The Song Dynasty has been more than 300 years ago. It was an era of great development of material and spiritual civilization in ancient China, but it was also an era of frequent border troubles and suffering more humiliation.
From the 10th century AD to the 13th century AD, various ethnic minority regimes in northern China rose one after another. Liao, Xixia, Jin and others learned advanced experience from the Central Plains in politics, economy and culture, and grew into strong neighbors that competed with the Song Dynasty. Since the Han Dynasty, the Han regime has "surrendered China and pacified the four barbarians" situation has been broken.
The military defense strategy of "guarding the inside and the outside" in the Song Dynasty and the concept of "focusing on culture and neglecting military" made the elite troops who had won all the battles in the border since the Sui and Tang dynasties disappeared; this directly led to the extremely unfavorable situation in the military struggle with foreign tribes in the end of the Song Dynasty, so the Chinese people often sighed as "weak Song". After the rise of Jin Dynasty, it launched a year of military attacks on the Northern Song Dynasty, which was terminally ill and decayed at that time. Taking the " Jingkang Incident" as a node in the second year of Jingkang (1127), the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed, and the remaining royal family of the Song Dynasty moved south, establishing a small court of the Southern Song Dynasty that was in a stable corner.
Since then, the Song and Jin dynasties have entered a state of confrontation for a hundred years, until the demise of Jin Dynasty. During this period, they mainly experienced several wars, such as Shaoxing Peace Discussion , Longxing Northern Expedition , Longxing Peace Discussion , etc.
Since the "Jingkang Incident", the two capitals have fallen, the two emperors have been covered with dust, the country is in danger of land sinking, and the country is in danger of overthrowing. Although Emperor Gaozong moved south, he established the Southern Song Dynasty court to continue the Song Dynasty.
But deep in the memories of the scholars in the Song Dynasty, the decline of the Central Plains homeland, the glory of Tokyo Menghua's past, and the gentle and elegant memories of the old days are difficult to be erased in haste.
is sad, in his attitude towards the surrounding ethnic minorities, the Song people could no longer regain the inclusive values of Tang Dynasty 's love for barbarians. They regained the proposition of "strict defense of barbarians and Xia" in "Spring and Autumn" of Confucius , believing that the Han regime and foreign regimes are incompatible after all, and restoring their homeland through force and expelling barbarians is in line with the proper meaning of Bo Wang.
At the same time, since the Southern Song regime was successively controlled by surrendered factions such as Qin Hui, Tang Situi, and Shi Miyuan, patriots often have no way to serve the country. Some of them use poems and essays to satirize reality and relieve boredom; some devote themselves to writing and studying the strategies of the country; some of them bluntly write and write letters, bravely resisting the traitor policy of the traitor of the peace faction.
At the same time, the kings of the Southern Song Dynasty were often dissatisfied with their humiliating status in the Song-Jin relationship. Therefore, starting from the Xiaozong Dynasty, "recovery" became the most popular hot word at that time, and it had profound historical reasons.
The word "recovery" was used long before the Song Dynasty. For example, after the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang people would say that they would restore two capitals ; for example, Zhou Shizong gave Southern Tang the post-master Li Yu said that "recover the mainland", but specifically in the Song Dynasty, the word "recovery" not only had the meaning of regaining lost land, but also had a strong color of Chinese and foreign distinctions.
Although there was constant friction between the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao in the early stages, the borders of the two countries have been relatively stable for hundreds of years since 六国国有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有有�
until the establishment of the Western Xia Dynasty and frequent wars were ignited in the northwest, which caused serious border troubles to the Northern Song Dynasty border, and the "Chinese and Barbarian consciousness" of the scholars and officials gradually became stronger.
and even when Liao was in decline, the Northern Song Dynasty could not wait to form the sea alliance with the fierce "Jin", and finally led the wolf into the house and encountered a strange transformation of Jingkang.
As a result, the different feelings between Chinese and foreigners in the Song people reached their peak. In the words of the Southern Song people, it was not uncommon to advocate the distinction between Chinese and foreigners, and it was not uncommon to avenge the revenge of Jingkang.
For example, in a memorial in the eighth year of Shaoxing, Hu Quan stated the reasons for opposing peace talks in this way. He said:
"Once your Majesty bows his knees, the spirit of the ancestors' temples and society is all defiled and barbarians, and the innocent children of the ancestors' hundreds of years are all left-sided ! ... This knee is bent and cannot be stretched back, and the national power cannot be revived, so you can cry and cry for a long time!"
directly links the peace talks with the fate of the country, which shows how people valued the handling of ethnic relations at that time.
Chen Liang Every time he talks about worldly hatred Jin Guo in his own article, he will be very excited. A poem once said, "Revenge is his lifelong ambition, don't be a Confucian minister." He even regards anti-Jin revenge as a lifelong ambition, which shows how deep his obsession is.
Even Neo-Confucianism Grandmaster Zhu Xi When talking about barbarians, he would look solemn and express in a painful tone, "The hatred of the king and father is irreconcilable." The above shows that Yan Huayi's awareness of defense has long been solid in the hearts of many scholars of the Southern Song Dynasty and cannot be shaken.
In view of this, the Southern Song people were particularly concerned about "recovery". In their opinion, the "recovery" cause can not only recover lost land, but also save the people from water and fire, and rescue the old Chinese people ruled by barbarians from the state of "dressing their hair and left lapel", thereby declaring orthodoxy and restoring the royal career.
In other words, the great significance of 一个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个个�
So the Song people’s records of various “recovery” deeds are everywhere.
Like Zhoumi " Qi Dongye Yu " says, "The Emperor of Shou is ambitious and always in the Central Plains. The emperor is familiar with his words, and he is at ease with the Jin barbarians, so he is worried about losing things and the thought of making merits arises."
tells the historical fact that Han Tuozhou was determined to make progress and was determined to recover political capital because he heard about the deeds of Emperor Xiaozong of the previous generation.
Lu You " Lao Xue'an Notes " records such a deed "In Chunxi , Yellow River broke into Bian. During the Liang and Song dynasties, it was called "Tianshui". Tianshui is the surname of the country, and the remaining people think it is a sign of recovery."
Fan Chengda On the way to the Jin Dynasty, he found that the Han people in the Central Plains were particularly attached to the old Song Dynasty. "The men were covered with hair, and there were no scarves in the villages, and the old and old people often shed tears and sighed, and instructed people: This is a Chinese Buddhist. There are many old women kneeling to worship."
年后 Chen Dengyuan In his work "Old News of the National History", Mr. Chen Dengyuan , he specially set up a section to describe the revival of famous scholars such as Lu Zuqian , Lu Jiuyuan , Chen Liang, Ye Shi , Zhen Dexiu and other famous scholars.
Song Confucians' sharp words on the matter of "recovery" made him sigh: "For a hundred and fifty years, the Song Dynasty has always been threatened by foreign tribes, and the Song people have also said that they will recover."
In addition, the patriotic poems of Zhongxing with the theme of "recovery" permeated the poetry world of the Southern Song Dynasty. The people of the Southern Song Dynasty expressed their support for the cause of national unification, their dissatisfaction with the current situation of the split of mountains and rivers, and their yearning for loyal ministers and righteous men.
The more famous poem " Shi'er " by Lu You when he died, "I know that everything is empty after death, but I am sad that I will not see the same state of the nine provinces. On the day when the king's army settled in the north, the family sacrificed and did not forget to tell my husband."
What the poet cannot let go of before his death is that his hometown has not yet recovered and the country has not been revitalized. What a patriotic feeling is this! For example, the term " Yongyule·Beiguting Nostalgia of the Ancients" by Xin Qiji . The author uses the past to satirize the present and uses the deeds of Sun Quan and Liu Yu to criticize the court and the people who are content with the status quo and do not want to make progress in the Central Plains.
At the same time, he was worried about the Northern Expedition, which was not prepared to send troops rashly, especially taking the "Longxing Northern Expedition" not long ago as a lesson. He hoped that the ongoing " Kaixi Northern Expedition" at this time could be properly planned and expressed his ambition to grow stronger at the end, so that Yang Shen , one of the three great talents of the Ming Dynasty, said in "CiPin" that "Xin Ci should take "Hong Kong Beiguting Nostalgia in Jingkou " Yongyule " as the first".
Also like Liu Guo "Xijiangyue·Shishou's Proposal" is a pre-war mobilization order. The author sang Kaixi Northern Expedition with great enthusiasm and sincerely wished that the Southern Song Dynasty could restore its career to this conclusion.
The poets of the Southern Song Dynasty used their excellent works to write a sense of patriotic pride that belonged only to that unique era.
