When you enter Egypt , your heart will definitely be deeply shocked.
Egypt before Pharaoh
Egypt had human existence long before Pharaoh, and early cultural elements proved that the rise of Egyptian dynasty was a local evolution.
- Paleolithic: 700,000-7000 BC
- Neolithic: 8800-4700 BC
- Pre-dynasty period: BC 1 5300-3000
This female statue from the Charles Edwin Wilber Foundation of the Brooklyn Museum . Its history can be traced back to the dynasty period 3500-3400 BC Nakada II period.
Early Egyptian dynasties - Dynasty
Early dynasties [3200-3000 BC] are a group of Egyptian rulers called by Egyptologists.
They are not on Manetto's list, and must have been earlier than the traditional original founder of the Egyptian dynasty Narmay . They were found buried in the cemetery of Abydos .
The names of these rulers have the title "The King of Upper and Lower Egypt " next to them, so they are considered pharaohs.
The earliest rulers (about 2900 BC), and the last one was Scorpion II, known as " Scorpion King ". In the 5th century BC, these rulers were listed on the Palermo Stele.
Early dynasty, about 3000-2686 BC. By around 3000 BC, early dynasties emerged in Egypt, whose rulers controlled the Nile Valley from Delta to the First Falls of Aswan.
The capital of this 1000-km (620-mile) section of the river may be located in Hiraconpolis or Abidos, who buried the ruler.
The first ruler was Menise or Nalmay, about 3100 BC. Administrative buildings and royal tombs were almost entirely made of dried mud bricks, wood and reeds, so there were almost no remains.
Old Kingdom - Dynasty
Ancient Kingdom was a name designated by historians in the 19th century, referring to the first period reported by Maneto , when the northern (lower) and southern (upper) of the Nile Valley were unified under a ruler.
It is also called pyramid era .
Because more than a dozen pyramids were built in Giza and Sakara .
The first pharaoh of the old kingdom was Jossel (Third Dynasty, 2667-2648 B.C.), who built the first huge stone building called the Step Pyramid.
The administrative center of the ancient kingdom is located in Memphis, and a minister is in charge of the administrative affairs of the central government. The local magistrate completed these tasks in Upper and Lower Egypt.
Ancient Kingdom was a period of long-term economic prosperity and political stability, including long-distance trade with Levant and Nubian .
However, starting from the Sixth Dynasty, with the rule of Perpis II for 93 years, the power of the central government began to weaken.
First Intermediate Period - Dynasty
To the early stages of the first Intermediate Period, Egypt's power base has been transferred to Heracleopolis, located 100 kilometers (62 miles) upstream of Memphis.
Large-scale construction, and local governance in various provinces. The central government collapsed and foreign trade stopped.
This country is divided and unstable, resulting in civil war and famine. The same cannibalism and the reallocation of wealth.
The text of this period includes coffin texts, which are engraved on elite coffins in multi-chamber tombs.
Central Kingdom - Middle Dynasty
Central Kingdom began with Mentuhotep II of thebes , defeating his opponent in Heracleopolis, and the unification of Egypt.
restored the huge construction, a pyramid complex following the tradition of the ancient kingdom, but with a mud brick core and stone wall grid, and finished with limestone blocks.
Unfortunately, this complex has not been well preserved. When the capital was moved to the 12th dynasty, the capital was moved to relocate. The site has not been discovered yet, but may be close to the oasis.
The highest levels of the central administration are the ministers, the Ministry of Finance, and the ministries and commissions responsible for harvesting and crop management; cattle and fields; and labor in building procedures.
worth mentioning that the king is still the absolute ruler of the divine, but the government is based on representative theocratic politics, not direct rules.
The Pharaoh of the Central Kingdom conquered Nubia, raided the Levant, and brought the Asians back as slaves, who eventually established their own blocks of power in the Delta and threatened the empire.
Second Intermediate Period - Dynasty, 1650-1550 BC
Second Intermediate Period , the dynasty ended stably, the central government collapsed, and dozens of kings of different clans were in power one after another. Some rulers came from Asian colonies in the Delta region - Hiksos.
Royal funeral stopped, but the connection with the Levant was maintained and more Asians entered Egypt. Hicksos conquered Memphis and built their royal residence in Avalis in the eastern delta.
Avalis city is very large and has a huge castle, vineyards and gardens. The Hicksos formed an alliance with Kushtnubia and established extensive trade relations with Aegean and the Levant.
The Egyptian rulers of the 17th Dynasty launched a "War of Liberation" against the Hicksos in Thebes. In the end, the Thebes overthrew the Hicksos and ushered in what the 19th century scholars called New Kingdom .
New Kingdom - Dynasty, 1550-1069 BC
The first ruler of the new kingdom was Jahmos I (1550-1525 BC), who drove Hixos out of Egypt and carried out many internal reforms and political reorganizations.
The rulers of the 18th dynasty, especially Tutmos III , carried out dozens of military operations in the Levant. The trade between Sinai Peninsula and Mediterranean was re-established, and the southern border extended southward to Borgo Mountain and Nabata region .
Egypt became prosperous and rich, especially under Amonophos III (1390-1352 B.C.), but when his son Akhenaton (1352-1336 B.C.) left Thebes, moved the capital to Akhtarton, and completely reformed religion, there was a turbulent worship of monotheism.
However, this situation did not last long.
The first attempt to restore the old religion began as early as the reign of the son of Akhenaton Tutankhamun (1336-1327 BC). In the end, the persecution of the believers of the Atun cult proved successful, and the old religion was re-established.
Civilian officials were replaced by soldiers, and the army became the most influential force in the country.
At the same time, Hittite from Mesopotamia began to become imperialist, threatening Egypt.In the Battle of Kadesh, Ramses II met the Hittite army under the leadership of Muvatali, but the two sides ended in a peace treaty.
By the end of the 13th century BC, new dangers emerged from the so-called maritime nations. First, Merupta (1213-1203 BCE), and then Ramses III (Ramses III) (1184-1153 BCE), fought an important battle with the maritime nations and won the victory.
However, by the end of the new kingdom, Egypt was forced to withdraw from the Levant.
The Third Intermediate Period - Dynasty , 1069-664 BC
The Third Intermediate Period began with a major political turmoil, a civil war incited by the Governor of Kusht Panehi.
Military operations failed to re-establish control of Nubia, and when the last Latin American Western German king died in 1069 B.C., a new power structure controlled the country.
Although the country is on the surface, in fact, the north is ruled by Nile Delta (or Memphis), while Lower Egypt is ruled by Thebes, establishing a formal border between regions at the entrance to the Fayum oasis.
In fact, the central government of Thebes was essentially theocratic politics, and the highest political power belonged to the god Amon.
Since the 9th century BC, many local rulers have actually achieved autonomy, some of whom have proclaimed themselves kings. Libyan from cyrenega dominates and becomes king in the second half of the 21st dynasty.
and Kusht's rule over Egypt was established by the 25th Dynasty [747-664 BC].
Late period - Dynasty
The late period of Egypt lasted from 343-332 BC, during which time Egypt became the governor of Persian .
Psamtek I (664-610 B.C.) unified the country in part because Asyrian has weakened in its own country and cannot maintain control over Egypt.
He and his later leaders used mercenaries from Greeks, Carians, Jews, Phoenician and possible Bedouin groups to ensure Egypt's security while protecting against Assyrians, Persians and Chaldean .
Egypt was invaded by the Persians in 525 BC, and the first Persian ruler was Gambiss.
A rebellion broke out after his death, but Darius the Great was able to regain control of Egypt in 518 BC.
Until 404 BC, Egypt was the governor of Persia, and its brief independence lasted until 342 BC, when Egypt fell into Persian rule again until 332 BC, The arrival of Alexander the Great .
Ptolemaic period - 332-30 BC
Ptolemaic dynasty began with the arrival of Alexander the Great, who conquered Egypt and was crowned king in 332 BC, but he left Egypt to conquer new lands.
After his death in 323 B.C., part of the land of his great empire was allocated to various members of his military staff, and Ptolemy, the son of Marshal Lagos, obtained Egypt, Libya, and part of the Arabian Peninsula.
Between 301-280 BC, a war of successors broke out between the various marshals on the land.
Finally, the Ptolemaic dynasty established and ruled Egypt steadily until Julius Caesar Roman conquered Egypt in 30 BC.
Post-dynasty Egypt - From 30 BC to 641 AD
After the Ptolemaic period, Egypt's long-term religious and political structure ended. But the huge monuments and vivid written history left over from Egypt still fascinates us today.
Conclusion
Egypt is an ancient country among the ancient countries in the world, with a long and profound historical culture.
Whether it is architecture or culture, it can be said to be profound and colorful. It is also unique in terms of geographical location, humanities and economy, and occupies an important position in the world cultural system.
Reference
"Ancient Rings and Ancient Egyptian Chronology"
"Ancient Egyptian Archaeology"
"First History of Egyptian Narratives"
"Manetto and Greek Historiography"
"Pharaoh Egypt"
