Preface
On November 21, 1949, the rumbling sound of the People's Liberation Army came from time to time in Chongqing. Nine days later, this beautiful mountain city was about to usher in liberation.
On December 10, Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo, who were in despair, left Chengdu Airport and fled to Taiwan under the protection of their entourage. There were very few people following him.
From 1975, Chiang Kai-shek died of illness in Taiwan Province, China, and "counterattack on the mainland" became his long-cherished wish that he would never achieve in his entire life.
34 years later, in 2009, Jin Yinan, major general of the People's Liberation Army of China and former director of the Strategic Research Institute of the National Defense University of the People's Liberation Army of China, said in an interview with the media: Chiang Kai-shek's greatest misfortune is actually directly related to Mao Zedong.
So, for what purpose did Mr. Jin Yinan say this?
Could it be that Chiang Kai-shek's misfortune was not his own fault, and why was it related to the great leader Chairman Mao Zedong?
Photo | During the Chongqing negotiations, Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek took a photo
1. Before and after the Revolution of 1911, Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek's grievances
In 2009, Teacher Jin Yinan said in an interview with the media : Chiang Kai-shek's greatest misfortune in his life is actually living in the same era as Chairman Mao Zedong.
The reason he gave was that Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek belonged to different political parties and classes, and used the gun in his hands and the ideology in his heart to collided fiercely in modern China.
Chiang Kai-shek fought wildly in the early 20th century and defeated many old Beiyang warlords. The Kuomintang he reorganized was the only legal regime on Chinese territory at that time.
Mao Zedong suffered repeated setbacks after he devoted himself to the revolutionary work. These two people could not avoid becoming opponents because of their different parties and beliefs.
"Suppression" the Communist Party was Chiang Kai-shek's goal in his life.
The Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao do not think so, and hope to build a country with the Kuomintang.
Because of the difference between idealism and reality, by the middle and late stages of the Liberation War, Chiang Kai-shek had no way to turn things around.
He didn't believe it, and he was even more unwilling to accept his failure. He once said to people around him more than once: "How could I lose to this guy Mao Zedong?" said so much unwillingness in his words.
Even after retreating to Taiwan Province, Chiang Kai-shek still dreamed of "counterattacking the mainland" for decades.
In this regard, the final explanation given by Teacher Jin Yinan was: If Chairman Mao had not had the emergence of an epoch-making genius, Chiang Kai-shek might have been able to put out the Communist Party of China that was in a prairie fire and then realize his dream of dictatorship.
is as the old saying goes - since gives birth to Yu, how can you give birth to Liang!
Review of the interaction between Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek, at different times, the two of them burst into many grudges and grudges.
These are mixed with entanglements in personal feelings and national affairs, and ultimately led to history choosing the Communist Party of China rather than the Kuomintang.
In October 1911, 18-year-old Mao Zedong resolutely joined the army and participated in the Xinhai Revolution. At the same time, a 24-year-old young man from Zhejiang served as the captain of the suicide squad and attacked the Zhejiang Governor's Office and won a great victory.
This young man from Zhejiang was Jiang Zhongzheng, the supreme leader of the National Government in the future.
Before the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, China was in a chaotic and corrupt stage of the Qing Dynasty rule, with the people living in dire straits and warlords fighting for years.
At that time, China really couldn't see a future way out.
After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, revolutionaries overthrew the feudal dregs that had been around for more than 2,000 years, and replaced them with a brand new social system and political party.
Mao Zedong chose to withdraw from the army at this time and entered Hunan Fourth Normal School to study. He and his classmates initiated the establishment of the "New People's Society", focusing on exploring the future of society, absorbing many political concepts, and establishing systematic theory.
Chiang Kai-shek was recognized by Mr. Sun Yat-sen through Chen Qimei's recommendation.
Immediately afterwards, the "May Fourth Movement" broke out, and universities and factories across the country held a huge parade.
Mao Zedong carefully studied Marxist-Leninist works. After the outbreak of the "October Revolution" in Russia, he turned his research to the new culture and new revolutionary wave abroad, combining it with the "May Fourth Movement".
Chiang Kai-shek devoted himself to the securities and finance industry in Shanghai, and later followed Sun Yat-sen to participate in the Dharma Protector movement.
In June 1922, the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming mutiny, and Chiang Kai-shek accompanied Sun Yat-sen to spend more than 40 days on the "Yongfeng Ship" in the Guangzhou waters.
pic | Chairman Mao and Liu Yazi
This experience changed Chiang Kai-shek's life, strengthened his political thoughts, and inherited Mr. Sun Yat-sen's "Three Principles of the People".
At this time, Mao Zedong had already participated in the First Congress of the Communist Party of China and became the secretary of the Hunan Branch of the Communist Party of China.
Under the instructions of the Communist International, the Communist Party of China cooperated with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen intra-party cooperation, and Communist Party members joined the Kuomintang in their personal name.
Shortly after the Third Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in 1923, Mao Zedong was entrusted by the Communist Party of China to join the Kuomintang.
Chiang Kai-shek visited the Soviet Union on the entrusted by Mr. Sun Yat-sen. During his visit to the Soviet Union, for the future close cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, someone invited Chiang Kai-shek to join the Communist Party of China, but he refused.
In early 1924, as a representative of the local organization of the Kuomintang in Hunan, Mao Zedong attended the first National Congress of the Kuomintang, and Chiang Kai-shek attended the conference.
Somehow, Chiang Kai-shek had a fierce conflict with Sun Yat-sen at the First National Congress of the Kuomintang. He actually ordered the disbandment of the Whampoa Military Academy Preparatory Committee and ran back to his hometown in Fenghua.
This indicates the initial stage of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and Chiang Kai-shek looked down on the Communist Party of China everywhere.
He has irreconcilable contradictions with the CCP, or with all senior leaders of the CCP, including Mao Zedong, and there are great differences in the political programs and goals of the two parties.
Until the 1927 counter-revolutionary coup broke out, Chiang Kai-shek's ugly face stealing the fruits of victory was fully exposed.
However, Chiang Kai-shek was highly valued by Sun Yat-sen and has been promoted smoothly within the Kuomintang.
On the contrary, Mao Zedong was excluded from 1924 to 1927, so he had to travel around to engage in revolutionary work.
After the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang was held, Chiang Kai-shek was elected as an executive member of the Kuomintang Central Committee, and Mao Zedong continued to serve as an alternate executive member of the Kuomintang Central Committee.
Once, Mao Zedong visited the Whampoa Military Academy in person, and the principal Chiang Kai-shek led Soong Mei-ling to the dock outside the gate to greet him.
Mao Zedong delivered a public speech on the playground, and Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling took the lead in standing ovation.
It is not difficult to see from this detail that Chiang Kai-shek had an emotional entanglement of "both love and hate" towards the Communist Party of China.
Otherwise, how could he be so familiar with Mao Zedong?
Looking at the grievances and grievances between Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in his youth, it is not difficult to find that Chiang Kai-shek in his early years strongly agreed with class struggle.
After taking office as the principal of the Whampoa Military Academy, Chiang Kai-shek's thoughts changed greatly. He believed that the Kuomintang and even the entire China were his own personal belongings, and the Communist Party of China represented by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Zhu De was a potential threat. If this threat is allowed to continue to grow, what will the Kuomintang go to then?
pic | Chairman Mao who is strategizing
Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai also knew Chiang Kai-shek's true intentions, so after the outbreak of the "Zhongshan Ship Incident", Mao Zedong advocated counterattacking Chiang Kai-shek.
Chiang Kai-shek proposed the "Party Party Affairs Case", and Mao Zedong advocated "resolutely withstand".
From then on, Chiang Kai-shek had already wanted to compete with the Communist Party of China for revolutionary leadership.
plus a sharp conflict broke out between the left and right within the Kuomintang. Chiang Kai-shek was worried that the Communist Party of China would deceive the masses into the concession, destroy his relationship with Western powers, and shake his power base in East my country.
On April 18, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek formed another National Government in Nanjing, declaring that all resolutions of the Wuhan National Government and the Kuomintang Central Committee were illegal, and publicly wanted, including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Qu Qiubai, plus the left-wing of the Kuomintang, a total of 193 people.
At this point, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was declared shattered, and the grievances of Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek entered a new chapter.
2. From brief cooperation to meeting each other, after the failure of the vigorous revolution, Mao Zedong took Marxism-Leninism as the basic policy, combined it with China's actual system, and carried out a series of communist propaganda.
In contrast, Chiang Kai-shek nominally continued to follow the "Three Principles of the People" left by Mr. Sun Yat-sen, but in fact he was nepotist and advocated "there must be peace of the country before fighting foreign countries."
In layman's terms, Chairman Mao during this period had formed a very firm political concept.
That is to firmly follow the path of the Communist International, localize Marxism-Leninism, adhere to the revolutionary line of "surrounding the cities in the countryside", and mobilize the masses to persist in the struggle behind enemy lines.
1927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising and in the second year, he met with the remaining troops of the Nanchang Uprising led by Zhu De in Jinggangshan, Jiangxi Province. From
to October 1934, the Red Army failed in its fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign and was forced to embark on the 25,000-mile Long March. After the Zunyi Conference was held, the leadership with Comrade Mao Zedong as the center was formally established.
Before the Red Army began the Long March, the Communist International questioned Mao Zedong, but soon, the Communist International discovered that Mao Zedong's peasant armed forces and the "rural surround city" route were more in line with China's national conditions.
After the start of the Long March, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized millions of heavy troops to join forces with warlords from all over the country, trying to annihilate the main force of the Central Red Army.
Under Chairman Mao Zedong's planning, the Central Red Army crossed the Chishui River four times, crossed the Dadu River, captured the Luding Bridge three times, and finally arrived in Yan'an, northern Shaanxi smoothly.
After the Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, Chiang Kai-shek believed that this was an excellent opportunity. Taking advantage of the fact that the Red Army had not yet established a stable foothold, he joined forces with the Northeast Army and the Northwest Army, and strived to annihilate the main force of the Central Red Army in a short period of time.
In December 1936, two patriotic generals, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, seized Chiang Kai-shek, and the "Xi'an Incident" that shocked the world broke out.
pic | In the late 1960s, Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling took a photo
1937, the full-scale anti-Japanese war broke out. Under pressure from all sides, Chiang Kai-shek agreed to the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.
1941, the " Southern Anhui Incident" broke out, proving that Chiang Kai-shek "will not die if he wants to destroy the communist party."
After the Chongqing negotiations were over, Chiang Kai-shek unilaterally tore up the Double Ten Agreement and provoked the War of Liberation.
From December 1949, the Jiang family father and son fled to Taiwan Province, China in a panic. Chairman Mao Zedong led the working people all over the world to make the decision and become the new masters of society.
In fact, during the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, Mao Zedong had already noticed the problems exposed by the Kuomintang.
is corruption first. At that time, the salary of the Kuomintang army was far greater than that of the Eighth Route Army and the People's Liberation Army. After layers of deductions, the actual salary obtained by grassroots soldiers was pitifully small.
The corruption of officials is common all over the world, but in wartime, such corruption is absolutely intolerable.
Chiang Kai-shek emphasized anti-corruption many times, and there was always a lot of thunder and little rain.
Secondly, the Kuomintang army is not good at guerrilla warfare. Once the Eighth Route Army and the People's Liberation Army go around in circles with them, the reactionary army is like a headless fly.
, and most of the Kuomintang army has a relatively dispersed morale and does not have a firm belief in winning.
In addition, Chairman Mao pointed out incisively: The Kuomintang army is not favored by the people, and the people's army led by the Communist Party is not in conflict with the local people wherever it goes, and has a very stable mass base.
This is the direct effect brought by Chairman Mao’s consistent adherence to the principle of in-depth work of the masses.
It can be seen from this that in the early days of the outbreak of the War of Liberation, the Kuomintang had more than 4 million troops, and the People's Army led by the Communist Party of China was only 1.5 million. The Kuomintang was at a disadvantage in all aspects such as actual combat effectiveness and logistics mobilization.
In addition, Chiang Kai-shek is not as confident as Chairman Mao Zedong.
Before the Chongqing negotiations began, Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly invited Mao Zedong. He originally believed that senior Chinese Communist Party leaders such as Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would not dare to take risks and would be able to gain the right to speak at that time.
Chairman Mao Zedong saw through Chiang Kai-shek's real purpose, and went against the opposition. He decided to personally lead the CCP delegation to Chongqing for negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek, which caught Chiang Kai-shek off guard.
After the founding of New China, Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly spread rumors about the CCP’s “no human rights, democracy and freedom” and “persecution of detained senior Kuomintang officers.”
pic | In 1963, Chairman Mao attended the military parade
After Chairman Mao waved his hand and announced the release of all the Kuomintang war criminals, the "Taiwanese authorities" were completely stunned and had to refuse these former senior Kuomintang officers to enter Taiwan for some ridiculous reasons, and were criticized and isolated by international public opinion.
Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek is a confident and cautious contradiction. To describe him in an idiom, that is, he is fierce and weak inside.
did not deny this. After retreating to Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek once said to Chiang Ching-kuo: "Mao Zedong is too powerful, there are too many ghost ideas. I am not as good as him in these aspects."
In 1972, when the then-US President Nixon visited China, he asked Chairman Mao: "Cheng Kai-shek called you a bandit, what do you call him?"
Chairman Mao pinched a cigarette with his hand and said with a smile: "It doesn't matter what it means to call each other. In fact, our friendship with him is much longer than you."
Later, according to Nixon's recollection, he realized that Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek were integrated with their country's destiny. These two leaders appeared at the same time in history; one became a winner and the other became a loser.
reflects the differences between them and more reflected in their patriotism.
3. Chiang Kai-shek's greatest misfortune was that he blamed him for his own fault
Looking back on the past, Chiang Kai-shek seemed to have not understood the real reason for his failure from beginning to end.
Teacher Jin Yinan said that it was because he and Mao Zedong were in the same era and had a bit of competing with each other.
According to my opinion, in modern China where there is no democracy, Chiang Kai-shek and his followers all believe in the famous saying "Politics come from the barrel of a gun". When
can be implemented, Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang government were to continue to implement one-party dictatorship established with guns, establish a dominant position in the whole of China and monopolize the power.
Chairman Mao advocated seizing power with a gun. After obtaining power, we should discuss national affairs with the people, and we must not be just a decree.
From this point of view, Chiang Kai-shek's failure is inevitable.
The Kuomintang and the Communist Party were actually a fierce competition between the "socialist camp" and the "capitalist camp" after World War II.
At that time, people generally believed that the Kuomintang would have greater chances of winning if it could obtain support from Western countries led by the United States.
However, any political concept and belief will eventually be compared on the battlefield before they can be understood.
Whoever is more guns and more people in the Kuomintang and the Communist Party will win the final victory.
But why did the Kuomintang, which had "many people and many guns" fail, and it failed very quickly and miserably, completely withdrew from mainland China in less than 4 years?
answer is not complicated. The Kuomintang made a series of political and military mistakes in both the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation.
In every battle, the Kuomintang army's weapons and ammunition, including the number of people, will not be inferior to the People's Liberation Army, but they lack fighting spirit.
The People's Army led by the Communist Party of China has always had a hope, that is, to live an equal life.
Our courage and determination continue to increase, but the Kuomintang fought for some reason. As one goes up and down, the People's Army dares to fight to the decisive battle with the belief of victory and reactionary dynamics, and will never retreat .
What's more, in the late period of the Liberation War, the Kuomintang army relied on "catching strong men" to supplement the source of troops. The army led by the Communist Party of China did not violate the people wherever they went, and the villagers took the initiative to send their sons to the People's Liberation Army.
This is the final decisive achievement achieved by the people's faith.
Photo | Chairman Mao and Chiang Kai-shek took a photo with
After retreating to Taiwan Province, Chiang Kai-shek once said with great pain: "It was not the Communist Party that defeated us, it was us who destroyed ourselves. During the Northern Expedition, our party members did not love money or officials, and were brave and good at fighting;
Now our party members love money and officials, and are greedy for life and fear of death."
Since Chiang Kai-shek has realized the real reason for the failure of the Kuomintang, he has no courage or ability to reform.
includes Chiang Kai-shek himself using the "four major families" to trample on the rule of law and be nepotism. How can he expect Liang Zheng to be inferior?
Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek was overly superstitious about the erroneous creed that "with a gun, you can get everything", and used force to implement autocratic rule, engage in personal dictatorship, trampling on civil rights and the rule of law.
Inspired by Chairman Mao Zedong, China The Communists and the People's Army fought for land and to obtain equal life.
We win the hearts of the people, and the Kuomintang lost the hearts of the people. All of this was Chiang Kai-shek's own fault and had nothing to do with anyone or any group.
The Kuomintang has always liked to engage in personal dictatorship and implemented autocratic rule, and ultimately forced the people to take risks.
Although the Kuomintang and its government organizations have fair elections, the so-called "elections" are "designated" by Chiang Kai-shek and others.
The small group of senior leaders of the Kuomintang Human power has expanded infinitely, limiting the people's right to survival and freedom.
plus the Kuomintang is good at whitewashing peace. Chiang Kai-shek has promoted "the party and the country are supreme, unity with sincerity" more than once, but he turns a blind eye to internal corruption.
All of this indicates that the Kuomintang is no longer a bourgeois revolutionary party, or an interest group of a small group of landlords and bureaucrats. It is unreasonable to not perish a political party like
It is easy to shake the mountain, but it is difficult to shake the people. The Kuomintang is good On the surface, the "Three Principles of the People" are used as the slogan, but behind the scenes of bureaucratic political capital, completely standing on the position of landlords and bureaucrats, and being enemies with the vast majority of the people.
Chairman Mao and the Communist Party of China have always been on the side of the people. This gain and loss doomed the rise and fall of the forces of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.
Finally evolved into the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in order to safeguard all the privileges of the landlords and bureaucratic class, the Kuomintang foolishly arrested the people as slaves and formed an army to deal with the Communist Party.
In contrast, thousands of them have been obtained In order to defend their own fruits of victory, the farmers who were liberated voluntarily united to deal with the Kuomintang by the Communist Party of China.
In this way, Chiang Kai-shek's failure is not due to someone, but to the opposite of the people.
The small group of landlords and bureaucrats, no matter what party power you have, they will not care whether Chiang Kai-shek or Wang Jieshi became the leader of the Kuomintang. They only pay attention to the immediate personal interests.
Chiang Kai-shek is tied to these interest groups, and it is difficult to get on the boat and get off the boat easily.
Conclusion
Regarding the reasons why Chiang Kai-shek failed, Chairman Mao pointed out in his comments for Xinhua News Agency: Because the Chiang Kai-shek government adopted the policy of turning China into an American colony to launch a civil war, and the policy of strengthening fascist dictatorship, it put itself in a position of enemy to the people of the whole country.
People of all classes across the country united and fought a life-and-death struggle with Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary government. The future must be the betrayal of everyone, the destruction of the entire army, and the end of being eliminated by history.
Find its roots , Chiang Kai-shek's greatest misfortune, or the reason for his failure was to oppose the people, counter-revolution, and historical trends, treating the general public like grass.
The greatness of Chairman Mao lies in combining the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism with the specific reality of the Chinese revolution, and creating a guiding ideology that conforms to China's national conditions - Mao Zedong Thought.
From then on, the Chinese people, under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, overcome difficulties, work hard, and move towards victory!
Chairman Mao is a firm proletarian revolutionary , firm belief! Although the success of the "October Revolution" guided the direction, it was still far from China's actual national conditions at that time.
After practice, Chairman Mao clearly knew that the main force of China's revolution was the peasants and the living space of the Communist Party was in the countryside.
Chiang Kai-shek was an elite of bourgeois revolutionaries! He could not understand and believe that the inexhaustible wisdom and power contained in the Chinese peasant masses who were as low as grass.
Chiang Kai-shek spent his entire life trying to make profits. Although he later believed in Christianity, his thief's heart remained unchanged.Especially before retreating to Taiwan, they smuggled gold to Taiwan, leaving gold dollar coupons to deceive the people, and some even lost their entire family and sacrificed their lives.
If Chiang Kai-shek did not meet Mao Zedong's contemporaries, he would not have accomplished a big deal, and China would have to be in dire straits and China might be divided up by imperialists.
