Ancient history of the world
1. Ancient Greek , Roman
In the 5th and 6th centuries BC, especially after the Hippo War, economic life was highly prosperous, and the glorious Greek culture had a profound impact on later generations. Ancient Greeks have profound attainments in many aspects such as philosophy, history, architecture, literature, drama, sculpture, etc. After the demise of ancient Greece, this civilization heritage was destructively continued by the ancient Romans, thus becoming the spiritual source of the entire Western civilization. The Greeks used the Phoenician letter to create their own text and held the first Olympic Games in 776 BC. The convening of the Olympic Games also marked the prosperity of ancient Greek civilization. Around 750 BC, as the population grew, the Greeks began to colonize outward. In the following 250 years, new Greek city-states spread along the Mediterranean , including Asia Minor and North Africa . Among the city-states, the most powerful ones are Sparta and Athens .
In the 2nd century BC, Rome became the overlord of the Mediterranean. By the 1st century AD, it expanded into a huge Roman Empire that spanned Europe, Asia and Africa and dominated the Mediterranean. By 395 AD, the Roman Empire split into two parts. The Western Roman Empire died in 476; while The Eastern Roman Empire (i.e., the Byzantine Empire) was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Like China during the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was one of the powerful empires in the ancient world.
2. Western Europe Formation and Development of Feudal System
In the process of the formation and development of feudal system in Western Europe, several major feudal countries in Western Europe were formed. In 843, the Charlemagne Empire split into three parts, which were the prototypes of France, Germany and Italy later; in the early 9th century, the unified British Kingdom was formed.
Frankish Kingdom continued to expand. By the time of Charlemagne's rule, wars of aggression were frequently launched, occupying most parts of Western Europe, and the country was unprecedentedly strong. In 800, the Pope crowned Charlemagne's emperor, and the Frankish Kingdom developed into a powerful military empire, known in history as the Charlemagne Empire.
With the development of the feudal system, the feudal lord formed a pyramid-like hierarchy. The big feudal lord kept part of the land and divided the rest to the small feudal lords, and the small feudal lords also divided the land to the smaller feudal lords. In this way, the feudal hierarchy is formed, and the superiors and subordinates of each level are relationships between lords and vassals. The lord protects the vassal, and the vassal vows allegiance to the lord, pays tribute, and is called to war. The king is high above the pyramid, and the exploited and enslaved serfs pressed under the pyramid.
After Charlemagne's death, Louis inherited the throne. His three sons fought for the throne. In 843, three people concluded a treaty in Verdun , and three parts of the empire were divided into one party. This was the prototype of the three countries of France, Germany and Italy.
html In the mid-110th century, Germany King Otto I invaded Italy and occupied northern Italy. He colluded with the Pope to establish an empire including all Germany and part of Italy. It was historically called " Holy Roman Empire " (also the first empire in German history ). But this empire was in a state of feudal separatism for a long time, and the emperor was only known for his false reputation. Since the mid-5th century, tribes such as Anglo and Saxony in the Germanic people who entered Britain established a unified English kingdom in the early 9th century.
3. The origin of the three major religions in the world
Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world, and its birth time was in the first half of the first century. Christianity is formed in the western part of Asia and is currently mainly distributed in Europe, America and Oceania . Christianity is a religion that believes in Jesus Christ as the Savior.
Islam is one of the world's religions. It was born in the 6th century. It is known as the three major religions of the world, along with Buddhism and Christianity. It is formerly known as , , 未分类, 未分类, 未分类, halal sect, Islamic sect, Islamic sect, etc.Islamic Arabic transliteration, which originally means "obedience" and "peace", which refers to obedience and faith in Allah, the only supreme ruler of the universe, and his will, in order to achieve peace and tranquility for two lifetimes.
Buddhism is the third largest religion in the world. Buddhism was founded in ancient India in the 6th century BC and was founded by Godama Siddhartha . He was born in today's Nepal and is the prince of the Sakyamuni tribe. He began to practice at the age of 29 and founded Buddhist teachings. Later, it was introduced to other parts of Asia, and is now mainly distributed in the eastern and southeastern parts of Asia.
4. The opening of new routes in
The opening of new routes refers to the need for the original accumulation of money and capital required for the rapid development of the commodity economy in Europe since the 15th century, in order to raise the original accumulation of money and capital required for the rapid development of the commodity economy, and the Ottoman Empire controlled the roadways in Asia and Europe, thus making the movement to China and India that the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe searched for. After exploring by Diaz, Magellan, Columbus, Da Gama and others, the channel to Asia was finally found.
New route opening movement has a great impact. It changed the basic closure between states, laid the foundation for the later plunder of Europe and the triangular trade of , and provided a huge means of production and market for the development of capitalism. But on the other hand, he has also brought heavy disasters to countries such as America and Asia, so how to view the New Airways movement should be treated from two aspects.
5. Renaissance movement
Renaissance (Renaissance) refers to a European ideological and cultural movement that reflected the demands of the emerging bourgeoisie in the 14th and 17th centuries. Most historians believe that the explanation of the Renaissance originated from Florence in the late 13th century, especially in the era when the works of Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374) and the paintings of Giotto (1267-1337). Some scholars gave very clear time for the beginning of the Renaissance, and one of them proposed that it should be marked by the contract between the two talented sculptors, Lorenzo Giberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, to compete for the bronze door of the Baptistery of the Basilica of the Virgin of Florence in Florence. Other scholars believe that it is the general competition between artists and eruditionists (including Brunelleschi, , Giberti, Donataro and Masaccio , etc.) to obtain the creation of the works of art, which inspired the creativity of the Renaissance.
