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On November 21, 2017, the 93-year-old president of Zimbabwe Mugabe stepped down in a panic, ending his thirty-year presidential career. The end of an era. Everything was unexpected, but it was reasonable, which made the world sigh.
Mugabe
When the world analyzed the reasons for the dictator's resignation, in fact, as early as 1985, Deng Xiaoping After a meeting with Mugabe, he commented on Mugabe: "This person does not listen to advice and will suffer losses in the future."
At that time, the entourage around thought that it was just a conversation process that made Deng Xiaoping dissatisfied, so he made this evaluation. Unexpectedly, 32 years passed in the blink of an eye, Deng Xiaoping's evaluation came true, almost being called a dictator. Mugabe, who covered the sky with his hands with his hands, actually stepped down in his later years.
What happened to Deng Xiaoping during the conversation with Mugabe? Why did Deng Xiaoping make such an evaluation of him? Why was Mugabe forced to resign from his presidency? Everything has to start with the Mugabekis.
mugabe
leader started on 21 February 1924, Robert Gabriel Mugabe was born in a carpenter family in Zimbabwe.
In that era, after experiencing the baptism of World War I, capitalism reshuffle, socialism rose with the founding of the Soviet Union, after a series of struggles and compromises, the world returned to a relatively stable state, and capitalism started the so-called "ten years of prosperity."
But no matter how it changes, the power of old colonial powers such as , Britain, France, and has not weakened much. Their control over the colonies is still there, and the white oppression of the African people continues on this vast land of Africa, as always, and Mugabe grew up in this environment.
Compared with military colonization, British cultural colonization has a deeper impact on the vast majority of colonized countries.
Gandhi
Take India as an example. Among the main independent leaders of India, Gandhi , Jinnah , Nehru , Nehru , etc., all received pure British education. They have lived in the UK and obtained a degree in the UK. Some of them even wore British uniforms to fight for the UK.
Like them, Mugabe is also educated in the UK. After graduating from high school, he went to South Africa to study at the University of Fortelha, a white-founded student, where he received his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Education.
Even though he later led Zimbabwe to participate in the anti-imperialist struggle and successfully independent, Mugabe still had a strong British style. When he was entertaining reporters, he always wore a well-tailored suit, invited all visitors to drink British tea, and taught his children British etiquette.
Mugabe
Because he blindly respects all British traditions, Mugabe is regarded as "more British than the British". Perhaps it can be teased by mangosteen (black on the outside and white on the inside). Of course, these are all later stories.
Mugabe's period of study in Fortelja was also a time of great change and turmoil in the world. In the Eurasian continent, fascism set off a crazy war of aggression, and 1.7 billion people in 61 countries around the world were involved in endless military confrontation, and death spread to every corner.
In 1945, with the Japanese representative signing on the "Missouri", World War II officially ended, and old capitalist powers such as Britain and France will completely wipe out their families that have accumulated for centuries in this war that lasted for several years, and will no longer be glorious in the past. Britain and France, which have lost their absolute dominance, will find it difficult for the world to maintain control of the colonies, so the world ushered in a wave of national independence.
Missouri submission ceremony
Before the outbreak of World War II, only three countries in Africa nominally had independent status, namely Ethiopia , Liberia and Egypt .
After the end of World War II, starting in the mid-1950s, northern and northeastern Africa took the lead in taking independent steps.
1956, Morocco , Tunisian , Sudan broke through the shackles of British and French colonialism and declared independence, which also fired the first shot of the wave of independence in Africa.
According to statistics, in 1960 alone, 17 countries in Africa gained independence, and this year is called the "Year of Independence of Africa".
And in the vast area south of the sub-Saharan desert, Ghana became the first country in this region to gain independence. As the Ghanaian people are struggling for freedom, Mugabe, the protagonist of our story, happened to be in the center of the vortex, and listened to the Ghanaian people's triumphant songs of freedom and independence with their own ears.
African countries' independence situation map
early life and study experience made Mugabe feel the unevenness between the white African society and the black society. The arrogant white masters and the inferior and helpless African indigenous people, all they see and hear makes Mugabe heartbroken.
At that time, he believed that the fundamental reason for this huge contrast and backwardness was the knowledge gap. As Russell said: "Everyone should be equal, but in fact it is far from this - especially the difference between people with knowledge."
Therefore, at this time, Mugabe was committed to education and hoped to help African people get out of poverty and gain equal status through education.
1952 to 1960, Mugabe taught in Zimbabwe and Zambia and , and eventually came to his "land of enlightenment" alone - Ghana.
Colonies of various countries are divided into Africa
Ghana awakening and "policy comes out of the gun"
Because of its abundant gold, Ghana was called the "Gold Coast" in the colonial era and officially became a British colony in 1821.
When I first arrived in Ghana, the colonists exchanged the worthless glass beads for gold, and then transported countless gold to Europe to promote the development of the country.
Later, the colonists used guns and cannons to conquer the African natives on the Gold Coast, turning them into slaves and selling them to American plantations. Behind the beautiful name of the Gold Coast, there are actually the blood and tears of countless African people.
When Mugabe came to Ghana, he found that the Gold Coast was not as rich and stable as he imagined, and calls for independence were endless. The enthusiasm of the people's movement was high, and there were demonstrations on the streets almost every day.
Mugabe
Since he came, he would be content with it.Mugabe was not scared away by the chaos in Ghana and chose to settle down and teach here.
During his life in Ghana, Mugabe met and fell in love with his first wife Sally , and finally entered the palace of marriage. In the days that followed, Sally became Mugabe's closest comrade-in-arms and only friend until the end of Sally's life.
Under the efforts of the Ghanaian People's Congress Party and its leader Nkrumah , the British colonists and the puppet government they established were trapped in the vast ocean of people's war, and finally succumbed to public opinion and announced the end of Britain's rule over Ghana.
People are running around the streets to tell each other, and everyone's faces are filled with happy smiles. Although they are still in poverty, they have escaped the heaviest shackles on their bodies and gained the most precious freedom.
Nkrumah
Watching the founding of the Republic of Ghana, Mugabe was in a state of great excitement. He finally realized that education may help some African people get rid of poverty, but it will never help them change their soul barrenness.
National independence is imperative. A person’s slight words are not an excuse for silence. Silence is silent. If it does not erupt in silence, it will perish in silence.
After some thought, Mugabe finally decided to join the independence movement. From then on, he became Nkrumma's successor and started his magnificent legendary life.
In 1960, Mugabe and his wife Sally returned to Zimbabwe. He was an intellectual and quickly made his mark in China and became the propaganda secretary of the African National Union (hereinafter referred to as the "Democratic League") in 1961.
Mugabe
Before Mugabe returned to Zimbabwe (at the time it was also called Southern Rhodesia ), Zimbabwe already had many local forces supporting independent liberation, but most of them supported the peaceful transition regime, hoping to take over the baton of power from the British government through consultation.
But the young and energetic Mugabe was exactly the opposite of their path. He publicly opposed the Southern Rhodesia government established by the whites at that time. He was the toughest radical , just like the most dazzling torch in the dark, and was in the limelight for a while.
As the saying goes, "The tree is in the forest and the wind will destroy it." While Mugabe was targeted by the white government, it also attracted suspicion from black comrades. Under the joint efforts of many parties, Mugabe was sent to prison for false charges, starting a ten-year prison disaster.
Nietzsche once said: "Everyone who cannot destroy me will make me strong."
Mugabe
In prison, Mugabe did not feel discouraged from a momentary frustration. The failure in front of him made him more sober. In order to implement Zimbabwe's independence and liberation to the end, he must have the power to support the armed struggle.
Later, this idea was improved as Mugabe read Chairman Mao’s ’s work. The Chairman’s theory of “policy comes out of the gun” completely improved Mugabe’s idea into a system and guided his next action.
During the long prison life, Mugabe insisted on studying and obtained a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Basudoland and a bachelor's degree in economics and law and administrative management from the University of London in succession, making him the one with the most degrees among many African leaders.
A glass of wine for peach and plum blossoms, a night rain in the rivers and lakes for ten years.
Chairman Mao
Ten years of prisoner career, did not wipe out Mugabe's will to fight, but instead was like a reef hit by the waves, still standing tall and showing its glory after the changes of time.
In November 1974, Mugabe was released. Just when everyone thought he would learn from the lessons of the past and acted in a low-key manner, he unexpectedly became active. In April 1975, he went to the Mozambique Democratic League camp to organize the work, establish the Zimbabwean African National Liberation Army, and hold the strength in his own hands.
Since then, Mugabe and the black soldiers were active in the Rhodesia region, interspersed and detoured on the borders of various countries, fought with the white government in jungles, mountains, plains, and streets, inspiring the oppressed blacks in the local area to join the team and gradually strengthen their organizational strength. In the blink of an eye, the spark had become a prairie fire.
African guerrillas
As the war has shown a white-hot trend, Britain has been criticized for acquiescent oppression and hindering freedom, which has forced the British government to come to a stop and clean up the mess.
In October 1979, the United Kingdom held a Lancaster Building meeting in London. The meeting finally decided to resolve the Zimbabwe issue peacefully. In February of the following year, Zimbabwe held democratic elections under the supervision of the United Nations.
The election was unsurprisingly ended with a complete victory in the Zimbabwe Democratic League led by Mugabe. Since then, after more than 20 years of struggle, Zimbabwe has successfully escaped from the rule of the colonists and gained independence. Mugabe became the Prime Minister of the government. The story of "fighter" Mugabe came to an end, and "ruler" Mugabe officially stepped onto the stage of history.
Mugabe
Deng Xiaoping and Mugabe
When Zimbabwe are independent, although the sharpness of the bipolar confrontation has eased with the respective military defeats of the United States and the Soviet Union and the domestic economic downturn, as long as no one between the United States and the Soviet Union falls first, the world is still on the verge of a full-scale war.
As a third world country in Africa, Zimbabwe did not choose to turn to either side of the United States and the Soviet Union, but joined the non-aligned movement composed of many third world countries, and survived tenaciously under the oppression of a large country with the power of a small country.
During this period, Mugabe, on behalf of Zimbabwe, visited various countries with a neutral attitude, including China. On one of the visits, Mugabe also had more than an hour of conversation with Deng Xiaoping.
Zhang Wei is professor
Now the famous Zhang Wei is professor . At that time, as a translator of Deng Xiaoping, he participated in the entire process of the conversation. According to his memories, the conversation left an indelible impression on him.
On August 28, 1985, Mugabe visited China for the second time as chairman of the Zimbabwe African National Union and Prime Minister.
At around 10 a.m., Deng Xiaoping and Mugabe and his group officially met in Great Hall of the People . The two old people who came out of the cruel struggle hugged, greeted and started a conversation like old friends.
Since the beginning of participating in the Zimbabwe independence and liberation movement, Mugabe has been deeply influenced by Mao Zedong Thought and regards the Selected Mao as a guideline and worships the old man in the far east.
Deng Xiaoping and Mugabe
Therefore, although Zimbabwe belongs to capitalism in its social system, the national governance program pursued by leaders such as Mugabe is generally biased towards socialism.
During the conversation, Deng Xiaoping mentioned the successful attempts of various policies at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and was proud of his words.
Listening to Deng Xiaoping's remarks, Mugabe nodded frequently to agree. How to reasonably transition the situation of the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China was also a challenge facing Zimbabwe at present.
In addition, Mr. Deng also advised Mugabe to remember to combine the actual situation, not to completely copy the experience of other countries, and to go out of his own path.
Deng Xiaoping
The conversation lasted for more than an hour, and both sides shook hands and said goodbye without any satisfaction.
After Mugabe and his group left, Deng Xiaoping picked up the towel handed by the waiter, chewed the conversation just now, and then said with emotion: "This person can't listen, he has to touch it himself (he suffers himself)."
The staff around him at that time didn't know why Mr. Deng made this comment. It was not until his words came true many years later that he had to sigh at Mr. Deng's vision.
How many things have happened in ancient and modern times? All the jokes are made. In December 1987, the Zimbabwean government completed the reorganization, and Mugabe became the first executive president after the reorganization, and from then on he began his long 30-year presidential career. After taking office, Mugabe started drastic reforms.
Mugabe
He fulfilled his promise and in order to achieve "the land of the farmer", he distributed the landlord's land to farmers without land or with little land, so that most people can obtain a source of income.
He issued Zimbabwean dollar , establishing a financial system belonging to Zimbabwe's own country, resisting financial struggles from Europe and the United States. At the beginning of the issuance, Zimbabwean dollar had an advantage in exchange rate .
He focuses on education and builds schools in various places to let children wear neat school uniforms. No matter how poor and backward the country is, it will not be at the expense of education. He himself serves as the president of all universities in Zimbabwe and often takes time to give lectures to parliament.
Mugabe did a lot of things he thought were right and got significant rewards in the early stages. Everything seemed to be moving in the good direction, but is it really true?
Mugabe
In order to complete the land reform and help the old brothers who followed him to fight guerrillas,Mugabe took the land at a low price or free price from white farmers in China, but most of the land quietly flowed into the Mugabe family's pocket.
In Zimbabwe, 1% of white people occupy 70% of the land. They master crop production technology and agricultural product sales channels. Faced with violent expropriation from the state, they chose to fight by force, but were driven out of the farm by black nationals with absolute advantage in quantity and left on the streets.
Black farmers who get the land will only use backward crop production methods and know nothing about sales, resulting in the value they create after getting the land is far behind the world average.
Zimbabwean currency
Seeing the tragic experience of white farmers in Zimbabwe, many foreign investors have packed up their gold, silver and soft fled Zimbabwe. Their withdrawal has caused Zimbabwe to lose the driving force for construction and the development process has been delayed.
With the outbreak of the world's financial crisis, Zimbabwe, which had no background, was swallowed up by the crisis wave, and inflation was unprecedentedly serious. For this reason, the government began to issue large-scale banknotes to deal with the current situation, but it could only aggravate the deterioration of the situation. The 100 billion yuan of banknotes issued broke the world record.
For a time, Zimbabwe became one of the poorest countries in the world. The former Zimbabwe, which had unlimited development potential, left the stage in a flash in the pan.
In order to rectify the economy, Mugabe had no choice but to give up the Zimbabwean currency and accept the financial system with the US dollar as the main body.
Mugabe
In order to suppress the white people and the opposition, he dispatched military and police to suppress the voice of freedom and became the person he hated the most in the past.
After the death of his first wife, Sally, he became more silent and withdrawn, sitting alone on the throne of power, lingering in power and refusing to let go, like an addict. In his later years, in order to let his second wife Grace take over the baton of power, he raised his butcher knife and waved it to his old comrades and comrades in the past. Finally, he became angry and walked off the political stage amidst booing.
On September 6, 2019, Mugabe, who had lost all his halo, passed away suddenly in a hospital in Singapore at the age of 95.
The right and wrong success and failure turn empty, the green mountains are still there, and the sunset is red several times.
mugabe
mugabe leads Zimbabwe to independence and freedom, and at the same time brings Zimbabwe into the dark night of poverty. He is a hero and a madman.
Those who have attained enlightenment will have many helps, while those who have lost their enlightenment will have few helps. That's all.
