In Qing Dynasty , as a scholar, if you want to get an official position, the imperial examination is the only way. The imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty . All scholars who take the imperial examination need to pass the child examination to obtain the qualification of a student, then go through the provincial examination, the imperial examination, the palace examination, and the final exam. After the palace examination, there will be a court examination, and after passing the examination, you can become a Shujishi. After the imperial examination, except for the first-class Jinshi and the newly selected Shujishi, the other two and third-class Jinshi will be awarded official positions by , the Ministry of Rites, , according to the noun of the first-class. Today, we will first talk about how to become a student (scholar) as a scholar and how to become a student.
The definition of Tongsheng, all scholars who have not obtained the qualification of a student (scholar), regardless of age, are called Tongsheng. If a child wants to become a student, he typically needs to pass three levels of step-by-step examinations. After all, the student will be granted qualifications. These three levels are county test, government test , and hospital test . The entire process of the examinee is called " children's test ", also called " children's test ". The following article first introduces the qualification requirements for the exam, and then explains the examination process step by step.
Lingxingmen
Test qualifications and related regulations
Child test is the beginning of the scholar's advancement, so the requirements for the qualifications of the candidates are extremely strict.
1. Innocence ;
body refers to the candidate himself; family refers to the three generations of the candidate's father and grandfather; innocent means that there must be no stains. The candidates themselves must have no criminal record, and their father and grandfather must not be untouchables (such as: Lehu, Beggar House, Evil House, Gongfu, drummer, barber, pedicure, horsewoman, sedan chairwoman, etc.) or cheap jail (such as grain servants, yamen servants, etc.). If so, no descendants are allowed to take the exam.
2. Application for ;
Because prefectures and counties have fixed admission quotas, which is called the quota. The amount of the quota depends on the actual situation of cultural and educational development and population in each prefecture and county. Therefore, only people from this county and state are allowed to apply for the exam. If there are applicants from other places, they will squeeze out local admission quotas, so cross-regional applications are strictly prohibited.
3. There is no act of hiding the funeral ;
According to traditional ethics, whenever the parents or grandparents die, the son and the eldest son and grandson must refuse personnel. Those who are officials are removed from their posts and keep mourning at home for 27 months, which is called Dingyou. Similarly, scholars are not allowed to take the imperial examination during the period of compliance with the system. If anyone who hides the exam without receiving the reward or takes the exam before the mourning period is over, he will be a hidden mourning.
4. The disadvantage of no gun replacement ;
The so-called gun replacement means hiring a gunman to take the exam.
5. Five people are in mutual protection and student guarantee .
In order to prevent false examinations and other violations, the five people in the county who took the same examination to guarantee to each other, and each person must obtain a guarantee of one student at the same time. If there is a foul, five people will be punished and the student will be dismissed.
Students are one of the students in various prefectures, prefectures, and counties that enjoy government subsidies. They are first-class outstanding students in the year and subject examinations. The candidates will choose one of the students in the county to protect the loan. If a student takes the opportunity to extort property, it is also prohibited by the regulations.
6. Pre-examination matters---Registration and Qualification Review
Candidates need to fill in their name, hometown, age, appearance (necessary or not) in the court, and their parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents' experience of their existence, death, or failure to serve as an official, must fill in the article himself and may not be allowed to write it on their behalf. Do not lie about age (in fact, lies about age often occur. In order to test the questions of the minor group, some people will underestimate their age. In order to enjoy the treatment of an elderly scholar in Enshang in the future, they will be nullified for many years)
A new system was also established in the Qing Dynasty, namely the "sound review" system. The county examination, government examination and hospital examination must be reviewed. Reviewing the sound means checking whether the accent of the applicant's student is the same as the hometown through a question.
Dachengdian
County test
County test, also known as the small test, is presided over by local officials of various prefectures, prefectures, counties and counties. Take the exam twice within three years. All people who can read and write articles in the counties under the jurisdiction of the prefecture and prefecture must register for the exam.
candidates from their teenage years to their sixties and seventies are called "children". Therefore, the exam can also be called "child test" or "child test", which is called "school test" among the people. This is the entrance exam for children to enter prefectures, prefectures and county schools.
Strictly speaking, the children's examination is not a first-level examination in the imperial examination. Because the system of "the imperial examination must be based on schools" was implemented since the Ming Dynasty, school education was put on the track of the imperial examination, and the examination of children's students was also born. This practice was followed and developed in the Qing Dynasty, making the Tongsheng Examination the first step in the imperial examination. If you do not have a special identity, scholars who have not studied in the official school are not eligible to take the college entrance examination. Take the current situation as an example, if you don’t graduate from a regular high school, you cannot take the college entrance examination (of course, modern times allow anyone to register for the college entrance examination). Whether it is the county or government examination, it is prepared for the college examination (college examination). The exam sessions and contents of the
county test
test 0. The first exam is all children in the county. The most important thing is that they are also called the main event. Each wrote two eight-part essays and one five-character and six-rhyme poem. This poem is commonly known as "Trial Poetry". The scope of the topics is "The Analects of Confucius", " Mencius ", " University ", and " Doctrine of the Mean " (i.e. "Four Books").
exam questions are divided into two types: "Crown" and "Crown", namely adults and minors. The title of the title is more advanced and should be done by adult children. The fifth update (between 3:00 and 5:00) entered the venue by name and handed over the paper before the sun sets. One day, you cannot light a candle to continue writing.
The first exam is accepted before you can enter the second exam. The second exam is also called the first review, and two articles of the "Four Books" are required. By analogy, the third scene is a recap, and a piece of article on the "Four Books" is written. The fourth scene and later are called continuous overturns, and they are written as " Five Classics ", namely " Book of Songs ", "Book of Books", " Book of Changes ", " Book of Rites ", and "Spring and Autumn Annals". Every time the exam is given, the rankings are issued, and some are admitted and some are eliminated. The fifth scene was only written with one short article, and there were very few people in the field. After submitting the paper, the county magistrate set up a meal and entertainment, commonly known as "eating reward". After all five games of
are completed, the case will be finalized. It ranked first and was called "Case Head". When the crime occurs, fire cannons and play music. In the future, if you want to apply for to learn from (Taiwan University) to interview, you will definitely be admitted and become an appendix. The top ten people in this county are all sitting in the hall (that is, during the college entrance examination, the examination will be arranged in the lobby in front of the Taiwan University, and the probability of becoming a student is 100%.) After the county examination is admitted, the roster will be created and sent to the Confucianism Department of the county, and the application will be sent to the prefect of the superior to prepare for the examination. The admission to the county examination is only for the government examination, and it does not determine whether you can enter the official school, so the number of admissions is slightly wider. Generally speaking, only those admitted to the county examination can enter the government examination. Within two months after the county examination, the children who passed the county examination will be given a continuous examination. All the children who passed the county examination will be concentrated in the government where they belong to the examination, and the examiner will be the prefect.
announced the exam period one month before the start of the exam and informed of registration related matters. Registration for children, filling in resumes, obtaining five children's students' mutual settlements, and ensuring the graduation of students' entitlements, as well as the examination sessions, examination content, examination room number, examination paper sealing, examination method, introduction of the classroom, out of the circle, and out of the long-term case, are all roughly the same as in the county examination.
Special The Tongsheng Examination of Zhili Prefecture Hall may not take the county examination. Generally speaking, the Tongsheng Examination who takes the prefecture examination must be admitted to the county examination and be given away after the county examination. Children who take the exam are not allowed to cross the government and take the exam without taking the exam (similar to today's college entrance examination immigration).
The date is agreed upon during the examination, and all candidates will start the exam at the same time to prevent repeated blaming. There are many examination rooms in the provincial examination, and the conditions are generally better than those in the county examination. The questions and marking of the examination in the prefecture must be personally drafted by the prefect himself. No one is allowed to pretend to be others. Moreover, the first test questions may be divided into or without the title. The government test will last for one day, and the paper must be submitted on the same day, and no candles are allowed to be lit and written.
has fewer admissions than the county examination, and the difficulty is increased. After the government examination is admitted, the roster will be applied for academic and political examinations, and will be approved for the examination in the college.
Hospital Examination (College Examination)
Hospital Examination, also known as the College Examination, commonly known as the Big Examination among the people, is hosted by the Provincial Government (Taiwan University Students). Because the academic and political education is also called "Admiral College", it is called the college entrance examination or the college entrance examination. The college entrance examination is the last stage of the Tongsheng exam.The college entrance examination is based on the government unit, and the academic government visits each prefecture to examine the children's students from all counties to which the government accepts, so the time for the children's students in each prefecture is different. The admissions to the college entrance examination are the students. The most important thing is to the college entrance examination. All organizational work and prevention measures are more stringent than those of the government and county examinations.
As the chief in charge of the school orders of a province, the academic administration has the responsibility of raising talents in culture and talent, also known as "supervisor", commonly known as "learning platform" and "grand master". Its status is slightly lower than that of the governor, but higher than that of the governor and the censor.
also holds the title of Admiral, also known as the Admiral College, and has the right to submit illegal civil and military officials, and is appointed once every three years. During the three years, the "annual exam" was held in the first year after taking office, with the purpose of testing whether the scholars admitted to the previous academic and political education were qualified.
The second year after the academic administration took office, the purpose of conducting a qualification examination before the "country examination". The specific situation of the provincial examination will be presented later. The examination for the
college entrance examination was divided into two sessions. The first session was called the "first exam". The test paper was stamped according to the font number of the thousand-character text. A separate piece of paper is pasted on the person taking the exam, which is called "floating mark". After handing over the paper, a special person tear off the floating mark and register it separately to prevent the person who has scored fraud.
All the top ten people on the Jingxian County Trial List and the instructors (singers and dancers from the Confucian Temple, also known as 间官网 students) were all sitting in the lobby. In front of the National Taiwan University, it was called the "tang font size". All the test papers were read by the National Taiwan University personally, which was easier to admit.
The content of the college examination has always been eight-legged essays and test posts. In the year of Renyin of Guangxu (1902), the eight-legged essay was abolished and the examination classics were changed to policy discussions . The first test is released, and the font size of the candidate sitting in is announced, without the name. The number of admissions is different in each county. For the re-examination, you only need to write a short article. Admissions are accepted according to the prescribed quota. When the ranking is issued, the person who is on the list becomes a "protective student", commonly known as a freshman, also known as a scholar. After
is fully admitted, if there are any smooth texts, they will be listed as "官网 " (the music and dance student who sacrifices Confucius when sacrificing ). The next time you take the exam, you can sit in the hall.
In addition to the main examination, if anyone is good at writing fu, you can also register separately, which is called "ancient learning field", and a special article on writing fu. In 1902, he also changed to the examination of classics, current affairs and various sciences. If there are excellent works and articles on the main stage, they can be admitted even if they are a little worse. It has a slight advantage over only taking the main exam, but the number of applicants is very small.
At this point, the entire examination process of students is completed. In summary, if a child wants to become a student (i.e. a scholar), the typical examination process is: county examination → government examination → college examination, and only after the third level selection can he become a student, which is commonly known as a scholar.
After becoming a scholar, his status is higher than that of ordinary people.
In terms of political rights:
1. Have the right to meet the county magistrate. When meeting, you only need to bow and kneel;
2. The scholar and the county magistrate belong to the literati class. When encountering lawsuits, the county magistrate has no right to punish him before the student is deprived;
3. Ordinary people have no right to insult scholars, and scholars scold you, so you cannot retaliate;
4. Scholars can wear long gowns and long boots.
5. A scholar can build a house three inches taller than a neighbor’s house.
In terms of economic interests:
1. Two males can be exempted from labor service;
2. Some of the land in the family is exempt from money, grain tax, and there are records that it is no more than 50 acres of land;
3. You can become a private school teacher (the annual income of the teacher is about 24 taels of silver)
4. Students among the students can receive a state allowance of four taels of silver every year, and some counties will also give rice, flour, meat and oil every month.
5. Students who are in charge of the exam are eligible to provide the students who are taking the exam as collateral and can receive the thank you fee from the guarantor.
There are data that in the late Qing Dynasty, the total number of scholars was about 500,000, accounting for one ten thousand of the total population. From this point of view, the number of doctoral students in my country currently accounts for about 60,000 of the total population. Just in terms of the difficulty of the exam, scholars are still of high value.
When you become a student from a child, you successfully completed the first stage of imperial examination .Students are divided into three levels, from low to high: students with extravagant students → students with additional students → students with new students. Students who have passed the exam are all the students with extravagant students. If you want to upgrade, you can just take the exam. Next, let’s continue to talk about your future prospects after becoming a scholar.
County government hall
Ways to get the students (scholars)
All prefectures, prefectures and counties have set up instructor offices. Officials in education include academic masters, teaching, and teaching, and those who are specialized in attending students. After each college entrance examination, the newly admitted students, wearing golden roofs and blue shirts, were sent by the county magistrate to the instructor's office to enter the school, which is called "entering school". According to convention, instructors should lead the study, study essays, study academic studies, and study seniors.
students have three levels. Once the students who have entered the official school, they will have a unified status as an appendix student, and there are also additional students and students in the ruling school. Freshmen need to study for about a year and wait for the annual or subject examination to be held later.
-year-old entrance examination
0 The term of office of the academic and political adult is three years, and the first year after taking office, the annual exam is held. All students with proprietary students, additional students and entitlement students in prefectures, prefectures and counties must participate. Therefore, if you obtain the qualification of a student, it does not mean that you will be able to live for one exam. You need to attend a three-year re-examination regularly. The
html exam for the 0-year-old exam is: Four Books, Five Classics, Five Characters and Six Rhymes, and there are also policy discussions in the late Qing Dynasty. The annual exam results are divided into six grades. First-class students are promoted to higher students, and the number of students is promoted to higher students, and the number of students is promoted to higher students, and the number of students is promoted to higher students. Second-class students have no changes in their enrollment and increased enrollment, and the allowances for students in the statute will be suspended. The third and fourth grades are qualified, and the fifth and sixth grades are changed from blue shirts to blue shirts, and the county school is changed from social school. What's more, some people slap the ruler to remove the reputation of students.In the annual exam, the first-class student in the academic qualification examination can pay tribute, which is called tribute, also known as "-year-old Jinshi ". The annual tribute is awarded once, and those who pass the exam will be given positions such as instructors. The so-called tribute student means selecting outstanding students from various prefectures, prefectures and counties to study in the Imperial College of the Capital. These people are collectively called tribute students, which means talents contributed to the emperor. The student who was admitted to the college entrance examination failed in the exam. After dropping out of the Imperial College, he was called a Chinese student, also called student, .
Scientific Examination
Scientific Examination 2nd year after the appointment of the Adult of Academic Affairs, a scientific examination was held. The purpose of the scientific examination is to select from existing students who are eligible to participate in the three-year provincial examination held in the provincial capital. Therefore, not every student (scholar) has the opportunity to take the provincial examination and become a juren. He must take the scientific examination and can only take the provincial examination after passing the examination. If you pass the provincial examination again, you will become a juren.
Engong , Bagong, Yougong, and Deputy tribute
1. Engong , that is, Enko's annual tribute. Customized in Ming and Qing dynasties. Whenever the royal family celebrates, according to the regular annual tribute rules of prefecture, prefecture, and county schools, the students will have an extra chance of upgrading.
2. tribute : Students from Taiwan University go to various prefectures or Zhili Prefectures to take the exam. tribute tribute is taken every twelve years. All students, students, and students from each county can take the exam. Each county will get tribute .
3. Yougong: Every twelve years, the National Taiwan University convenes students with excellent character and academic performance in the provincial capital. A total of four Yougong were admitted to the provincial capital.
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号的号的号的号的号的号的号的号的号� Second-class scores are given as the position of academic master, teaching, and discipline, and registered candidates. If you register, you need to pay a fee, because the admission rate is extremely low and students with poor economic conditions will not sign up. In addition, there are many questions in Bagong exam, and it is difficult to finish the questions in one day with one person’s energy. Therefore, there are very few poor scholars who passed the examination for Bagong.
4. Deputy tribute : It is a provincial examination for the juren who passed the exam. He did not pass the exam, but was listed on the pre-selected deputy list. He is also qualified to study in Imperial College , called " Deputy tribute student ", referred to as "deputy tribute".
To sum up, annual tribute, honorary tribute, excellent tribute, deputy tribute, five tribute are all considered to be out of school and are not under the jurisdiction of the instructor's office. In the late Qing Dynasty, there was a saying: "Grand tribute is a gift to learn, and giving tribute to get out of learning, jumping out of learning, deputy tribute is a peaceful step out of learning, and annual tribute is crawling out of learning."
In the Qing Dynasty, students were the first class to enter the official career and were candidates for court officials. Through reading, they obtained abstract political principles and ruling concepts in Confucian classics, which was exactly what the rulers expected. The right way for students was to pass the imperial examination and give tribute, but due to the limitation of the number of places in the imperial examination, less than one-tenth of them could be promoted in fame and fortune. For this reason, most students needed to make career choices in grassroots society because they were unable to enter the officialdom. However, the books they read and the training they received did not provide specialized knowledge and professional skills to engage in a certain profession. Students' expectations for themselves are "a gentleman is not a weapon", not a master. Experts or craftsmen who master certain specific skills. Due to fame and identity, engaging in writing work, especially as a tutor, is the primary choice for students, and professions such as agriculture, industry, commerce and medicine are not very attractive to students.
The actual situation of the instructor's office in the late Qing Dynasty
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the practice of instructor leaders' learning had long been abolished, and instructors had basically no educational effect on newly enrolled students (including students, students with stipends, and students with extraterritories). Instructors were all poor scholars with slightly poor economic conditions, or rich people received donations. Come, the instructor's office is the real Qingshui office. Every time a freshman enters the school, the instructor will ask for some silver in the name of "Shu Xiu" (to pay the teacher). The instructors have to celebrate their birthdays every year and take the opportunity to ask the students to give some gifts. If someone is not tactful and does not give gifts, some instructors will send people to the countryside to ask for it. Two popular poems at that time can be used as a circumstance: "Nothing is enough to teach, and nine out of ten is not like an official."
Every year during the scientific and annual exam, children who take the exam will only give the instructor twenty or thirty taels of silver to the instructor, and they can be sent to the examination as a "self-student". They get the opportunity for the Taiwanese student to interview in person, and it is easy to enter the school. . This is also one of the sources of income for instructors. Although the National Taiwan University knows these disadvantages, it also knows that the instructors’ arduous responsibilities and does not pursue them.
All counties have fixed quotas for students in each county. If there is a vacancies for students in the forefront of the examination, if there is a vacancies for students in the forefront of the examination, they can be compensated immediately. If there is no vacancies, they still cannot become a vacancies. If the ranking of the next exam falls again, there is no hope of filling in the vacancies. For those with rich students, if they are anxious to make up for the vacancies, they can pay a few vacancies to help a vacancies for students. In this way, there will be a vacancies for students in the forefront, and the person who contributes the money can make up for the vacancies.
About the academy
In the Qing Dynasty, all prefectures, prefectures and counties had academies, and local officials hired people with literary names among the literati and officials to take charge of them, which was called "mountain leader". Academies are places where children and students learn, and there are monthly exams every month. The highest local executive officer gave questions and presided over the exams, which was called the main course; the instructor gave questions and organized exams, which was called the deputy course. The first exam in each year is called "separation". The scores of children are divided into top, middle, and second grade; the scores of students are divided into special, first, and second grade. After the screening exam, the exam is passed. The above-mentioned students have scholarships, which are about one thousand or hundreds of copper plate , which is called "oil fire". This encourages scholars to study hard and strive to be among the top.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the academic style was not upright. In this way, children were mostly composed by their teachers. One could defraud the rewards, and the other could reflect the teacher's teaching level. The mountain chiefs of the academy were also poor, and most of them were misconducted and unfair. Receive gifts from students and put inferior articles at the top, which arouses dissatisfaction among scholars and makes students unable to bribe them not pay attention to the monthly exam.
About cheating
Disadvantages of county exams: Although the county exam is marked with a seat number on the surface, you can sit around casually and walk around freely. Some people from other counties specifically sign up for fake registration, and the entrance exam is to be a gunman for others. Once discovered, they will be paraded in shackles and show their public appearance. . Some candidates have agreed on time and place with people outside the examination room, throw the questions out of the wall, and then throw them in after they are finished. Some candidates temporarily hired them in the examination room and found someone to replace the composition.
The restrictions are very strict during the examination and are not allowed to bring any paper. When entering the venue, the entourage officer brought by the National Taiwan University from the provincial capital is responsible for the body search, and local public officials have no right to participate. Articles and books that were found by the National Taiwan University University will be put in the takeaway in the procuratorate.
Someone was whimsical and made a small white silk shirt. He asked those who were good at writing to copy possible exam content in advance and wear clothes close to their bodies. When the test questions are posted, copy them up if there are the same questions. If they are not found, the chances of passing the exam are very high.
During the college entrance examination, once the candidate enters the examination room, he is not allowed to leave the seat number, and healing and defecation must be solved here. If there is an agreement that can help you write an article, you can arrange the exam position of two people next door through bribery, which is called "Change Numbers". According to records, Wei Shaoyou, an old student who died in the 1960s, recalled that when he participated in the examination in the Renyin year of Guangxu (1902), Zhao Canzhang, a wealthy family member in the same county, used this method to buy the title of Wei Lian, and Wei wrote an essay for Zhao. Both of them became scholars. The identity restrictions for the candidates for the
county examination are extremely strict, and children of untouchables and lowly servants cannot apply. In the late Qing Dynasty, Lu Buyun, a 2-member html in Jia County, was a soap yamen runner in charge of internal work in Jia County, and got rich. Since soap yamen belonged to the low-ranking , his children were not allowed to apply for the exam, so he went to the nearby Ruzhou , bribed the students to guarantee him, applied for the exam in fake employment, and bribed the student to get a student, and successfully passed the exam. This aroused public outrage among the scholars of Ruzhou. Everyone named the scholars and expose the news. Wang Fu, the envoy of the scholars, tried his best to suppress the scholars of Ruzhou, which aroused public anger. The scholars threatened to go to Beijing to petition. The envoy of the Tixue was very scared and eventually revoked Lu Buyun's student status and dismissed Guo Yingwu, a student in Ruzhou who was guaranteed to Lu, to calm public anger.
Next issue, let’s talk about how to become a juren... Stay tuned! ! !
