Xu Youzhen Yuanyu was born in Wu County, Jiangsu Province in the fifth year of Yongle. He studied under the famous scholars Wu Ne and Hu Yan since childhood, and was awarded the scholar of the Hanlin Academy in the eighth year of Xuande. Later, because of the support of the Yingzong Nangong restoration, he was a scholar of the Ministry of War and a bachelor of Huagaidian, and he was named a martial artist. A few months later, he was sent to Yunnan for offending Cao Jixiang and Shi Heng, and since then he withdrew from officialdom.
Xu Youzhen was "a lot of wisdom and fame" throughout his life. He was praised by the world for managing the floods of the Yellow River in Shandong and building water conservancy, and because of the unjust killing of Yu Qian, he became a sinner forever. His life tells us a truth: if a talented person walks the right way, he is the pillar of the country; if he walks the wrong way, his harm is far greater than the average mediocre person.
徐有振
1. Xu Youzhen and his people
Xu Youzhen was first named Xu Yu, "He is short, smart, intelligent, and famous. Heavenly official, geography, art of war, Yin and Yang The books of Fangshu are all well-versed. "Xu Youzhen is very well-written, and he was named "Wu Zhongyi Lin Guanmian" by the people of the time. He is a very ambitious person. "If you want to learn usefully, you will be in military, criminal prison, water conservancy. They all emphasize the law and want to understand them." He once said to others the reason for his reading of books: "If the court has something to do with my generation, I am afraid it is too late to learn."
It is precisely because he "has used the world's intentions and wants to make money in the world" in his youth, so he is very diligent in his studies, got the Jinshi as he wished, and was awarded the post of editor of the Imperial Academy. Xu Youzhen is keen on fame, but his career has not been smooth. It has been 17 years since he was admitted to the Jinshi, and he was only promoted to the sixth grade Hanlin Academy, so his psychology is very unbalanced. He thinks he has the ability to observe the astronomy and know human affairs. He knows all the scholars, and he is especially good at diagnosing good and bad. The bad career is just that he does not have his own bole in the court.
His hobby of observing astronomy and judging good and bad luck finally brought a disaster to his career. In the 14th year of Ming Yingzong’s orthodoxy, the "Tumu Fortification" broke out. Yingzong was captured by the Wasai, and the Wasai leader also led his army to Beijing. At this critical juncture, Xu Youzhen used the celestial phenomenon of "Floring into the South Dou" in the court proceedings to urge the Ming government to move south to avoid the imperial army. He said to the Ming Dynasty Zong: "Experienced astrology, reckoned with the number of calendars, the fate is gone, but moving south can alleviate the difficulties." Yu Qian, the minister of the Ministry of War, stood up and said: "Those who move south can be cut!". Yu Qian then led the "Beijing Defense War" and won.
suggested the bad idea of moving to the south, which made Xu Youzhen's reputation extremely stink, and his official advancement was frequently blocked. Soon after the Guozijian Jijiu was in short supply, Xu Youzhen wanted to become the Guozijian Jijiu and asked someone to go to Yu Qian's way. However, the Ming Dynasty Zong firmly disagreed with this personnel arrangement. Xu Youzhen believed that Yu Qian was the one who made trouble from it. From then on, he hated Yu Qian deeply.
At this moment, Shi Heng, another general in the court, also hated Yu Qian for an inexplicable reason. It turned out that Shi Heng made meritorious service in the defense of Beijing and was named a Marquis by Yu Qianbao. Shi Heng was very grateful to Qian at this time, so he wanted to write to recommend Yu Qian’s son, Yu Mian, to be an official. He didn’t expect the flattery to slap the horse’s leg and was rejected by the upright Yu Qian. Shi Heng felt very shameless and became angry. Also hated Yu Qian. But at this time Yu Qianzheng was trusted by the Ming Dynasty, and they could only suppress this hatred in their hearts.
In order to eliminate the negative impact of his notoriety, Xu Hui changed his name to Xu Youzhen, and bribed Cao Jixiang, the eunuch, to be promoted to Yu Yude and Zuo Yudu Yushi in Jingtai three years ago. Was sent to Taian, Shandong to treat the Yellow River floods. Xu Youzhen is a genius in this respect. After investigating the topography and water regime on the spot, he formulated three strategies for river management: one sluice gate, two diversion rivers, and three dredging canals. In the process of administering the Yellow River, Xu Youzhen gathered people’s husbands together, personally supervised, and built gates in the canal. He opened the sluices to connect the river and secretion. Those who did not go along the side of the river were the barriers of the nine weirs. A large weir was built. Watergate, finished in 550 days." Xu Youzhen's governance of the Yellow River this time is indeed an act that will benefit the people of the country and should be affirmed. "History of Ming Dynasty" said: "Since then the river has flowed from Jicao to the north, and A, Juan, Cao, and Yunjian fields have come out of Jumei, hundreds of thousands of hectares. The Shandong River is suffering." This is Xu Youzhen's life for the country. Min's greatest contribution was therefore appreciated by Emperor Jingtai, and he was promoted to the rank of the Yushi of Zuo Deputy Capital and entered the ranks of senior officials.
Governing the Yellow River showed Xu Youzhen's talent, but this water conservancy expert was bent on making a big political cause. He was too enthusiastic to join the world in his life. In the sixth year of Jingtai, he finally colluded with Shi Heng and Cao Jixiang to launch the "Nangong Change", restored the Yingzong, and killed the loyal minister Yu Qian with the saying that "the teacher is famous", and successfully entered the cabinet. The pinnacle of power. Therefore, the "Ming History" commented: "Xu Youzhen is a talented person. If he progresses with the flow, he will be a famous doctor. But Gu Yi is aggressive and clings to climbing. The civil servants are the encounter of Xishi, and the reputation is lost because of it, and it is unavoidable to take away. The fame is tied to it, it is not important!"
Second. , Finally entered the cabinet and fulfilled his wish for many years. After the "civil war", the military attaches power of the Ming Dynasty rose for a period of time, and Xu Youzhen, who was conceited, was very dissatisfied with this phenomenon. In his "Tiaoyiwushushu" to Yingzong, he suggested to curb the rise of military ministers. He believed that military commanders were insignificant and only Confucians could establish real martial arts.
Maybe Xu Youzhen forgot that he was in collusion with Shi Heng and other generals to help Yingzong restore the success, and he was able to join the cabinet to participate in government affairs, right? However, Xu Youzhen's ally Shi Heng is a martial artist, and Cao Jixiang is an eunuch who is incomprehensible with writing and ink. Therefore, after Xu Youzhen has used their power to accomplish his goal of becoming an official, he is unwilling to join forces with Shi and Cao.
Xu Youzhen believes that his talents are far better than those of Cao and Shi Zhi and he wants to build his own merits; but Shi Heng and Cao Jixiang only want to be promoted and make wealth and enjoy prosperity. The contradiction between the two parties began to grow, and the cooperative relationship ended. Xu Youzhen began to speak ill of Cao, Shi and others in front of Yingzong. Cao, Shi and others also fought back to protect themselves. As a result of the dog biting the dog, Xu Youzhen was arrested and imprisoned, and almost lost his life. In the end, Yingzong couldn't bear to kill him and exiled him to Yunnan. Xu Youzhen, who is obsessed with power, left the political arena he was obsessed with forever after less than half a year in the cabinet.
Xu Youzhen’s individualistic utilitarian thoughts are swollen, and he always wants to build a world-renowned achievement, so the principles of life are not required. At the beginning of the restoration of Nangong, Ming Yingzong hesitated whether to kill Yu Qian, thinking that "Yu Qian is really meritorious". But Xu Youzhen remembered Yu Qian's daily suppression of herself, and insisted on killing Yu Qian with the excuse of "not killing Yu Qian, this action is unknown."
3. The so-called "Yellow Outer Fan" conspiracy
A direct reason for Yu Qian's murder was the so-called "Yellow Outer Fan" concocted by Xu Youzhen. This is a conspiracy planned by Xu Youzhen.
During the "Tumubao Change", Ming Yingzong was also taken prisoner and went north, and the Jingshi people were panicked. The empress dowager Sun agreed that Yu Qian should support Wang Zhu Qiyu as emperor, mainly considering the overall safety of the country. While establishing Zhu Qiyu as the emperor, the Queen Mother also established the eldest son of Yingzong Zhu Jianshen as the crown prince, ensuring the normal succession order of the eldest son of the Ming Dynasty. However, this practice paved the way for the later Emperor Jingtai's "Prince Yili" and the "restore storm".
After Jingtai Emperor Zhu Qiyu sat down on the throne, he wanted to pass the throne to his son. He instructed Huang Hongjin to submit the "Eternal Guobenshu" and ordered his son Zhu Jianji to be the emperor. The prince, the son of Yingzong, the former prince Zhu Jianshen was demoted to the king of Yi, the empress Wang who was opposed to easy storage was abolished, and the prince Zhu Jianji’s mother, Hang, was replaced as the queen. But a year later, the newly established crown prince Zhu Jianji died, and Emperor Jingtai had no other heirs, so a "recovery storm" kicked off.
In the feudal society under the clan system, the issue of the crown prince is not only related to the inheritance of imperial power, but also related to the stability of the country. As soon as the prince Zhu Jianji died, the ministers talked about the Fuli Yi King Zhu Jianshen, and even thought that the death of the prince was a warning from heaven that Emperor Jingtai should restore Zhu Jianshen as the prince. But Emperor Jingtai firmly disagreed with Fuli Yi Wang Zhu Jianjun as the prince. Because if he restores Zhu Jianshen to the crown prince, it would prove that his previous actions were wrong; and at this time, Emperor Jingtai was not yet thirty years old, and he could completely regenerate a son by himself. From the 4th year of Jingtai to the 7th year of Jingtai, this "reservoir storm" caused turmoil in the Ming court. The Emperor Jingtai did not agree to restore the Prince Dila of Zhu Jianshen, the king of Yi, and even killed many ministers due to the incident.
What Jingtai did not expect was that for more than three years, not only did he not give birth to one and a half girls, but he was in deteriorating condition because of indulging in female sex. After Emperor Jingtai was bedridden, the disputes within the court reached a fever pitch around the "restore" issue. Ministers such as Yuqian Shangshu of the Ministry of War, Jiangyuan Shangshu of the Ministry of Industry, Yang Shan of Zuodu Yushi, and Li Xian of the Ministry of Civil Affairs believed that since ancient times, there were direct generations, and no generations. Emperor Jingtai is now in poor health and has no real son. Only if the king of Fuli Yi Zhu Jianshen is crowned prince, can someone continue to rule. They co-authored a "Recovery of Reserves", demanding that the king of Yi be reinstated to supervise the country.
景泰帝
Objectively speaking, under the conditions at the time, this was a normal and stable path to the throne. However, Xu Youzhen and others are secretly deploying to welcome the restoration of Ming Yingzong who was confined in Nangong. In order to muddy the water, Xu Youzhen seized the four characters "Early Selection Yuanliang" in "Restored Storage" to make a fuss. This "choice" can be understood as "choice is better", but does not necessarily refer to "Fu Li Yuan Prince", which is a characteristic of Chinese characters. So Xu Youzhen and others framed Yu Qian and others, preparing to welcome the prince of Xiang Li, instead of restoring Prince Zhu Jianshen. The purpose of creating such rumors is to welcome the Taishang Emperor to restore public opinion. Xu Youzhen knows that if Yu Qian does not fall, Xu Youzhen will never make it out. If Ming Yingzong is successfully restored, Xu Youzhen will be rich. This is what Xu Youzhen single-handedly made for the so-called charge of Yu Qian "welcoming the foreign vassal".
According to the ancestral system formulated by Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, the princes of foreign feudal vassals must enter the capital, and they must have the gold medals issued by the Emperor. The gold medals have always been kept in the Ouchi Yinshou prison. Without the emperor's decree, no one can take them out without permission. Xu Youzhen and others secretly bought out the eunuch in the palace and stole the gold medal of King Xiang. Therefore, when the king's gold medal talisman was checked later, the golden talisman of each palace was all there, and the king's palace golden talisman was missing. Ming Yingzong believed that Yu Qian really had the heart to "welcome the foreign feudal vassal", and decreed that he would be cut at Qian.
Fourth, is Xu Youzhen just a "scapegoat"?
Xu Youzhen finally entered the cabinet. This person is different from Cao, Shi Zhi and his ilk. He wants to build his own merits. The conflict with Shi Heng and others is getting bigger and bigger, and the cooperation has come to an end. Xu Youzhen often relied on Cao, Shi and others in front of Yingzong, but was attacked by Cao, Shi and others and almost lost his life.
于谦之死
Xu Youzhen was defeated by Cao and Shi because the power of Shi, Cao and others was still very strong at the time, not just entering the cabinet and not forming his own power group Xu Youzhen can be overthrown at once; Xu Youzhen's political skills are not high, not about using the power of imperial power; In addition, Xu Youzhen is narrow-minded, and many people see him frame Yu Qian and are ashamed of collaborating with him.
Xu Youzhen has always denied that Yu Qian's death is related to her. Some people in history believe that Yu Qian's death was Yingzong's own idea, and Xu Youzhen is just a scapegoat.
The injustice killing of Yu Qian, the "Ming History·Yu Qian Biography" records that after the restoration of the Nangong Palace of Yingzong, Shi Heng and others "framing Qian and others with the evil intentions of Huang Hongwu, set up the East Palace. Also with the eunuch Wang Cheng, Shu Liang , Zhang Yong, Wang Qin and others were trying to welcome Prince Lixiang. "At this time, the Yingzong had not necessarily killed Yu Qian. It was Xu Youzhen who said: "Don't kill Yu Qian, this action is a name", which caused Yu Qian's murder.
"Ming History" was compiled in the Qing Dynasty. The historical materials are based on records of the Ming Dynasty and some text records of people at that time. At that time, Li Xian, the minister of the Ministry of Rites,’s "Tianshun Rilu" was one of the basis. Li Xian himself has gone through the four dynasties of Jingtai Tianshun Chenghua, and was a cabinet minister with Xu Youzhen. His "Tianshun Rilu" is of great historical value. In "Tianshun Rilu", Li Xian did not comment highly on Xu Youzhen, but it did not clearly record that Xu Youzhen and Yu Qian's death were directly connected. It is clearly recorded that Xu Youzhen killed Yu Qian in the Ming Dynasty Yin Zhi's "Suo Zhuan Lu", which details Xu Youzhen's revenge against Yu Qian, leading to Yu Qian's unjust murder.
The authenticity of Yin Zhi's "Suo Zhuo Lu" has always been very controversial. For example, he had a certain prejudice against Yin Min's records in the criminal affairs department at that time. Yin Zhi was a Jinshi in the Jingtai period, he was extremely loyal to Emperor Jingtai, and won the door to Xu Youzhen and others.The restoration behavior is also extremely disgusting. At that time, another "Emperor Ming Congxinlu" stated: "Yu Qian waited for his imprisonment, Xu Youzhen hesitated, Zhang Fu said: Don't kill Qian, etc., today is no name. The prison then decided to put the responsibility of killing Yu Qian to the Squadman Party. Zhang Fan body. Such records can also be seen in the "Sin Wei Lu", and they all believe that the person who advocated killing Yu Qian was Zhang Fan who had a grudge with Yu Qian.
Of course, these are all speculations of later generations, no matter how whitewashed, Xu Youzhen is the murderer of Yu Qian, at least one of the murderers. After the civil changes, Ming Yingzong was also captured first, and most of the officials accompanying the Ming Dynasty were also killed in battle. As a minister of war, Yu Qian stepped forward and became the head of the Central Government. Yu Qian played a great role in resisting the invasion of the thorns and welcoming Emperor Jingtai. He won the trust of Emperor Jingtai and naturally became a hot figure in the court. In view of the severe situation at the time, Yu Qian would naturally act arbitrarily, but his starting point was all for the safety of the country and society, and he did not take into account that this vigorous work style would violate the interests of some people and attract resentment from some people. It was Xu Youzhen, Shi Heng, Zhang Fu, Cao Jixiang, who resented Qian, gathered together to plot a conspiracy that eventually led to Yu Qian's death. Therefore, the great Confucian Cheng Minzheng of the Ming Dynasty said that Yu Qian's death "was in the heart of the official, and in the mouth of the official, it was in the hands of the official".
5. Who killed Yu Qian
The deep reason behind Yu Qian’s death comes from the feudal imperial power he wholeheartedly maintained. The emperor was captured, and Yu Qian was on hand to welcome Zhu Qiyu, the king of the feudal clan. Although it was very necessary for the country, it also carried great political risks. Yu Qian himself had a foreboding. Although he supported Emperor Jingtai and stabilized the situation of the country, Emperor Jingtai under house arrest of Yingzong and Yichang prince were all when Qian was in power. Therefore, it is a normal phenomenon for Yu Qian to be liquidated afterwards. Although Xu Youzhen was very guilty, he was only a scapegoat for the Emperor Yingzong in the murder of Yu Qian. Yu Qian's support of Emperor Jingtai violated Ming Yingzong's interests, and this was the real cause of Yu Qian's death.
Xu Youzhen's desire to enter the world is too compelling. He does not resort to any means in his official career, and he cannot cultivate himself. Not only did he fail to realize his ambitions of the country, he was accused of eternal crimes. It is said that after Xu Youzhen returned to his hometown from Yunnan, Martingale had no ambitions. After drinking, he drove around the house and repeatedly said: `People don't know me!' "But he didn't realize that it was no one else that caused the ending today. It is himself.
History is fair. The murder of Yu Qian was a very serious case of injustice in the Ming Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty Xianzong, Yu Qianzhaoxue was rehabilitated and his reputation was restored; Ming Xiaozong also gave a gift in the second year of Hongzhi Yu Qian entered the Guanglu Doctor, Zhu Kingdom, and Taifu as a special post, and received the posthumous title "Sudu"; when he arrived at Wanli, he changed the posthumous title "Zhongsu". The majority of the people miss Yu Qian deeply, and he built a shrine to commemorate Yu Qian in Hangzhou. He wrote a poem: "What is the desire to destroy the country? There is my teacher at the head of Xizihu. "The national hero Yu Qian is also the same as his "Lime Yin", "Leave his innocence in the world", which is praised by the masses of people.
