935 On September 18, Central Red Army , which broke through the natural danger Lazikou, arrived at Hadapu in southern Gansu. Since this is a major transportation route and the business is relatively developed, the tired Red Army in the Long March took a short rest here.
Although the Central Red Army broke through the natural barrier Lazikou and temporarily got rid of the enemy's siege, the crisis has not been lifted.
was forced to leave the Jiangsu District of Jiangxi in October 1934. More than 80,000 Red Army went through hardships and dangers, and moved to several provinces. After nearly a year of travel, there are only more than 8,000 people left, and the future is even more slim. I don’t know how long the road ahead is.
On Russian Border Conference , it was determined to change the Red Army to "Shaanxi and Gansu Detachment ", go to the Soviet border to fight guerrillas, rely on the Soviet Union, create base areas, seek international aid, expand the team, and develop eastward.
Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai and others in the Long March
But no one can say how good the chance of this plan is to succeed, because the destination has been changed 6 times during the Long March, that is to say, it has experienced 6 failures.
While resting in Hadapu, Chairman Mao found important information from an old newspaper: There is also a revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi!
This is undoubtedly great news for the Red Army, which is almost no way out. Information in the newspaper shows that although the revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi has also been encircled by the enemy, it has not been captured by the enemy yet, and the base area has as many as 20 counties.
Chairman Mao was overjoyed and immediately found people familiar with northern Shaanxi to ask, and then found other newspapers to find valuable information. After getting the exact news, Chairman Mao had changed his mind to the Soviet border to fight guerrillas. He had a new goal, which was to go to the revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi. The founder of this base was Liu Zhidan .
1. Modern Robin Hood
That famous American journalist Snow , commented on Liu Zhidan in his "Red Star Shines in China":
"Liu Zhidan is a modern Robin Hood, who has always hated the rich people in the mountains. Among the poor, his name brings hope, but among the landlords and old wealth, he has become the heavenly whip to punish evil and eliminate evil."
Liu Zhidan, as a Communist Party member and a real revolutionary, is he considered a legendary figure like the Robin Hood? This may be related to the legend of Liu Zhidan, which is widely circulated in northern Shaanxi.
Liu Zhidan was born in Baoan County, upstream of Luoshui, Shanxi. According to legend, the people here are all descendants of the soldiers guarding the border in ancient times, so they are brave by nature and have a strong rebellious spirit.
What are the most prominent features we can find when looking down at the northern Shaanxi land, are loess, gullies, droughts, sparse vegetation, etc. The overall feeling is just one word: poor!
Although this is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization, it is still one of the relatively backward areas today. In ancient times, let alone, the most lacking here is the poor.
Liu Zhidan in youth
Where there are poor people, there will be injustice, there will be oppression, and there will be oppression, so there will be resistance here, so there is no shortage of resistance here. The most famous one is King Wang Li Zicheng .
is different from many people who are so poor that they can't survive and go to the revolution. Liu Zhidan's family is in good condition. His grandfather is a scholar. His father was once a scholar and his son taught his father's business for a while, but he felt that he could not make a fortune, so he went to business later.
After earning some money in business, I bought some land in my hometown and hired long-term workers at home. Although I can't be considered a landlord, I am also considered a family like a middle-aged and rich peasant.
Liu Zhidan has been studying under the leadership of his grandfather since he was a child. He likes to listen to his grandfather telling the stories of heroes and heroes and thieves in the Green Forest. Although Liu Zhidan’s family is in good condition, he feels very sorry for the poor and hates the rich who oppress the poor. The person he admires the most is Li Zicheng, the King of Chuang.
2. Military Movement
922, with the support of my grandfather, Liu Zhidan was admitted to Yulin Middle School, which is a new school. Liu Zhidan accepted progressive ideas here, joined the Communist Party of China, and at the call of the party, he went to Huangpu Military Academy to study military affairs and became a student of the fourth phase of Huangpu.
Liu Zhidan believes that " Although there is literary affairs, there must be military preparations ". If there is no gun, it is not possible to rely solely on the pen. This is the same as Chairman Mao's statement that "the power comes from the gun".
After studying at the Whampoa Military Academy, Liu Zhidan participated in the Northern Expedition , served as a special envoy in the Feng Yuxiang 's troops, rectified the " Ma Family Army " of Ma Hongkui , and turned a Ma Hongkui's private armed forces into a modern army.
After the failure of the Great Revolution, Liu Zhidan was arranged by the party organization and ran to Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi and other provinces to organize and launch an uprising.
From 1928 to 1931, Liu Zhidan organized more than 70 uprisings, but they all ended in failure. There were several times when he almost lost his head, but this did not make Liu Zhidan surrender.
He summarized his experience in his failures again and again, put forward the important idea of "turning the enemy's armed forces into revolutionary armed forces", and divided military transportation work into three working methods: red, white and gray.
The so-called "red" refers to mobilizing and organizing the masses of workers and peasants and establishing a people's army independently led and commanded by the Communist Party of China. This is no different from the revolution in other parts of the country. It is both mobilizing the poor people at the bottom of society.
General Liu Zhidan's photo
And "white" is different. White refers to the Kuomintang army, such as local militia and warlord troops. Liu Zhidan repeatedly invaded the Kuomintang army with a legal identity, developed revolutionary forces, organized uprisings several times, and persisted in military transportation work. Even if he failed several times, he almost lost his life without retreating.
"Gray" refers to the green forest armed forces that occupy the mountain as the king and the people. In the troubled times, bandits are everywhere. In addition to the bandits who occupy the mountain as the king, there are also civil organizations such as Red Gun Club and Ge Laohui . In the impression of ordinary people, these people are all evil people, and what they do is not as good as revolution.
However, Liu Zhidan believes that among the green forest armed forces in the Shaanxi-Gansu region, many seemingly fierce "mountain kings" are actually farmers from poor backgrounds. They can only occupy the mountain and become king because they can't survive. There are also deep contradictions between them and bureaucrats and warlords, landlords and gentry.
Many people do not understand why Liu Zhidan wanted to fight for these Kuomintang troops and green forest armed forces. Is this inconsistent with our party’s original intention to launch the workers’ and peasants’ revolution.
Liu Zhidan explained this:
"The revolution requires the establishment of a united front. The fewer enemies, the better, and the more friends, the better. If we increase our strength, the less enemies, the less force the enemy will be."
Although it is not understood by some people, Liu Zhidan still develops the revolutionary team in this way. Although he failed again and again, he still perseveres. It is precisely the military work in recent years that has made Liu Zhidan's reputation and deeds widely circulated in the Shaanxi-Gansu region.
His reputation is not only circulated among Warlords, bandits, militia, Gelaohui, and Red Gunhui. Among the poor people, his deeds are even more amazing. Many people say that Liu Zhidan can fly over the eaves and walls, and even has inseparable skills. At this time, Liu Zhidan has become a hero in the novel. This is also the main reason why Snow said that Liu Zhidan is the modern thief Robin Hood .
Through the simple description above, a knight who may feel revenge, help the strong and help the weak, and be free and easy will appear in the hearts of many people. Just like Linghu Chong in "The Smiling and Proud Wanderer", there are countless friends, and they are clear in their right and wrong, and they hate evil like hatred. This is an image that people like in any era.
But there is a question, our party is an organized and disciplined group, not a gang of martial arts. Is it inappropriate for Liu Zhidan to unite these gangs of all religions and eccentric figures? Is he also an undisciplined person?
The fact is exactly the opposite. Liu Zhidan is a person with strong party spirit and discipline. He always puts personal interests aside and always puts the overall situation first. He can give everything for the revolution, even his life.
We have known from the three times that Liu Zhidan was seized from power, how disciplined he is.
3. The first time
We have said before that Liu Zhidan's "three-color theory" unites all those who can unite, and one more friend will be less enemy. Therefore, there are many heroes in the team he developed, not all poor people at the bottom, but all people have them, including people from militia, people in the warlord team, green forest heroes, etc. This makes some people doubt the purity of Liu Zhidan's team.
Finally, in February 1932, the first gun surrender incident occurred. Those who thought that Liu Zhidan's team was impure, took the gun from the team pulled by Liu Zhidan and forced them to disband. Liu Zhidan was also wrongly imprisoned.
With Liu Zhidan's ability and influence, as long as he raises his arms, his subordinates will rescue him immediately. His subordinates did have this proposal, but they were rejected by Liu Zhidan. Once the person who is a powerful figure in the world is more obedient than the three good students in elementary school. He believes in the organization and says that he must obey the organization's arrangements in everything.
Liu Zhidan's portrait
Because Liu Zhidan takes the overall situation into consideration, this time the gun-cutting incident did not turn into a bloody incident. As long as he couldn't help it, the blood surged, the scene might be difficult to control, and eventually caused huge losses. Not long after
, Liu Zhidan was released. After that, Liu Zhidan never mentioned it except to explain the incident to his superiors.
Later, Liu Zhidan was transferred back to the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas as commander-in-chief. The gunmen who had previously surrendered him became his subordinates. If he wanted to take revenge, it would be a matter of raising his hand. However, Liu Zhidan had never settled the old accounts with anyone, but with this mind, there are only a handful of people who can compare in history.
4. The second time
Not long after this incident, another leader Du Heng was airborne. This person was the one who resolutely implemented the "left-leaning" route of Wang Ming . He ordered the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas to be adapted into the Red 26th Army. It sounds very powerful, but in fact there are only 400 people, which is not even a regiment. It can be seen that this person is a very happy person.
Since there is an army, we can no longer fight guerrillas. We have to fight big wars and fight positions with the enemy in the plains. This is exactly the same as Li De did in Jiangxi.
Liu Zhidan refused to this whimsical blind command. Du Heng was very angry and decided to take Liu Zhidan. He organized a re-election of the leadership of the Red 26th Army, but the original cadres above the platoon did not have the right to be elected, nor did they have the right to be elected.
Under such a "fair" election, squad leader Wang Shitai was elected as the commander of the Second Regiment of the Red 26th Army and became the supreme military commander of the Red 26th Army.
It should be noted here that since the Red 26th Army has only 400 people, there is no army commander, only one organization, that is the Red Second Regiment, the Red Second Regiment is the Red 26th Army, and the Red 26th Army is the Red Second Regiment.
And Liu Zhidan was labeled as "rightist opportunism", deprived of military command, and arranged a false position as director of the Political Department.
But Liu Zhidan had no complaints. He wholeheartedly helped Wang Shitai, who was only the squad leader. It can be seen that Liu Zhidan is not only disciplined, but also a person with extremely noble morality.
After removing the disobedient Liu Zhidan, Du Heng began to let himself go. He commanded the obedient Wang Shitai and ordered him to go to Inner Mongolia to seek support from the Soviet Union, and then to go to Weihua to establish a revolutionary base. Under the command of this person with no military knowledge, the experience of the Red 26th Army can be imagined.
Finally, in June 1933, the Red 26th Army was ambushed by the enemy on its way south to Weihua and almost wiped out the entire army. The Red 26th Army, which was built with great effort, was destroyed all of them all at once.
Liu Zhidan fell from the cliff alone during the breakout, lying in the wilderness for several days and could not move. If he hadn't been lucky enough to meet a soldier, he would have been sleeping in Zhongnan Mountain forever.
And Du Heng, who was blindly commanding, was captured by the enemy on the way to the meeting. He immediately betrayed the revolution and told all the secrets he knew, causing huge losses to the Shaanxi party organization.
4. The third time
The Red 26 Army is gone, but the superior who is blindly commanding is gone either. This may be good news. With Liu Zhidan's influence, he raised his arms and pulled up another team.
Because no one is in hindering, Liu Zhidan can let go of the revolution. He united all the forces that can be united, defeated the local tyrants and divided the land, won the heartfelt support of the people, restored the Red 26th Army, and re-established the base.
By 1935, the revolutionary bases created by Liu Zhidan had already reached the scale of more than 20 counties, and had repelled several enemy encirclements and attacks. At this moment, bases in other parts of the country, under the encirclement and suppression of the army, all embarked on the road of the Long March. The 3,000 martyrs from Hubei, Henan and Anhui led by Xu Haidong arrived in northern Shaanxi in advance, joined forces with Liu Zhidan's Red 26th Army in Yongping Town, and merged into the Red 15th Legion, Xu Haidong served as the commander of the legion and Liu Zhidan served as the deputy commander of the legion.
At this moment, the Central Red Army had arrived at Hadapu for a short rest. Chairman Mao also learned about the revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi from the newspaper. He was about to organize a meeting to change the original decision to fight guerrillas on the Soviet border. He first went to the revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi to find Liu Zhidan.
However, before the Central Red Army arrived, Liu Zhidan was arrested once, and the charge was for counter-revolution. To be precise, it was not arrested, but Liu Zhidan took the initiative to deliver it to his door.
The reason is that after the Red 26th Army and Red 25th Army met, the anti-villains in the two teams with the "left-leaning" idea were ready to move. They still used the same excuse before to say that Liu Zhidan's team was impure, and they arrested the former Red 26th Army cadres on a large scale, and gave Liu Zhidan a counter-revolutionary hat, and issued an order to arrest Liu Zhidan and sent it to the front line of the combat.
At that time, Liu Zhidan was studying the combat plan on the front line. He suddenly notified him to go to Wayaobao for a meeting. Liu Zhidan rode his horse and left. On the way, he met a correspondent. After seeing Liu Zhidan, he turned over and dismounted, saluted a military salute, and handed a letter saying that it was an urgent document from the military headquarters.
Liu Zhidan opened the letter on the horse's back and found that it was a list of counter-revolutionaries to be arrested. At the top of the list was Liu Zhidan's name.
Liu Zhidan was shocked. It was estimated that if someone else had been away from the limelight at this time, because he had already tasted this pain, but after a little thought, he sent the letter to the correspondent and asked him to send it to Red 15 Legion immediately, and then said to the correspondent, "When they asked, they said I went to Wayaobao." After that, he went to Wayaobao alone.
It is estimated that Liu Zhidan’s idea is to put the overall situation first and the party’s cause first. He cannot fight in the middle of the family. He believes that he can explain the problem clearly to the organization.
However, as soon as he arrived at Wayaobao, he was immediately detained, and all his posts were removed, and he brought torture instruments to be tried strictly. In order to get the confession they wanted, they used all means. Liu Zhidan was tortured, but he never admitted that he was a counter-revolutionary.
At this moment, the Central Red Army led by Chairman Mao was moving towards the northern Shaanxi base. They were looking forward to seeing the founder of this base, but what they did not expect was that Liu Zhidan was currently carrying torture instruments and was imprisoned in prison, and his life was in danger. Even the big pit that buried him had been dug, just waiting for the final execution time.
5. The sword keeps people
After the Central Red Army defeated the follower of the enemy cavalry in Wuqi Town, they met Zhang Mingke, the head of the local guerrillas. Chairman Mao asked about Liu Zhidan. Coincidentally, Zhang Mingke had worked as a long-term worker at Liu Zhidan's house, and he participated in the revolution because he was influenced by Liu Zhidan.
So Zhang Mingke told Chairman Mao everything about Liu Zhidan. After hearing Liu Zhidan's story, Chairman Mao wanted to see the hero in the minds of the people of northern Shaanxi, so he asked, "Where is Liu Zhidan now? I want to see him."
Zhang Mingke, who had just talked, immediately flickered his words and looked nervous, but hesitated. Chairman Mao noticed something strange and felt that there was a hidden truth. After repeated questions, Zhang Mingke dared to tell the truth to Chairman Mao.
Chairman Mao was very unhappy when he heard this, and then asked Zhang Mingke about the reason why Liu Zhidan was detained. Zhang Mingke didn't know the specific reason.
Zhou Enlai, who was beside him, also asked, "Do you know where to be detained?"
Zhang Mingke replied, "In Wayaobao, in addition to Liu Zhidan, there are hundreds of people who are detained. I heard that they are almost executed!" After Zhang Mingke finished speaking, tears fell from his eyes.
Chairman Mao immediately realized the seriousness of the matter. He immediately sent an investigation team mainly composed of Wang Shoudao and others to quickly go to Wayaobao to rescue Liu Zhidan and others.
The scene of "retaining people under the knife" that can only be found in the movie is truly reproduced in reality. Fortunately, with Chairman Mao's timely action, a group of revolutionary cadres such as Liu Zhidan were all rescued. If they were one step late, I don't know how many revolutionary patriots died under the butcher's knife of their own people.
It has to be said that history is full of drama and coincidence. If it weren't for the newspaper in Hadapu, perhaps the Central Red Army would not have come to the northern Shaanxi base, so it is unknown where the Red Army's Long March was settled. It was the arrival of the Central Red Army that saved a large number of revolutionary cadres, including Liu Zhidan, from being unjustly killed.
After Chairman Mao arrived at Wayaobao, the cadres who presided over the anti-counterfeiting defense were defended and took the so-called evidence that Liu Zhidan was a counter-revolutionary. Zhou Enlai said to him: "The more 'counter-revolution' like Liu Zhidan, the better, and the less 'revolution' like you, the better!"
In the subsequent Eastern Expedition, Liu Zhidan personally visited the front line, unfortunately Sacrifice on the front line, a generation of heroes finally fell, and the poor people in northern Shaanxi suffered from it. Chairman Mao called Liu Zhidan " mass leader, national hero! "
Liu Zhidan's sacrifice is indeed a pity. If he lived until 1955, with his military ability, qualifications, contributions to the revolution and influence, he would definitely be awarded the title at the marshal level.
