from Luoyang. Seeing this, many people may suddenly realize that Luoyang has such a profound historical connotation.
simply analyzes from the breadth of the word "Central Plains", it can actually represent the entire Chinese land. Therefore, Luoyang is a veritable ancient "capital city harvester". For example, we are familiar with the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Wei Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period, the Western Jin Dynasty after the Wei Dynasty, and Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang.
Sui Yang Emperor built the "East Capital Luoyang"
1. Sui Yang Emperor "built Tokyo", "over" In the contemporary era,
The first year of the great industry is 605 AD, when Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty ordered Yu Wenkai to "build Tokyo". At that time, Tokyo was another name for Luoyang. Although at the time of "building Tokyo", 2 million people were used every month and countless money was spent. However, Emperor Yang's actions made important contributions to historical development.
People often say that "the merits are in the contemporary era, which will benefit the future." Yang Guang, the Emperor of Suiyang, "built Tokyo". Although he did not achieve "contributions in the contemporary era", it can even be said to be a wicked deed. But history has proven that "building Tokyo" is indeed a great cause that "will benefit the future."
In the process of "building Tokyo", the Sui Dynasty also built the "Xianren Palace" and transported all the rare treasures from the south to Luoyang City. In fact, the method of Emperor Yang of Sui was to build a city on the flat ground. When Luoyang City was built, he moved the wealthy businessmen throughout the country to Luoyang, which actually laid the necessary foundation for Luoyang's economic development.
Then he sent people to drill through Jiqu and the surrounding two hundred miles of Xiyuan, and finally in 606 AD, he created the world-famous "East Capital of Luoyang". Although this method of "building a city" emptied the national treasury, and intensified social conflicts, and eventually led to the death of Sui Dynasty II. But this kind of "good for the future" approach should be worthy of the admiration of future generations.
2. The "Eastern Capital Luoyang" of the "Double Capitals" of the dynasty
The author believes that although Emperor Yang Guang of Sui Yang exhausted his national power and wealth, he did not For the later dynasty, a unique "Eastern Capital of Luoyang" was created. The reason why he insisted on moving the capital to Luoyang was actually because he took a fancy to Luoyang's important strategic position "in the world".
As the “in the world” Luoyang faces Yique to the south, Mang Mountain to the north, the Linghe River to the east, and Luoshui traverses it; in particular, Guo Jian, Miyagi, Huanghou, Dongcheng, Hanjiacang City, Yuan The wall castle and Yaoyihori have a large scale and an orderly layout.". This important pattern of relying on mountains and rivers and overlooking the world under danger is actually the main purpose of Emperor Yang Guang of Sui Yang to build the "East Capital of Luoyang".
From this point of view, Emperor Sui Yang can also be called a magnificent strategy. Although Emperor Yang of Sui only spent 15 years after building the "Eastern Capital of Luoyang". However, after the fall of the Sui Dynasty, Luoyang was still used in the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty and regarded it as the political, economic and cultural center of the country.
The author believes that Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty, as the capital of the Tang Dynasty, can actually satisfy the development of the Tang Dynasty. However, since Gaozong began to tilt towards Luoyang in politics, economy, and culture, or to call Luoyang the capital of the country and call it the "East Capital". It is enough to prove Luoyang's important strategic position in the eyes of feudal rulers in ancient times.
So far "Chang'an in the west and Luoyang in the east", although Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty was dubbed the "tyrant", Luoyang has been there since he started "building Tokyo" It once again reflects the important charm of the "national capital". Or from a historical perspective, it can be known that Luoyang has since entered the development history of the "double capital" of the dynasty.
Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Tang Dynasty and other dynasties, in addition to the "Western Capital Chang'an" as the capital, in fact, the "Eastern Capital of Luoyang" was used as another trump card of dynasty rule. In factIf we analyze the attributes of the capital, the author believes that "Chang'an is the capital of the West, and Luoyang is the capital of the East".
3. The historical inheritance and development of the "East Capital of Luoyang"
According to archaeological knowledge, in the "Paleolithic Age" five to six hundred thousand years ago, Luoyang The ancestors of this land will thrive again. It was not until 1600 BC, when Xia Qi, son of Dayu, established the Xia Dynasty, that Luoyang as the capital of the country had no definite historical records. Of course, the people of the Xia Dynasty at that time were only active in the area centered on Luoyang.
With the continuous loss of time and the continuous change of dynasties, in this magical land, the situation of "in the world" has formed. Luoyang also gradually participated in the history of ancient dynasties as the name continued to change.
For example, from the very beginning, such as Zhuhao, Luoyi, Chengzhou, Luoyang, etc., gradually changed to Dongdu, Tokyo, Zhongjing, and Shendu, Jingluo, Luojing, Xijing, etc. . However, Luoyang, as one of the "two capitals", that is, "Chang'an in the west and Luoyang in the east", whether in terms of politics, economy, or culture, is gradually developing toward a "central" trend. And when Emperor Yang of Sui "built Tokyo", he was thoroughly recognized by the dynasties.
Although Luoyang City in modern society is only a prefecture-level city in Henan Province, and has lost its role as a national capital, it has more than 5,000 years of civilized history, more than 4,000 years of urban history and more than 1,500 years of capital History of the ancient city. Luoyang's status in the eyes of the majority of Chinese people has never disappeared.
The "Eastern Capital of Luoyang" in the impression of ancient poets
Tang Dynasty poet Liu Kezhuang, once wrote a poem "Yingsuo" , To describe the prosperous scene of Luoyang when hundreds of flowers are competing for beauty. "Throwing willows and moving Qiao is too affectionate, making the noise of the machine when we cross each other. The flowers of Luoyang in March are like brocade, how much time it takes to weave." The same dazzling.
The famous frontier fortress poet Wang Changling has deep feelings for Luoyang. He wrote in the poem "Furonglou Sending Xinjian": "I entered Wu in the cold rain and night, and Pingming sent guests off to Chushan Gu. The relatives and friends in Luoyang are like asking each other, a piece of ice is in the jade pot." Although he wrote farewell by himself Friends, but in fact there is also a strong feeling of homesickness.
Ouyang Xiu also praised Luoyang peony in his long poem "Luoyang Peony Picture". "Luoyang is the most suitable flower, and peony is especially strange in the world." The soil in Luoyang City is particularly fertile, but it is most suitable for planting peony. The peony is also the city card of Luoyang.
In fact, there is another allusion about Luoyang peony. According to the record of unofficial history, the empress Wu Zetian of that year issued an edict to order the flowers of the world to "let a hundred flowers bloom". But only the Chang'an peony flower was not obeyed, so Wu Zetian and Longyan furiously "were disqualified from Chang'an and entered Luoyang." That's why Luoyang peony is the best in the world.
Of course, this is actually just a rumor, even though Wu Zetian is the only empress of ancient and modern times. She can control heaven and earth, but how can she manage the flowers? So this is actually just a far-fetched story for the Luoyang peony. But it is also enough to show the world's favor for Luoyang City.
Conclusion
Although "Chang'an in the west and Luoyang in the east" is now a long history. But the author believes that even if Luoyang, the status quo in modern society is not optimistic, no one can deny its status as the "national capital" in ancient Chinese history and its vast momentum "in the world".
Even though the vicissitudes of life and the tremendous changes in the world, history will never ignore the past classics and glory. In particular, Luoyang, the ancient city once known as the "East Capital", will continue to play its unique role and charm in the new society. The author believes that the historical charm of Luoyang will become more and more enduring over time!
【References】
木杉 "Luoyang City, the Eastern Capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties"
Chen Long, "Bai Juyi's Poetry Creation and Life in Luoyang, the Eastern Capital"
Zhou Xiaowei "A Study on the Place Names of the Suburbs of Luoyang, the Eastern Capital of the Sui Dynasty-Taking the Sui Dynasty Epitaph as the Basic Material"
侯明忠"On the Sui Dynasty The Reasons and Significance of Luoyang as the Eastern Capital of Chaoyang Building "
