"Who is Li Zhuoran? What is his ending?" Almost many tourists who visit Zunyi Conference Memorial Hall will ask such questions.
I believe many people have never heard of the name Li Zhuoran, but history will not forget Li Zhuoran. Li Zhuoran was once the first director of Chairman Mao’s office. As the political commissar of the Red Fifth Army, he participated in the Zunyi Conference, which is of great historical significance.
However, after the War of Resistance Against Japan, the War of Liberation, and the founding of the People's Republic of China, Li Zhuoran gradually faded out of people's sight. In 1989, in the last few seconds before his death, Li Zhuoran left his last sentence in this world:
"Chairman Mao went north and didn't call me."
became the first director of the Mao Office
Li Zhuoran was born in a peasant family in Xiangxiang, Hunan. After the May Fourth Movement, 20-year-old Li Zhuoran believed that if he wanted to make China strong, he could not just shout slogans and needed to start an industry. Therefore, he and progressive young people such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Nie Rongzhen embarked on the road of working and studying in France.
During his stay in France, Li Zhuoran began to come into contact with Marxism and realized that only communism could save China. Therefore, he joined the Young Communist Party of China in Europe and became one of the early members of our party.
925, Li Zhuoran and others were persecuted by the French authorities for participating in activities against Beiyang warlords. After the organization's decision, Li Zhuoran, Deng Xiaoping and others left France to go to the Soviet Union, where they received more systematic revolutionary and military education.
During the Soviet Union, Li Zhuoran studied hard and worked hard, becoming a cross-party member of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of Russia.
pic丨Li Zhuoran in his youth
929, Li Zhuoran returned to China after studying and came to Shanghai. Under the leadership of Zhou Enlai and Nie Rongzhen, he engaged in military transportation training and presided over the translation of the Political Work Regulations of the Soviet Red Army to provide reference for the political work of our army. As the revolutionary situation in Shanghai became increasingly severe, Li Zhuoran followed the party's instructions and went to Jiangxi Central Soviet Area through Hong Kong.
After the first anti-"encirclement and suppression" victory in the Red Army , Li Zhuoran came to Ruijin and served as the secretary of the Party branch of the Red Army General Headquarters. In accordance with the instructions of Mao Zedong and Zhu De, Li Zhuoran was ordered to strengthen the radio technology work of the Red Army.
The first thing Li Zhuoran did when he took office was to talk to Wang Zheng, who was in the anti-"encirclement and suppression" and understood radio technology. Wang Zheng was simple in his mind and was nervous when he was just captured. Li Zhuoran showed a sincere attitude to communicate with him, relieving his ideological concerns.
Under Li Zhuoran's persuasion and guidance, Wang Zheng actively participated in the work of radio technology of the Red Army. Even after the founding of New China, Wang Zheng also served as the Minister of the Fourth Ministry of Machinery.
At the Red Army General Command, Li Zhuoran had more opportunities to meet Mao Zedong and Zhu De. That day, Mao Zedong had just returned from the countryside investigation. He was carrying a umbrella with his rolled trouser legs, one high and one low. After he came back, he had a meeting immediately, and Li Zhuoran also participated.
Picture丨Chairman went to the countryside to investigate portraits
"You are from Shanghai, that's good! Comrades from Shanghai are here to help us work, it's great!" As soon as he saw Li Zhuoran, Mao Zedong greeted him enthusiastically and asked about his situation in France and the Soviet Union. When talking about his plans for future work, Li Zhuoran said that he wanted to conduct investigations and research first, and Mao Zedong agreed very much after hearing this.
In order to help Li Zhuoran start his work as soon as possible, Mao Zedong told him a story. At that time, comrades from Shanghai were very enthusiastic and liked to speak to the masses, but some of them could not understand. Once, a comrade mentioned Stalin criticizing Trotsky , and the masses asked what was going on with "rabbit fried chicken".
It turned out that the masses heard "Trotsky" as "rabbit fried chicken", but it turned out to be a joke.
Mao Zedong instructed Li Zhuoran that it is OK for him to give a report below, but it is better to hold a symposium and answer every question and answer. When a cousin in Jiangxi cannot understand, he can translate it at any time. This form is better and more convenient than a report.
This is the first time Li Zhuoran has heard Mao Zedong talk about working methods. The vivid and vivid story impressed him and gained a lot.
Soon after, Li Zhuoran was transferred to Chairman Mao’s office, and he had a better understanding of Chairman Mao’s strategic ideas, and was also familiar with Chairman Mao’s work characteristics. According to Chairman Mao’s instructions, no matter where the troops go, they must collect newspapers when they see them and send them to Chairman Mao’s office.
Picture丨Li Zhuoran's old photo
In addition to assisting Chairman Mao's work, Li Zhuoran also has to worry about Chairman Mao's life. During that period, Chairman Mao wrote articles while fighting. Overworked and irregular life, Chairman Mao suffered from severe stomach problems and had a pale face and thin skin.
Li Zhuoran saw it and was anxious. He found a careful peasant woman in the resident village to take care of Chairman Mao’s life. In order to make Chairman Mao’s diet more accustomed to it, Li Zhuoran personally taught the peasant women to learn to make Shaoshan cuisine. When there was no war, he arranged for Chairman Mao to cook conditioned Chinese medicine.
1931, Li Zhuoran was transferred to the position of secretary of the Ganxian County Party Committee and achieved considerable results in his work. When he was transferred back to Ruijin at the end of the year, the people were reluctant to leave him and sent him dozens of miles with firecrackers.
Zunyi Conference cast a key vote
On the eve of Long March , Zhou Enlai talked to Li Zhuoran, hoping that he would serve as the political commissar of the Red Fifth Army and strengthen the political work of the team. As one of the three main forces of the First Red Army, the Fifth Red Army served as a guard during the Long March, blocking the pursuers behind and ensuring the safety of the central organs.
After the start of the Long March, many soldiers from the Soviet area "stopped" and were unwilling to leave their hometown because they did not understand the intention of the central government to transfer. Li Zhuoran and Chen Yun found the troops with serious problems, strengthened political work, actively solved the problems, and curbed the unfavorable factor of "slobbying".
Picture丨Red Fifth Army and Chairman Mao took a photo
Since the Red Fifth Army has been at the end of the marching, Li Zhuoran needs to lead his troops to fight blocking wars continuously and maintain a distance of one or two days from the central government. Sometimes, as soon as the troops arrive at the camp, they have to face the enemies they have already caught up with.
In Xiangjiang Battle , the Red Fifth Army made great sacrifices to ensure that other troops cross the river. After the cover mission was completed, the Red Fifth Legion had not received the order to retreat and could only continue to fight against the enemy. Seeing more and more fallen soldiers, Li Zhuoran decisively ordered a retreat.
As a result, the 34th Division was blocked by the enemy and surrounded by enemies of 4 divisions. Most of the more than 5,000 officers and soldiers died heroically.
935 After the Red Army captured Zunyi , the central government decided to hold a meeting to summarize the experiences and lessons learned since the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" and the Long March. Two days before the meeting, Li Zhuoran and Liu Shaoqi received an urgent telegram from the Central Committee, asking them to arrive in Zunyi the next day to attend the Politburo meeting.
At that time, Li Zhuoran and Liu Shaoqi were still in Tongzi County. They went to Zunyi to cross Loushanguan . Li and Liu immediately prepared their horses and rushed to Zunyi overnight.
pic丨Schematic diagram of the Red Fifth Army crossing the Xiangjiang River
htmlOn November 15, the Zunyi meeting began. Li Zhuoran and Liu Shaoqi rushed forward and arrived after the meeting began. That night, Mao Zedong, who was suffering from a severe cold, heard that Li Zhuoran was coming. Regardless of the doctor's dissuasion, he insisted on talking to Li Zhuoran with a cold towel and asked him to report on the situation of the Red Fifth Army over the past two months.
Li Zhuoran has always been realistic in his speech. He truthfully reported that the Red Fifth Army fought many bad battles, and the Xiangjiang Battle also lost the strength of a division. When talking about the troops' current great opinions on the central leadership, Mao Zedong smiled and said:
"I'm complaining, are you not satisfied with the leader?"
" Yes."Li Zhuoran nodded without any concealment and replied.
" Zhuoran, your tradition of telling the truth has not changed yet. What we need to hear is the actual situation we just mentioned. " Chairman Mao admired Li Zhuoran's attitude very much and encouraged him to tell everyone the opinions he had just reflected at the meeting the next day.
At the meeting the next day, Li Zhuoran talked about the actual situation of the troops without any scruples. When talking about the huge sacrifice of the Red Fifth Army and the dissatisfaction with the miscommand command of the Central "Three-man Regiment", Li Zhuoran decisively pointed out that the relevant should be replaced. Leader criticized the harm caused by the "left" error to the Party and the Red Army.
pictures丨Zunyi Conference Stills
Li Zhuoran's speech played an extraordinary positive role in establishing Mao Zedong's leadership in the Red Army and the Central Committee. At the critical moment of history, he stood clearly on the correct line of the Party represented by Mao Zedong, and made no mistake in the history of the Party. Empty contribution. After the Zunyi Conference, Li Zhuoran led the Red Fifth Army to the north, cleverly interspersed in the Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan area, covering the main force to win many battles, and jumped out of the encirclement of the Kuomintang army.
In June 11935, the Red First Front Army and the Red Fourth Front Army met in Maogong, Sichuan. Mao Zedong advocated going north, and However, Zhang Guotao insisted on going south. In order to maintain unity and unity, Zhou Enlai found Li Zhuoran, hoping that he could go to the Red Fourth Front Army and work hard to strengthen the unity of the Red Army.
In August of the same year, the Central Committee held a meeting in Maoergai and decided to go north to fight against Japan. The two front army mixed together, divided into two left and right armies operations. The left armies were led by Zhu De, Zhang Guotao, and Liu Bocheng, and the right armies were led by Xu Xiangqian, Chen Changhao and others. .
Central organs followed the right army to operate, and Li Zhuoran was responsible for leading the way in the front on the right.
pic丨Chairman Mao and Zhang Guotao
After a difficult journey of six days and six nights, the right army passed through the grassland, waiting to meet with the left army. However, Zhang Guotao still insisted on his opinion of going south and secretly ordered Chen Changhao to lead his army south. In order to avoid internal conflicts, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other central leaders led some troops to head north overnight.
Although Li Zhuoran followed the right army at that time, he did not receive a notice of going north with the Central Committee because he served in the Fourth Red Army. When he got the news, it was too late to catch up with the troops.
At that time, Zhang Guotao was the general political commissar of the Red Army. In the name of the name, the Left Route Army and the Red Fourth Front Army ordered the turn to go south and set up another "Central" as the "Chairman". In order to win over Li Zhuoran, Zhang Guotao appointed him as the director of the Political Department of the Red Fourth Front Army.
However, Li Zhuoran, Zhu De, Liu Bocheng and others who had to follow him south firmly opposed it and boycotted it. As the Red Army went south was repeatedly defeated, Zhang Guotao had to abolish the "Central" and agreed to go north.
1936, the First, Second and Fourth Front Army of the Red Army finally met in Gansu and successfully completed the Long March.
After the Long March,
938, Li Zhuoran went to Chairman Mao’s residence to talk. Before Li Zhuoran could call for a report, the staff shouted the report first. Chairman Mao heard the sound and welcomed the door: "Comrade Zhuoran is here, please come in quickly! ”
walked into the cave where Chairman Mao lived. Chairman Mao poured a cup of hot water for Li Zhuoran, then sat opposite Li Zhuoran, lit a cigarette, and said that he had been busy since he came back, and finally had time to talk to him today.
pic丨Li Zhuoran took a picture in Yan'an
Since the victory of the Long March, Li Zhuoran has developed with the troops westward and did not return to Yan'an from Xinjiang until a few months ago.
Chairman Mao's kindness made Li Zhuoran seem to have returned to 8 years ago. Since they parted in Zunyi, they have not talked alone for a long time.
When talking about Li Zhuoran's work arrangements, Chairman Mao said that the army needs to develop a group of cadres at present. When he came back, he came to help himself and set up a cadre education department in the Propaganda Department to let Li Zhuoran take charge of the cadre education work.
Since the establishment of General Political Department , the education section chief has never had a suitable candidate. Chairman Mao knew very well that putting Li Zhuoran in this position can achieve multiple goals at one time.
Although Li Zhuoran was demoted from the Corps-level political commissar to the section chief, he didn't care at all. Chairman Mao gave such a great responsibility to himself, which means trusting himself is more meaningful than any reward. Therefore, he did not hesitate at all and immediately accepted Chairman Mao's arrangement.
1 In early 939, Chairman Mao discussed with Li Zhuoran how to solve the current survival problem. Li Zhuoran proposed to bring people into the mountains to grow cigarettes, which would increase part of his income. Chairman Mao agreed to Li Zhuoran's request and asked him to study the history of the Communist Party of China while growing cigarettes.
Just over half a year later, Li Zhuoran gave Chairman Mao a copy of more than 70,000 words of history of the Communist Party of China.
pic丨Li Zhuoran took a photo with his wife
942, Chairman Mao heard that farmers in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region had some opinions on grain collection, so he sent Li Zhuoran to the countryside to investigate the actual situation to see if farmers could afford the task of grain collection. Li Zhuoran led the officers to talk to all kinds of people during the day, and at night they squeezed on a soil kang, discussing their investigation experience while sweeping lice.
In such a difficult environment, Li Zhuoran wrote a "Gulin Survey" of nearly 100,000 words, becoming our party's first comprehensive investigation of the current economic and social status of rural areas in northern Shaanxi. It has played a great role in promoting the economic development of the border area and consolidating the construction of the border area. At the same time, it has provided valuable information for Chairman Mao to study the three rural issues .
From early 1949 to the winter of 1954, Li Zhuoran was responsible for cultural education in Northeast region . He united a large number of intellectuals, reformed teaching and construction colleges and institutions, and made the cultural and artistic work in the Northeast region look very active. After
, Li Zhuoran went to Beijing to serve as deputy minister of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee and also served as the president of the Central Marxist-Leninister College. Unfortunately, he fell ill shortly after he took office. After Soviet experts diagnosed that Li Zhuoran was seriously ill and had to rest in bed, and concluded that "it was estimated that he could only live for five years."
Li Zhuoran asked the Central Committee to resign as the dean of the Marxist-Leninistry College. Deng Xiaoping spoke to him on behalf of the Central Committee and advised him not to resign and that he could rest for a while on the name first. After all, Li Zhuoran is the most suitable candidate in training senior cadres.
pic丨In his later years, Li Zhuoran and his wife took a picture in Beijing
, but Li Zhuoran considered that he could not truly perform his duties due to physical reasons, insisted on resigning and recommended the right person to the central government to replace him. In 1955, the central government approved Li Zhuoran's request and removed him from his position as president.
Although Li Zhuoran is still the deputy minister of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, he is no longer in charge of actual work. Many old comrades think that Li Zhuoran is bedridden, and even think that he is no longer alive.
965, Li Zhuoran accompanied Premier Zhou to watch a drama performance. Premier Zhou was late for some reason, and the audience stood up and applauded when they entered the venue. After Premier Zhou gestured to the audience, he walked straight to Li Zhuoran, shook hands enthusiastically and greeted him warmly. Many viewers did not know what the old man was. After the performance of
, Premier Zhou left the stage early, and Li Zhuo was pushed on stage to take a photo with the actors. The next day, the news of the performance was published by " People's Daily ", and many old comrades only realized that Li Zhuoran was still alive and called to express their greetings.
In the face of fame and fortune, Li Zhuoran set an example for senior party cadres. When the country implemented the wage system in 1955, Li Zhuoran was originally designated as the administrative level 4 and enjoyed the treatment of a vice premier. As a result, Li Zhuoran immediately wrote a letter to the central government, believing that the level was too high and inappropriate.
In fact, it is not an exaggeration to be designated as administrative level 4 based on Li Zhuoran's qualifications, but under his strong request, the central government finally designated his treatment as administrative level 5.
Photo丨Li Zhuoran took a photo with Zhu De and others
989, Li Zhuoran died of illness in Beijing at the age of 90. The leaders of the Party and the state personally attended Li Zhuoran's memorial service, and older revolutionaries such as Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun, and Deng Yingchao presented wreaths. After Li Zhuoran's death, General Sun Yi took the initiative to come to his house and wrote eight words for his old comrades, which well interpreted Li Zhuoran's life:
"Indifferent to fame and fortune, and be honest."
