1991 was an unusual year in the history of our country and the world. This year, the United States demonstrated overwhelming air and electromagnetic superiority in the Gulf War, achieving the goal of improving its international status.
Since then, the United States has greatly increased its interference and involvement in global and regional affairs.这一年，苏联领导人戈尔马乔夫，在美国人享受圣诞节的当晚，为冷战多年的美国送上了一份“大礼”。
戈尔马乔夫向全世界宣布辞去苏联领导人职务，并很快将“核按钮”交给了俄罗斯总统叶利钦。 The red flag originally erected over the Kremlin also fell sadly in the cold wind, and was replaced by the Russian tricolor flag.
作为资本主义国家代表的美国国际地位上升，与原为社会主义国家代表的苏联的解体，形成了鲜明的对比。 Since then, the world structure has changed, which has also had a huge impact on my country's development after its reform and opening up. This year, the "China collapse theory" was repeatedly mentioned by the West.
However, this country, which is generally considered to be unstoppable by the world, finally achieved a surprising comeback against the wind. The reason is simply that Deng Xiaoping, then the leader of our country, gave far more appropriate answers to the test questions given by the times than those of the Soviet Union.
1991年我国面临的国际危机
1991年国际上发生的多项重大事件，特别是苏联解体一事，很快就显现出了它们的国际影响。
After the Soviet Union officially disintegrated and split into 15 countries in December 1991, the world's first socialist country disappeared. The original bipolar structure also collapsed, and an international structure of one superpower and multiple powers gradually formed. Such changes soon affected our country, which is also a socialist country.
First of all, Western capitalist countries, led by the United States, originally had a quite hostile attitude towards socialist countries. Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, our country was regarded as the main force restricting the Soviet Union, and it was also able to seek internal stable development to a certain extent.
However, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, our country completely lost this role and became the target of public criticism. The attitude of Western capitalist countries towards China has changed dramatically, and many countries have begun to talk about the "China collapse theory" .
温铁军教授曾回忆，“我91年在美国哥伦比亚大学进修的时候，做一个演讲。当时很多人就说你不用讲了，你们中国人撑不过三年，肯定会垮掉”。 The reason for this statement was that our country was indeed facing a very difficult situation at that time.
At that time, China's economy was in a period of industrial upsurge, and the characteristics of industry required our country to introduce a large amount of capital rather than increase labor force. However, domestic capital at that time was extremely limited, and it was often necessary to rely on the introduction of foreign capital to maintain or even increase the current scale.
However, at this time, our country was economically isolated and besieged.以美国为首的西方资本主义国家形成了统一阵营，并在我国需要大量资本追加的情况下，撤走了原本投入在我国国内建设上的所有资本。
All foreign capital has been withdrawn, and my country's economic development has faced unprecedented challenges.而除了在经济上孤立和围堵我国外，西方资本主义国家还是从政治上制裁我国，形成“第一岛链”封锁，并在外交上对我国进行孤立。
The tremendous pressure from the international community has made it difficult for our country to move forward. In the most difficult times, even many people in our country lost their self-confidence and began to question the correctness of socialism and reform and opening up.
However, faced with the pressure of Western capitalist and the doubts of some domestic people, China has not fallen. This backward country that has always emphasized "self-reliance" has already developed the ability to explore and move forward after adapting to the "darkness".
Later facts also proved that our country has found a path of independent development.
Our country’s attitude
What kind of impact the disintegration of the Soviet Union will have on our country has been psychologically expected from a very early time. As early as a long time ago, our country has always paid close attention to the development of the Soviet Union.
Since the drastic changes in Eastern Europe in 1989, the Soviet Union has shown signs of defeat. At that time, our country also ushered in the most difficult period of reform and opening up. This is a major test question for socialist countries of the times.
Obviously, the Soviet Union failed to give the answers that the times wanted, so after struggling for a period of time, it still ended in disintegration. But in our country, leader Deng Xiaoping had a different understanding.
On this issue, he pointed out the two most critical points. One is to clarify what socialism is, and the other is to clarify how to build and develop socialism..
It was under his guidance that China gained a deeper understanding and thinking about "what is socialism" and "how to build and develop socialism." The failure of the Soviet Union provided us with experience and lessons.
Since then, after studying a series of reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union and taking into account the actual situation of our country, our country has finally embarked on a brand new route.
my country's response
In fact, after China faced heavier international pressure, not only did China not collapse, but it has experienced thirty consecutive years of rapid growth since then, and has even grown into the world's second largest economy today.
In terms of comprehensive national strength and international status, China has also been significantly improved. The reason for this lies in our country's efforts in military, economic, political and social stability.
Looking at the disintegration of the Soviet Union, one of the big reasons was the rigid internal economic system and the extreme emphasis on the military industry. At that time, our country also faced similar problems.
In order to avoid following the old path of the Soviet Union, our country took the initiative to carry out a one-million-person disarmament campaign in 1985, reducing our armed forces from more than 4 million to 3 million, and optimizing the existing military regions. From the original eleven military regions, we streamlined them into seven military regions and eighteen group armies.
At the same time, we will continue to enhance the modernization level of our military and vigorously develop the navy, air force and missile force. Judging from subsequent developments, such a move was quite correct. It has injected vitality into the social economy and improved the overall combat literacy of our country's military.
On the economic front, our country has always adhered to the basic national policy of reform and opening up. Judging from the original economic structure of the Soviet Union, the main shortcoming was the weakness of light industry. Our country once followed the Soviet Union in economic construction and had the same problem.
In order to solve this problem, our country has successively promulgated subsidy policies for those engaged in agriculture and handicrafts. At the same time, it strictly adheres to the red line of 1.8 billion acres of arable land as a whole.
At the same time, under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping, our country also launched a vigorous reform and opening up. This has significantly improved my country's GDP growth rate and created world miracles many times.
Later, in order to protect the sustainability of the policy, leaders such as Deng Xiaoping and others also formulated the policy of rejuvenating leading cadres, consciously cultivated young leading cadres, and continued to carry forward reform and opening up on the basis of ensuring that reform and opening up did not deviate from the established track.
In terms of politics, especially in terms of ethnic policies, our country has huge advantages over the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had extremely serious and complex ethnic issues, but our party implemented a democratic consultative political system after the founding of the country.
This allows our party to fully access opinions from all walks of life in the process of governance, gain accurate insight into pain points, and make governance more flexible and efficient.
At the same time, our party has always united with ethnic minorities, actively provided subsidies and support to backward areas, and dispatched a construction corps to develop the northwest region, which has greatly increased the voice of ethnic minorities and improved the quality of life of ethnic minorities. This unites all ethnic groups in our country to jointly serve the work of reform and opening up.
In terms of social stability, our country has also adopted many severe crackdowns to maintain social order, and has adopted legislation and other measures to safeguard the legitimate interests of the people.
This has greatly improved the social security environment in our country and is conducive to the smooth progress of reform and opening up.
Summary:
In 1991, China was in a troubled period of internal and external troubles. Some people internationally and even domestically have lost confidence in the socialist path. However, our party has withstood these pressures and has always been confident in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Our party and our country have made a series of efforts in military, economic, political and social stability, and finally achieved good results.
China not only did not fall, but actually achieved a comeback against the wind.
