is to drag and wait for change
At the beginning of Japan's invasion of China, Chiang Kai-shek believes that with the national strength of China at that time, China could not confront Japan alone. The day after the September 18th Incident, Chiang Kai-shek wrote in his diary: "The country's vitality is in decline. Even if it wants to force itself to resist the insult, what if it is insufficient!"
After the 1.28th Incident, in the face of Japan's invasion, the National Government implemented the policy of "resisting on one side and negotiating on the other side". Chiang Kai-shek believed that it was necessary to buy time to wait for change. On the one hand, we can use this to step up our national strength. On the other hand, as Japan's invasion of China deepens, it will inevitably lead to international intervention.
▲In the January 28 Incident, the Japanese army attacking Shanghai sought international intervention. This was the goal that Chiang Kai-shek had always wanted to achieve since Japan's invasion of China. But this purpose was not fully realized until the end of 1941 when Japan provoked the Pacific War in an attempt to kill herself.
Chiang Kai-shek's situation at this time: he could not fight, and he could not fight with
1933, the Great Wall War of Resistance ended with a humiliation of the Tanggu Agreement. Regarding this result, Chiang wrote in his diary on June 3, 1933: "If I bend, the country will be extended, and if I extend, the country will bend. " Chiang's "I bend" has been seen in all situations, but if the country will be extended, there is no trace. The Japanese army is still step by step in invasion of China.
A "Tanggu Agreement" can arouse strong opposition across the country. Not to mention taking the initiative to make peace with Japan, admitting its aggressive behavior, and submitting to the Japanese invaders, this is something Chiang Kai-shek dared not do. He knew that once he did this, the National Government would fall and he would become a sinner in China forever.
▲The Chinese and Japanese military representatives at the signing ceremony of the Tanggu Agreement
To "promote the awakening of the Japanese side", Chiang Kai-shek published "Is the enemy?" in the name of Xu Daolin. Friends? Review of Sino-Japanese Relations》
In this situation where war cannot be fought and reconciled, in order to open up the deadlock, " promotes the awakening of the Japanese side ", in mid-January 1935, dictated by Chiang Kai-shek, and recorded by Chen Bulei, finally forming "Are you an enemy? Friends? A review of Sino-Japanese relations.
Under the circumstances at that time, this article was definitely not convenient to be published in the name of Chiang Kai-shek or Chen Bulei. At this time, Chen Bulei thought of someone - Xu Daolin. He thought: " Xu Daolin slowly came to Daolin, and his name has a 'deep meaning' ". So this article was published in the "Diplomatic Review" published in late January under the name of Xu Daolin.
Who is Xu Daolin? He was the third son of Xu Shuzheng, an important person in the Beiyang government during the period. In 1931, he obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Berlin. In 1932, he returned to China and served in the National Defense Design Committee.
"Is the enemy?" Friends? 》, full of fantasy of China-Japan friendship and friendship
article said from the beginning: "The Japanese cannot be our enemies after all, and we China must also have the need to join hands with Japan." , eager to be friendly with Japan.
then pointed out "China's mistakes and misunderstandings", such as judging the other party's mistakes, internal messy mistakes, emotional mistakes, etc. Then he pointed out the mistakes of Japan, such as the mistakes in understanding China, the mistakes in observing the Kuomintang, the mistakes in Asian Monroeism , and the mistakes in creating self-deprecating illusions. And pointed out that the error should be Japan. The article also warns Japan that if Japan takes the United States or the Soviet Union as its expected enemy, China will be its sideways. Unless Japan can really destroy China within ten days and it takes three months, ten months or half a year to do so, Japan's status is very dangerous.
Then he wrote: "In countries with absolutely no equal military strength, such as Japan fighting against China, it does not matter if it is a formal decisive battle. It cannot be the end of the war when Japan can occupy every mile of China and completely destroy China... If it occupys the capital with force, it cannot control China's death."
Those who are barefoot are not afraid of wearing shoes. If Japan wants to "occupy all the mile of China", it is obviously impossible to use its national strength.
The article also explains the requirements of China, that is, Japan "abandon land invasion and return to the four northeastern provinces, and other methods do not need to be confined."
In fact, Chiang Kai-shek understands that the Japanese will never automatically give up the Northeast, "I know the Japanese's psychology about our Northeastern. I would rather destroy Tokyo or Japan's three islands than automatically withdraw from the Northeastern." Chiang Kai-shek knows this. The article
finally came to a conclusion - must unzip the bell . "If politicians of the two countries have a broad mind and deep insight, they should eliminate obstacles regardless of everything and realize the path mentioned in the previous paragraph to open up today's deadlock."
, the "path mentioned in the previous paragraph", is Japan "We should abandon force and focus on cultural cooperation, abandon land aggression and replace it with mutually beneficial economic support, despise the attempts of political control, and combine it with China with moral feelings." , is this possible for Japan?
"Are the enemy?" Friends? Although it is unrealistic to say that "the person who tied the bell must be untied" mentioned in 》, it at least sent a signal of peace talks to Japan.
▲As early as the Oriental Conference in June 1927, Japanese Cabinet Prime Minister Tanaka Yoshiichi has clearly put forward the policy of invading China
Sino-Japanese relations seem to be easing
After the article was published, the Japanese side understood that even if this article was not written by Chiang Kai-shek himself, it was instructed by Chiang Kai-shek. So various publications were reprinted one after another, and the air of peaceful negotiations was spread all over the world.
2 On February 14, Jiang met with a Japanese reporter from " Asahi Shimbun " in Guling, Jiangxi to discuss the issue of goodwill between China and Japan. Chiang believes that China and Japan are supporting, and "first to take morality as the starting point." 's speech on Japanese Foreign Minister Hirota's policy to China, Chiang believes that "at least it is the starting point for the improvement of Sino-Japanese relations." once again expressed his willingness to improve Sino-Japanese relations.
At this time, it happened to be Wang Chonghui was about to go to The Hague to serve as judge of the International Court of Justice, so Jiang ordered the king to be his personal representative. On February 19, 1935, Wang Chonghui arrived in Japan before going to The Hague and met with Hirota Hirota Hirota twice. Regarding this trip to Japan, when Wang Chonghui left Japan, he said that "successful results" .
Chiang Kai-shek wrote in his diary on February 28: "... shows that the people have understood and agreed with Japan's diplomatic policies and attitudes, and the diplomatic situation changed drastically in January, and Europe and the United States were also affected, and they were confident that they could do it. " shows satisfaction with the development of the current situation. In May, the envoys of China and Japan were upgraded from minister to ambassador. Sino-Japanese relations seem to have eased.
The shattered fantasy
But Chiang Kai-shek obviously underestimated Japan's ambitions. Starting from May 1935, the Japanese army created a series of events in North China , and used this as an excuse to try to promote North China Five provinces to autonomously govern . In October of that year, Hirota Hirota proposed the so-called new policy on China, namely the "Hirota Three Principles", which exposed Japan's ambitions to the world.
▲In November 1935, the Japanese army supported the first puppet regime in mainland China in North China: the pseudo-"Hebei East Defense Autonomous Government "
In Chiang Kai-shek's diary during this period, the previous calmness and confidence were no longer between the lines, but more of resentment and disappointment with the current situation:
" The country's power is here, why do you be a human being? Anyone with blood and ethics, the descendants of Huangdi will suffer this strange shame." "This incident is actually equivalent to the great disaster of 918 . " (June 30, 1935)
" Japanese pirates harsh state, no hope of peace. " (November 28, 1935)
North China Incident made Chiang Kai-shek feel that the Sino-Japanese War was unavoidable. In addition, at this time, Red Army lost in the fifth "anti-encirclement and suppression" and was forced to start the Long March , which made Chiang think that "internal troubles" have been eliminated. Although Chiang did not give up peace talks with Japan afterwards, the National Government's national defense construction and preparations for war with Japan began to be implemented at a faster pace.
