As the saying goes, all roads lead to Rome , so what is Rome here? In fact, there are many Rome in world history. The city of Rome is Rome, and the Roman Empire is also Rome.
In addition to these two Romans, there are also Roman royal era, Roman Republic, Eastern Rome, Western Rome, Holy Roman Empire , Third Roman Empire, Romania, etc.
So many Romes, to be honest, it makes you feel a headache when you look at it, you can't tell if you are stupid? We can introduce their relationship one by one.
1. Ancient Rome was divided into 3 periods.
Ancient Rome was the source of all Rome, mainly divided into 3 stages, namely: Roman royal era, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire.
First, the Roman royal era, equivalent to the Spring and Autumn Period in China.
The Roman royal era was around 753 BC to 509 BC. During this period, Rome has gradually transformed from a village tribe into a built-up country.
Our Chinese Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period, from 770 BC to 476 BC, was really the same as the Roman royal era. However, at this time, China not only had a established country, but also produced a bunch of great princes and kings. Spring and Autumn Five Thrones is the product of this era.
Relatively speaking, the Roman royal era had a bit of a legendary meaning. Who makes foreigners dislike writing history books? After getting all kinds of novel notes, I barely sorted out this history clearly, without any authority at all.
A very advanced civilization has appeared on the Greek Peninsula at the same time. Rome at this time was completely incomparable to China. Instead, it was Greek civilization , which meant that it was developing simultaneously with China.
In the Roman royal era, there were 7 kings in total, and the last king, Takwen, was driven out of Rome by the people in the Roman city. Due to the awakening of the people, Rome bid farewell to the era of royal politics and ushered in the era of republic.
Second, the Roman Republic, equivalent to the era from the Warring States Period to the end of the Western Han Dynasty.
After the king of Rome was driven away, the people began to take charge of their own affairs, thus establishing a Roman Republic belonging to Roman citizens. Citizen thought and civil power were reflected in world history for the first time.
The Roman Republic was around 509 BC to 27 BC. During this period, it happened to have experienced three periods in China, including the Warring States Period, the Qin Dynasty, and the Western Han Dynasty.
The Roman Republic is mainly dominated by the three senate houses, , the consul, and the tribal conference. The consul is equivalent to the supreme leader and has the highest administrative power. The Senate emerged from the nobles, assisting and hindering the consuls' rule. The tribal conference is mainly composed of male civilians and male aristocrats, mainly responsible for elections.
To be honest, this idea of separation of powers was a bit too advanced. At that time, we were still in the feudal dynasty system just established by Qin Shihuang . However, the Roman Republic is not a real republic, and it is mainly reflected in these aspects.
- First of all, the ruling power of the Roman Republic is basically in the hands of the nobles, and it is basically impossible for civilians to go to the top.
- Secondly, there was a serious slavery in the Roman Republic. They took over the territory and treated the people on this territory as slaves, which led to the Colosseum and the Spartan uprising.
- Furthermore, the Roman Republic puts men first. Even civilians, only men have the right to vote. women have very low status and cannot support the words democracy and republic.
So, the Roman Republic during this period was only relatively democratic and republic. Of course, it was not easy to achieve this more than two thousand years ago.
Third, the Roman Empire, equivalent to the Eastern Han to Eastern Jin period.
Because the Roman Republic was too advanced and was not in line with reality at all, the Roman Empire came into being. During the process of handover between the two, a series of very famous figures appeared.
For example, Caesar , Pompei , Octavia , etc. This period was from 27 BC to 395 AD. It has experienced the Eastern Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms, , Western Jin , and Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Caesar's heir Octavian solved the disobedient Senate, restored the monarchy, and appointed himself as " Augustus " (emperor), and established the Roman Empire. At its peak, the Roman Empire encompasses the entire Mediterranean coast, spans the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and has 5 million square kilometers of land. The entire Mediterranean has become their inland sea.
The Rome we are most familiar with is Rome at this time. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a certain degree of communication between the Roman Empire and the Eastern Han Dynasty. The two came together through the Silk Road, which was pioneered by Emperor Wu of Han, and exchanged goods and gave each other gifts. In Chinese history books, the Roman Empire is called Daqin .
In 395 AD, the emperor of the Roman Empire Theodosio I , divided the empire to his two sons. Since then, the Roman Empire has become Western and Eastern Rome, and the complete Roman Empire has finally become history.
or above three periods are the ancient Roman era. To be honest, the historical materials of this era are not detailed. There are many historical stories that are deduced by later generations, which is why many people do not recognize ancient Rome.
2. Western Rome and Eastern Rome, one is short-lived and the other lasts for thousands of years.
In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two, divided into Western Rome and Eastern Rome. In fact, this phenomenon was not the first to be founded during the Roman Empire.
As early as 284 AD, the emperor of the Roman Empire, Dioclitian During his reign, he divided his empire into half of his friend Maximian. This was not enough. Dioclitian also specially assigned two deputy to himself and his friend, namely "Caiser" (deputy emperor). In this way, four emperors appeared in the empire, known in history as the four emperors jointly governed.
It was not until 324 AD that Emperor Constantine I of the western part of the Roman Empire that he reunified the empire intact. In order to show his dominance over the east, Constantine I specially moved the capital from Rome to Byzantine , and named Byzantine New Rome, which was later called Constantine because of him.
But it's a pity. No matter how hard Constantine tried, the split of the empire was irreversible. In 395 AD, after the emergence of Western and Eastern Rome one after another, the unified Roman Empire no longer existed.
, first, Western Rome, equivalent to the early days of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in China.
Western Roman Empire is not alive, there are powerful Germanic in the north, threatening the security of the empire at all times. Finally, in 476 AD, Western Rome was slaughtered by Germanic mercenaries .
The entire Western Roman Empire lasted only 81 years. Since then, Western Europe has entered the dark medieval ages, which lasted for thousands of years.
Second, Eastern Rome, lasted for 1058 years.
Eastern Roman Empire (also known as Byzantine Empire ) is far away from the Germanic area, so I escaped. To be honest, the entire Roman Empire was in trouble with the Germans back then, let alone after the division.
Eastern Rome survived, and lived from 395 AD to 1453 AD. It is equivalent to living from the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China until the early years of the Ming Dynasty. During the period, I experienced the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty , Tang Dynasty , the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Song Dynasty , Yuan Dynasty , etc., which was really long-lasting.
During this period, they have to deal with at least 10 different opponents.
htmlIn the 6th century, Eastern Rome had to deal with Persians .7th to the 9th century, Eastern Rome needed to fight with Aval and Arab .
11th century, Eastern Rome met Turks again.
12th century Eastern Rome was the worst, needs to fight against Hungarians , Normans, Pazinacs, and Venetians.
13th century, Germans also came to Eastern Rome to get a share of the pie and also established an Latin empire on the territory of Eastern Rome.
15th century, Eastern Rome met its lifelong enemy, the Ottoman Empire. was the Ottoman Empire, which completely crushed the Eastern Rome Empire.
, and the ability of Eastern Rome to last for so long has something to do with the rule of the Eastern Rome emperor.
- First of all, Eastern Rome has money and can solve problems with money, Eastern Rome will never use force first. is a thing that can really solve most of the troubles in the world.
- Secondly, Eastern Rome changed major provinces into major military regions. Usually, everyone farmed and produced. Once a war broke out, almost all the people in all major military regions could take up weapons and achieve the point where the whole nation was a soldier.
- Furthermore, Eastern Rome is good at diplomacy, , for example, using Germanic expeditions to deal with the powerful Turks and Arabs, after they fought, Eastern Rome could naturally reap the benefits of the fisherman.
However, after all these tricks were used up, Eastern Rome was exhausted. In 1204 AD, in the fourth crusade of in Western Europe, crusade actually conquered Constantinople, the capital of Eastern Rome. What a good man, it was not until 57 years later that Eastern Rome was restored again, which shows that Eastern Rome could no longer withstand it.
By 1453, the Ottoman Empire produced a genius Sultan Muhammad II. He was only 22 years old that year, and led the Ottoman army to conquer Constantinople and completely destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire.
3. The Holy Roman Empire was destroyed by Napoleon.
After the Germans destroyed Western Rome, the entire Western Europe fell into a stage of Germanic melee. Until 804 AD, the German branch of Frankish kingdom basically completed the unification of the Germanic area. The empire he established was called the Charles Empire, and he himself was also called Charlesma , or Charles the Great .
However, Charles's three grandsons divided the Charles Empire into three parts through the Treaty of Verdun, namely East Frank Kingdom , West Frank Kingdom , and Middle Frank Kingdom .
Eastern Frank Kingdom is equivalent to today's Germany and Austria. The West Frank Kingdom is equivalent to the current France, , Switzerland . The Central Frankish Kingdom is equivalent to the current Italian . The basic pattern of Western Europe was determined like this.
In 911 AD, Louis, the last king of the Eastern Frank Kingdom, died, and he did not leave his son. Therefore, the Charlesians' division was cut off in the East Frank Kingdom. At this time, the major nobles elected a new king, and the power fell into the hands of the major nobles. This also marked the beginning of the transformation of the Eastern Frank Kingdom into the German Kingdom.
By 962 AD, the king of the German kingdom Otto I was basically invincible in the world, so he was crowned the archbishop as the emperor of Holy Roman . Therefore, the German Kingdom began to transform into the Holy Roman Empire. Since 1157, the empire has been officially called the Holy Roman Empire.
It is obvious that the Holy Roman Empire was founded by the Germans. However, after the Germans destroyed Western Rome, they have been robbing the status of Western Rome's heirs. The Holy Roman Empire once had the upper hand among Western European countries and nominally obtained the title of Heir to Western Romans.
Holy Roman Empire, and called the first German empire, which lasted until 1806. This year, Napoleon of France also wanted to seize the title of Roman heir, so he forced the then Holy Roman Emperor Franz II to give up the title of Holy Roman Emperor, and only allowed him to retain the title of Austrian Empire . Therefore, the Holy Roman Empire was declared over this year.
4. The Third Reich of Rome, what is meant is Russian Empire .
If the Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire are called the First Roman Empire, then the Eastern Roman Empire is the Second Roman Empire. So who is the Third Reich of Rome? There is actually a debate.
Some people say it is the Holy Roman Empire, while others say it is the Russian Empire. The Holy Roman Empire perfectly inherited the territory and various systems of the Roman Empire, including the Catholic faith. So why should the Russian Empire compete for this position?
The predecessor of the Russian Empire was the Principality of Moscow. As early as the 13th century, when the Mongols invaded Europe, the Principality of Moscow surrendered to Badu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, and collected taxes for the Golden Horde established by Badu.
tax collection is a fatal flaw. After a long time, Moscow Grand Duke is also rich. It just so happened that the Golden Horde was in decline and division. Therefore, in 1480, the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III, defeated the Golden Horde and finally turned himself into the master!
And in 1453, the Ottoman Empire destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire. In order to restore the country, under the instigation of the Pope, Princess Sophia, the niece of the last monarch of Eastern Rome, chose to marry Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow.
Originally, the Pope planned to take this opportunity to combine Catholicism and Orthodox Church into one, but the result was counterproductive. Princess Sophia strengthened the Orthodox belief in the Principality of Moscow and even established it as the state religion.
At the same time, under the pressure of Princess Sophia, Ivan III established the double-headed eagle logo of Eastern Rome as the national emblem logo of the Principal of Moscow. Even the Senate in Eastern Rome was moved to the Principality of Moscow. In 1505, after Sophia's son Vasily III succeeded to the throne, he simply changed the country to the Third Reich of Rome.
So, the Principality of Moscow changed into Tsarist Russia in 1547, and after it changed into the Russian Empire in 1721, it still regarded itself as the Third Roman Empire. Until the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917.
Summary: Who is the successor of modern Rome?
So many Romes are really messy! Until today, there is another country that regards itself as Roman descendants, that is Romania. They claimed that their nation was descended from the Romans.
Italy, which owns the Roman city, hasn't spoken yet, Romania jumped up first. Some people also think that today's Americans have basically inherited a series of Rome's systems, such as democracy, the House of Commons, the separation of powers, etc. So which country do you think is the successor of Rome?
