01 The unified of the Yuan Dynasty
ended the long-term division of China. Since the separatist vassal states in the late Tang Dynasty, multiple regimes have coexisted, attacking each other's economic decline and traffic congestion has seriously hindered the development of Chinese history.
From Genghis Khan, Mongolia to Kublai Khan, after several generations of persistent efforts, the different regimes in China were finally included in the Yuan Dynasty version of prosperity.
laid the foundation for the scale of China's territory: the vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty was not found in the previous dynasties. In the marginal areas beyond the reach of central governments in the Tang and Song dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty set up local governments to provide effective jurisdiction: it accelerated the process of ethnic integration.
Yuan Dynasty connected all ethnic groups that had no contact with each other, creating favorable conditions for the integration of all ethnic groups. As the Mongolians entered the Central Plains, a group of ethnic minorities, including semesters and Mongolians, entered the mainland, and some Han people received ethnic integration and migration, surpassing any dynasty in history.
Yuan Dynasty was an era of extreme cultural exchanges in Chinese history. Due to the vast territory and developed transportation in the Yuan Dynasty, the government encouraged merchants to do business, and there were many foreign merchants coming to China. In addition, the Yuan Dynasty government adopted an eclectic policy on various religious cultures, which opened a convenient door for cultural exchanges between the East and the West. During this period, Chinese printing technology, gunpowder weapons, and other scientific and technological technologies were introduced into the West, Arabs, and Persians astronomical medical achievements were introduced to other science and technology in China gradually. A critical period for the formation of integrated diversity.
02 The concept of unity in the Kangxi and Qianlong era
" unified " was first proposed by Confucius in "Spring and Autumn". After Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty systematically and theorized it in combination with theories of various philosophers, "unification" became the common pursuit of Confucian and rulers of all dynasties. By Qing Dynasty The "great unification" during the Kangxi and Qianlong period broke through the narrow national concept and achieved new development.
Kangxi Emperor proposed the concept of "one family in the world", regarding Manchu, Han, Mongolia and other ethnic minorities as one family, breaking through the original narrow national concept of the Han dynasty.
In the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), after the Duolun Alliance, Outer Mongolia surrendered to the Qing court and ordered Great Wall to be out of defense. This realistic order is of great significance to the disintegration of the "Great Wall" that separates the nomadic peoples in the Central Plains and the northern borders.
YongzhengThe "great unification" of Emperor Kangxi has developed a little more than that of Emperor Kangxi. He proposed that "those who are virtuous can get the world's unification", and believed that the legitimacy of the regime should not be divided by nations.
He adheres to the concept of multi-ethnic unity and believes that each ethnic group only has the distinction between natives and localities, but no distinction between inside and outside. Qianlong Emperor conducted a comprehensive examination of the regimes of all dynasties and believed that no matter how the nation was, it should be regarded as orthodox and its orthodox status would be blood-sinherited.
03 Consolidation of the unified multiethnic state in the early Qing Dynasty
Consolidation of the unified multiethnic state in the early Qing Dynasty was manifested in the unification and integration of the state's territory, the pacification of domestic rebellious warlords and separatist forces, and the strengthening of the central government's administrative control over the border ethnicity.
defeated the Dashun regime: After the Qing army entered the pass, he immediately marched into the Guanzhong region, defeating the main military force of the Dashun regime, and Shaanxi was basically pacified. Eliminate the Southern Ming regime. After the collapse of the country's rule of the Ming Dynasty, the Southeast warlords successively supported Emperor Hongguang, Lujianguo and other regimes, and were all quickly captured and destroyed by the Qing army.
As the most accomplished monarch in the late Chinese autocratic era, Emperor Kangxi made many commendable contributions in maintaining the unity of multi-ethnic countries.
pacify the Three Feudals: San Feudals , that is, Pingxi King in Yunnan, Wu Sangui, jingnan King Geng Jingzhong in Fujian, and Pingnan King in Guangdong. In the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), after learning that the court decided to reduce the vassal states, Wu Sangui launched a rebellion in Yunnan, and King Geng Jingzhong of Jingnan and King Shang Zhixin of Pingnan responded. Under the command of Emperor Kangxi, after eight years of hard fighting, the Three Feudal Rebellion was finally put down, the local separatist forces were eliminated, and a unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated.
Unify Taiwan: In 1683, sent by Emperor Kangxi, Shi Lang, after seven days of fierce fighting, he recovered Penghu, Liu Guoxuan, returned to Taiwan, and Zheng Kezhen, begged for surrender. Later, the central government set up a general in Taiwan, one garrison of 8,000 troops, and one deputy general garrison of Penghu set up a garrison of 3,000 troops and a Taiwan Prefecture , which is under the jurisdiction of Taiwan, Fengshan and Zhuluo , and is affiliated to Fujian Province. Taiwan returns to the embrace of the motherland.
takes back Yaquesa : During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tsarist Russia, which expanded eastward, built Nibuchu and Yaquesa city as its strongholds on Chinese territory. In 1685, the Qing army defeated the Russian army and destroyed the city of Yaquesa, and then made a comeback and built a new city. The following year, the Qing army surrounded Jaxa again under the leadership of General Sabsu, and won the victory of the Battle of Jaxa, and eventually forced Tsarist Russia to sign the Treaty of Nebchu and reclaim part of the territory occupied by Russia.
In the battles of Ulan Butong , Emperor Kangxi defeated Galdan's separatist plot, and through the Doron Alliance, he united many princes and princes in Inner and Outer Mongolia, and implemented the alliance flag system in Kerke Mongolia, consolidating the unity of the multi-ethnic state. Finally, Galdan's control in Tibet was eliminated through two quasi-impedance guarantee actions, and the central government's management of the Tibet region was strengthened.
During the Yongzheng period, the Qing government carried out a large-scale land reform and relocation movement in the Yunnan-Guizhou area, which strengthened the central government's control over the region. Secondly, the ministers stationed in Tibet were set up and the golden urn drawing system was formulated to strengthen the central government's management of Tibet. Furthermore, the Qing government used Shengjing Shenyang as its sub-capital capital and established a military government system in the Manchurian region, establishing Shengjing General , Jilin General and Heilongjiang General to manage Northeast affairs.
To sum up, a series of measures in the early Qing Dynasty were of great significance to the consolidation of my country's unified multi-ethnic state:
first, making the vast western and northern border ethnic minority areas an important part of the Qing Dynasty's land area.
Second, the western and northern borders have become concentrated residential areas for ethnic minorities. In addition to the Han people, there are also Mongolian people, Tibetan people, Uyghur people , etc., forming the pattern characteristics of the distribution of ethnic groups in the Qing Dynasty that were both scattered and concentrated.
Third, the inhabited ethnic groups have distinct religious colors. Most Tibetans and Mongolians believe in Tibetan Buddhism, while the Uyghurs believe in Islam . To a certain extent, China's multi-ethnic unification and the pattern of diversity and integration of all ethnic groups had already appeared and developed in the Qing Dynasty.
