Why did you suddenly think of this topic? It is because you were reading " Zhang Juzheng " by Xiong Zhaozheng . After reading the book, you thought about it. You deeply felt regret and sad for Zhang Juzheng's ending. However, Zhang Juzheng, who has had the same experience in China for more than 2,000 years, is not Zhang Juzheng alone? Why is that?
Because reform is not only a system change, but involves interest relations in all aspects. When the governance strategy is adjusted, it will inevitably touch on the interests of the ruling class, the landlord class, and various classes, and will be counterattacked by them and persecuted.
Starting from the earliest Shang Yang reform , his reform has many measures, each of which is conducive to the strength of Qin . However, two of them are very important. Although abolishing the Shixun Shi Lu system and promoting the military merit reward system, although it is beneficial to the country, it greatly harms the interests of the bureaucratic group. Even if the military merit reward system has a certain positive effect on civilians in a short period of time, after a long time, they will maintain the current hereditary system when they become officials. Therefore, although the reform of Shang Yang was beneficial to the country, it was expected that it was against many people and was finally broken into pieces and died by a car.
But strangely, although Shang Yang died, King of Qin did not abolish his reform measures, but continued to use it. Qin State rose and became stronger, laying the foundation for unifying the six countries. This is also the difference between Shang Yang and other reformers. Should this be his luck or misfortune?
Wang Anshi's reform is another huge innovation in Chinese history beyond Shang Yang's reforms. Although it failed in the end, the ending of Wang Anshi's was quite good, but he was dismissed from office because Song Taizu was ordered not to kill scholars and officials at the beginning of the founding of the country, but with the failure of Wang Anshi's reforms, all the new policies he implemented were overturned. The strongest objection is Sima Guang , the person who wrote " Zizhi Tongjian ".
Wang Anshi's reform was an incomplete reform. It did not offend the old forces too much. Therefore, when his supporter Song Shenzong died Song Zhezong came to power, the new law was abolished. Although Wang Anshi was dismissed from office, he actually received honors after his death. This is his personal blessing.
The most regrettable reformer in Chinese history is Zhang Juzheng. During his lifetime, he truly achieved the goal of being inferior to one person and being respected by ten thousand people. After his death, he was deprived of all honors, his family property was confiscated, his son committed suicide, and his family was exiled. Even Zhang Juzheng himself was almost opened to whip the body.
Zhang Juzheng's reform reversed the situation of political corruption, border slackness and poverty and exhaustion since Jiajing and Longqing , making Ming Dynasty again reach an unprecedented level of prosperity and strength. However, Zhang Juzheng's own personality flaws were based on his power as an imperial teacher, and the emperor was not a wise master. Therefore, when Zhang Juzheng died, the opposition immediately attacked him. Except for " One-Whip Law ", all other laws were abolished, and the reform ended in failure.
The most famous modern one is 日本六文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文文There are two reasons for the failure of the 1898 Reform Movement . One is that the imperial power is weak and not enough to be vigorously promoted like Shang Yang's reform or Wang Anshi's reform; the other is that the Qing government's corruption was at its core and was completely unsaved.
It’s a pity that a few years after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the Qing government actually sent ministers abroad to inspect constitutionalism. Reforms were about to begin from the court to the local government. I don’t know what the Six Gentlemen thought underground. And the Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who escaped from the sky finally lost the desire to reform.
According to the analysis of the above four famous reforms, reforms or reforms have always been difficult, and there are very few reforms that can change the day and achieve success. Many reformers also paid the price of their lives. But no matter what, we should pay tribute to these reformers in history, who were all heroes of that era!
