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On November 2, 1957, Mao Zedong led a Chinese delegation to the Soviet Union and embarked on a 20-day trip to the Soviet Union.
During the entire visit, unlike the aggressiveness of Stalin , Soviet leader Khrushchev was very friendly to Chairman Mao and his group, and even a little flattering.
Not only did he arrange for Chairman Mao to move into the Kremlin alone, but he also once proposed to lead the socialist camp with China . You should know that during Stalin's rule, the Soviet Union never gave China the new generation at that time much good face.
So, why did the Soviet Union's attitude towards China change so much? What are the demands behind it? How will Chairman Mao deal with it?
On March 14, 1953, Malenkov resigned from the position of secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the new Secretariat led by Khrushchev was born.
But at this time Khrushchev's powers were only concentrated on propaganda and ideological work, and the administrative and economic work powers were still in the hands of Malenkov and Beria.
Stalin
Shortly after Beria came to power, he implemented a series of liberalization reform policies, including the release of political prisoners, the termination of franchised republic , and the promotion of the merger of East and West Germany.
Such a bold reform action made Khrushchev think that this would lead to the demise of the Soviet Union, so he joined forces with Malenkov, Voloshilov and others to launch a political siege on Beria, and finally arrested Beria in June of the same year.
After Beria stepped down, Khrushchev's status within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union rose rapidly, firmly in the third place, and was declared "the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on September 15, 1953."
But at this time Khrushchev's status was still not stable because the meeting of ministers who held the administrative power of the government was still in the hands of Malenkov.
In order to compete for administrative power, Khrushchev and Malenkov launched a pointed political struggle against Maimang, and both sides continued to expand their influence in administrative and party building work.
Khrushchev
In 1954, by investigating the Leningrad case, Khrushchev finally found an opportunity to defeat his political opponents, brought down Malenkov, who was involved in the case, and removed him from his position as prime minister.
Not long after, Malenkov resigned from his position as chairman of the Council of Ministers, and Khrushchev was able to gain real administrative power and took this opportunity to arrange a large number of trustees in the central organs.
After "get it done" by Malenkov, Khrushchev ushered in Molotov's "challenge".
During the spring and summer of 1954, Khrushchev mobilized 300,000 volunteers to reclaim land in Siberia area, but due to the lack of preliminary investigation and preparation, in the following years, this reclaiming movement gradually evolved into an agricultural and ecological disaster.
Therefore, Molotov has always opposed Khrushchev's land reclamation plan and has also complained about his housing policy.
In 1955, Khrushchev led a mission to visit Yugoslavia , which made Molotov, who had always insisted that Yugoslavia was an revisionist country even more dissatisfied.
At the plenary meeting of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in July of the same year, Molotov took the lead in attacking Khrushchev, asking him to be responsible for the consequences of the Siberian land reclamation plan. However, he did not expect that the Central Presidium, which was already full of Khrushchev's confidants, besieged Molotov and forced him to admit his mistake to Khrushchev.
Although Molotov was not liquidated after the meeting, at this time, the pro-Stalinian conservative forces within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had been severely weakened. After this meeting, Khrushchev completely grasped the supreme power of the Soviet Union.
At that time, Khrushchev had the supreme voice in the party, and had the support of meritorious veterans such as Moskarenko and Zhukov in the army. It was truly a proud and proud person.
But what Khrushchev did not expect was that two major events that happened in 1956 made his heels, which had already stood firm, suddenly weakened and almost fell from the podium of supreme power.
In March 1953, after Stalin's death, Khrushchev successively overthrew his political enemies, soaring from the end of the Central Presidium, and standing on the podium of the highest power.
But what he didn't expect was that because of his rush, two major events that happened in 1956 almost caused him to fall from the supreme podium, and forced him to seek help from the outside.
So, what are these two major events? Why did these two major events force Khrushchev to find foreign aid?
The first major event was that Khrushchev's secret report on of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was leaked.
Shortly after Stalin's death, under the leadership of Beria, the detainees who were beaten to be political prisoners during Stalin's period were gradually released and rehabilitated. After Beria stepped down, this policy was not overturned, but continued to be implemented with the support of Khrushchev.
After the convening of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1955, hundreds of thousands of people had been released and rehabilitated. These people returned to the mainland of the Soviet Union from Siberia, Kazakhstan and other places, and returned to their respective positions.
Khrushchev took the lead in releasing and rehabilitating these people.
In fact, as early as the Stalin period, Khrushchev and Stalin had many differences in political views, especially on the issue of Ukrainian agricultural policy and ideological confrontation between the East and the West, the two even quarreled for a while.
After gaining the supreme leadership of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev tried several times to inform and criticize various issues during the Stalin period, but he gave up because he was opposed by Molotov, Kaganovich and others.
The reason why Khrushchev wanted to criticize Stalin was not only different political views, but more importantly, perhaps he realized that from Beria to Malenkov and then to Molotov, all of these people were the political legacy left by Stalin.
This means that the pro-Stalinian forces within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union have been deeply rooted. If the various policies of the Stalin period are not completely criticized and denied, these forces may one day launch a counterattack against Khrushchev.
So, taking advantage of the wave of rehabilitation of political prisoners, Khrushchev decided to "operate" on Stalin.
On February 14, 1956, the CPC held the 20th National Congress. In addition to the representatives of the CPC, there were also envoys from the Workers' Party of various countries and leaders of all Eastern European countries.
The entire meeting was held in a positive atmosphere without any exceptions.
But just in the early morning of February 25, when the meeting ended, after the entire agenda of the conference had ended, Khrushchev urgently recalled all representatives except foreign missions and asked them to attend a secret meeting.
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At this secret meeting, Khrushchev exposed the mistakes made during Stalin's rule to the participants.
This report begins with the sacred halo of Stalin's "student, close comrade-in-arms, and legal heirs of Comrade Lenin", revealing the various mistakes made by Stalin in political, military and economic measures.
also pointed out that Stalin committed crimes of physically eliminating members of the Soviet Communist Party with different political views. In short, this secret report completely denies Stalin and his various policies and policies during his reign, and completely pulls Stalin off the altar.
Khrushchev's speech lasted for more than 4 hours, and the venue was silent during the speech. It is conceivable how much shock this report caused to the representatives.
Not only was the delegates shocked, but many party members within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union also accused Khrushchev of this report as "superficial and hasty."
For a time, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union criticized and criticized Khrushchev, demanding that Khrushchev be fully responsible for the consequences of the report, and requested the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to investigate Khrushchev.
If it were just an opposition voice within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev might be able to deal with it, but the chain reaction brought by this report is far from stopped.
It is precisely because of this report that it led to the second major event that occurred in 1956 - the Polish-Hungarian Incident.
After the end of World War II, most countries in Eastern Europe expelled the Nazis and established a new government with the help of the Soviet Union, especially Stalin. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the economic policies and political lines of these countries were completely under the framework of the Stalin model.
In other words, not only in the Soviet Union, but most countries in Eastern Europe worship Stalin as gods, believing that Stalin's thoughts, lines, and policies were unquestionable and absolutely correct.
Khrushchev's secret report was originally published within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, but I don't know what methods did the Western countries use. Shortly after that secret meeting, the United States obtained the entire content of the report and published it publicly. Once the content of the
report spread, it instantly detonated the political situation in Eastern Europe like an atomic bomb. More and more Eastern European people began to question whether their country's route was correct in recent years? Have the political cases over the years been completely fair? Thoughts like
quickly turned into large-scale parades and demonstrations. The first ones that were impacted were Polish and Hungary.
1 On June 28, 1956, tens of thousands of workers in Poland took to the streets, demanding that the Polish government correct all the mistakes in the past under the Stalin model and rehabilitate past political unjust cases.
Due to the lack of sincerity in the negotiations of the Polish government, the demonstrations quickly turned into bloody conflicts in Poznan. The demonstrators rushed to the prison, disarmed the guards, and forcibly released more than 200 political prisoners.
In order to quell the rebellion, the Polish government had to send force to suppress it, causing more than 300 casualties. One wave has not yet settled, and the same thing has happened in Hungary.
On October 23, 1956, a large number of Hungarian students held a demonstration. The students demolished the portrait of Stalin, knocked down Stalin's sculptures, demanded that the Hungarian government give up the Stalin line and reappoint Najib, who supported the reform, as the Prime Minister of the government.
In order to suppress the marchers, late at night that day, Hungarian security forces fired at the marchers. In the early morning of the 24th, Soviet military tanks drove into Hungary and interfered with Hungary's internal affairs by force.
Under the military suppression of the Soviet army, the Hungarian revolution ultimately failed, but the death and injury of more than 13,000 people planted the seeds of hatred of the Soviet Union in the hearts of the Hungarian people.
The occurrence of the Polish-Hungarian incident has caused many countries in the socialist camp to question whether Khrushchev is still suitable to continue to serve as the leader of the Soviet Union and whether the Soviet Union is still suitable to continue to lead the International Communist Movement .
Under the dual pressure of domestic and international situations, Khrushchev's status has become precarious.
In order to consolidate its ruling status and continue to maintain the Soviet Union's identity as "big brother" in the socialist camp, Khrushchev decided to turn his attention to the neighbors of 's southern .
1956, a secret report that completely negated Stalin not only triggered international public opinion, but also became the fuse of the Polish-Hungarian incident. The occurrence of these two things not only shakes Khrushchev's leadership in the Soviet Union, but also shakes the Soviet Union's identity as the eldest brother in International Consolidation .
In order to regain its foothold, Khrushchev had to seek foreign aid and turned his attention to his southern neighbor, China.
As the leader of a socialist power and a communist revolutionary with a high reputation, Mao Zedong was undoubtedly Khrushchev's best target for help.
So, how did Khrushchev ask for help from China? How will Chairman Mao respond to Khrushchev?
In fact, the CCP conducted an in-depth analysis of the incident as early as after Khrushchev's secret report of completely denying Stalin was leaked.
Chairman Mao was happy and worried about Khrushchev's behavior. What he was happy was that Khrushchev dared to break Stalin's idol halo, which showed that the communist revolutionaries dared to criticize themselves, and what he was worried about was that Khrushchev's report would inevitably cause turmoil in the socialist camp.
More importantly, Khrushchev's secret report only talks about the faults and not about achievements to Stalin. Such a report is obviously one-sided and will obviously have an extremely adverse impact on the role of the Soviet Union's leadership.
In order to make up for the adverse impact of Khrushchev on the international communist movement as much as possible, under the instructions of Chairman Mao, our party published an article saying that Khrushchev's criticism of Stalin was not completely wrong, but rather showed that the Communists dared to reflect on themselves and criticize themselves.
Khrushchev was very happy to accept the support of our party. He quickly instructed the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to publish an article affirming Stalin's achievements and calling him a true communist fighter.
Although Khrushchev has made a comprehensive evaluation of Stalin and despite the support from the CCP, the trend of separatism within the Soviet Communist Party is still growing, and the voices of doubting the Soviet Union within the socialist camp have also risen higher and higher.
Some voices also pointed out that the Soviet Union is no longer suitable to continue to lead the socialist camp, and the Communist Party of China should lead the international communist movement.
In desperation, Khrushchev had no choice but to say that he could consider letting China and the Soviet Union take turns to serve as the host country for the Communist Party meetings of various countries around the world, which means leading the socialist camp with China.
Chairman Mao still hopes to help Khrushchev and the Soviet Union with all the difficulties faced by them. After all, in history, the Soviet Union has also assisted our country's revolutionary struggle and socialist construction .
Moreover, if Khrushchev and the Soviet Union fall, it will definitely be fatal to the socialist camp.
On November 2, 1957, Chairman Mao personally led his delegation to Moscow, preparing to attend the upcoming meeting of representatives of the Communist Party and Workers' Party of the world.
Khrushchev was overjoyed by Chairman Mao and his party's arrival. He not only arranged for Chairman Mao to move into the luxurious Kremlin Queen's Bedroom, but also provided many conveniences for Chairman Mao and his party's daily life.
In fact, Khrushchev was so enthusiastic that he wanted Chairman Mao to lend a helping hand to him during his time in the Soviet Union and to say more good things to him. Chairman Mao naturally knew what he was selling in Khrushchev's "attention".
Shortly after arriving in Moscow, Chairman Mao said in a conversation with leaders of Poland and other countries that the Soviet Union is a big tree, China is a small tree, and in terms of economy, our country is even a small country and is not suitable as the leader of the international communist movement.
htmlOn November 4, at the opening ceremony of the Congress of the Communist Party and Workers' Party of the World, Chairman Mao even delivered a speech on who will lead the socialist camp.
speech pointed out that my country is not qualified to lead the international communist movement in terms of national strength, construction experience, or revolutionary qualifications, and clearly stated that the socialist camp should still be led by the Soviet Union.
When facing Eastern European countries' resistance to the CPC due to the damage from the Stalin model, Chairman Mao also tried his best to persuade them to put the overall situation first, put aside the harm caused by past mistakes, and jointly build a socialist camp.
Chairman Mao was very grateful for the joint leadership of China and the Soviet Union's international communist movement and the efforts made to ease the Soviet Union's Eastern Europe relations, and also brought the relations between the two parties and the two countries to a new level.
More than a year later, when we look back on Chairman Mao’s actions during this visit to the Soviet Union, we have to lament the profound strategic vision of Chairman Mao.
At that time, China had just been established and was in a poor and deserted state. If we really led the socialist camp, the aid tasks we had to undertake every year would be enough to overwhelm the national finances.
And if China really becomes this leader, it will definitely be pushed to the forefront and become the first target of attack in the Western camp, which was definitely unfavorable for my country at that time.
Therefore, instead of fighting for the so-called "common-lord", it is better to be a beautiful person, help Khrushchev and the Soviet Union to further promote Sino-Soviet friendly relations, unite the socialist camp, and open up a more peaceful and stable external environment for our future development.
