Is "The Treaty of Xin Chou" the fruit of the invulnerable Boxer's "Fighting the Qing Dynasty", or is it the result of Zhongkui's fight against ghosts? The result of the king's struggle for power, or the result of the high-ranking Queen Mother of the West conquering the world? After all, the treaty was signed. This is the biggest disaster and the biggest mess left by the last authoritarian dynasty in Chinese history at the end of the last century.
"Xin Chou Treaty"-For the Qing court, it can be described as losing power and humiliating the country; for the people, it can be described as a great pain. What is the outcome of this unequal treaty? Anyone who understands modern Chinese history knows that after the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Manchu Qing Dynasty, successive Chinese governments have fought arduously to abolish a large number of unequal treaties left over from the previous dynasty and to seek the independence of the country and the nation. Under difficult circumstances, significant progress has been made.
The "Xin Chou Treaty" has gone through half a century from signing to its abolition. Strictly speaking, it was not abolished by one or both parties at once, but by one or more parties, one party or the other. The process of gradual deletion, erosion, abandonment or abolition.
There are twelve articles in the Treaty of Xin and Chou, which can be roughly divided into three categories, one of which must be "cashed out" immediately , Such as punishing the culprit, apologizing, erecting a monument, stopping examinations, setting up the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, etc.; the first category must be implemented for a long time, such as paying indemnities, dismantling fortresses, prohibiting arms sales, repairing rivers, etc.; the other is institutional arrangements, such as The embassy area is delineated in Beijing, and Chinese people are prohibited from entering and exiting, and only foreign troops are allowed; foreign troops are allowed to be stationed along the railway from Beijing to the sea; the Qing government is responsible for suppressing domestic opposition to foreign forces.
The abolition of the "Xin Chou Treaty", according to the traditional saying, of course, is inseparable from the indomitable struggle of the Chinese people, but the abolition of the treaty, the most fundamental factor depends on the status of the country and international relations Variety. The abolition of the treaty first began with the return of the Boxer indemnity by the United States. After that, the successive Chinese governments took full advantage of the changes in the international situation during the two world wars and made outstanding progress.
1. The United States refunds the boxer indemnity
The boxer indemnity refund is initiated by the United States (in 1901, the British missionary Timothy Lee used the boxer indemnity The establishment of Shanxi University Hall (now Shanxi University, of course this is a case). In recent years, many scholars have verified that this was the initiative of political figures such as the then U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and the Minister to China Rokeyi. Of course, it was also inseparable from the efforts of the Qing Dynasty’s Minister to the United States, Zhang Cheng. On December 6, 1904, at the request of John Hay, Rokeyi drafted a memorandum and submitted it to Congress to refund part of the Boxer indemnity. In January 1905, John Hai euphemistically disclosed to Zhang Cheng, the Qing court's envoy to the United States, his intention to refund part of the Geng money. On July 12, 1905, Roosevelt, who was already the envoy to China, wrote to President Roosevelt, again asking for the refund of the excess Chinese compensation. On May 25, 1908, the U.S. Congress formally passed a resolution authorizing the president to refund part of the Boxer Indemnity (Cui Zhihai "Several Issues Concerning the First Return of Part of the Boxer Indemnity in the United States", "Research on Modern History", Issue 1, 2004), officially It was decided to reduce the boxer compensation received by the United States from the Qing court through the "Xin Chou Treaty" to 13.655 million US dollars, which is a decrease of 10.785 million US dollars from the original US$24.441 million that China should pay to the United States. (Zhang Letian, "The U.S. Decision-Making Process for Refunding the Balance of Boxer Indemnity", "Shi Lin," Issue 2, 1987) The refund in the United States was officially implemented on January 1, 1909. This is the first time the United States has refunded the G money. In May 1924, the United States announced the refund of all the Gengzi money (including the part paid by China after October 1917). This was the second time the United States had refunded the Gengzi money, totaling 12.545 million US dollars. The United States actually refunded 34.93 million US dollars twice (Mi Rucheng, "The Boxer "Refund" and Its Management and Application", "Research on Modern History" 1999, Issue VI). The process of refunding the GIt took 15 years from 1909 to 1924. The Chinese government has transitioned from the Manchu and Qing dynasties to the Beiyang government, and the United States has experienced five presidents. This policy can be implemented throughout, and it is not easy to complete it.
The Geng money refunded by the United States, according to the consensus reached by the United States and China, is mainly used for Chinese students studying in the United States, and at the same time promotes the development of higher education in China. Among the students studying abroad, a group of master-level talents emerged later, such as Mei Yiqi, Luo Jialun, Jiang Menglin, Zhu Kezhen, Gu Weijun, Ma Yinchu, Hu Shi, Mao Yisheng and others. In 1909, the Qing court established the Youmei Office and Youmeiye Hall to train students studying in the United States. These two institutions later moved to Tsinghua Park. After the Youmeiye Hall was renamed Tsinghua Academy, it was the embryonic form of Tsinghua University.
Tsinghua University
In 1909, the United States refunded part of the boxer indemnity. Of course it is impossible to fundamentally correct the The Ugly Treaty imposed unfair treatment on China, but in a sense it was a self-denial of the Eight-Power Allied Forces' invasion of China. An English-language newspaper run by the Japanese complained to the United States at that time: "In our opinion, this deliberate separation of the United States from his comrades-in-arms will be catastrophic; no matter what the real motive of Washington’s action is, The Chinese will interpret it as a late confession of misconduct by the United States in 1900. This is an emotional policy, unless it is purely an arithmetic problem, it is difficult for emotional affair to find its safe place in international relations. "(Cui Zhihai, "Several Issues Concerning the First Refund of Part of the Boxer Indemnity" by the United States) It was after the United States returned part of the Boxer Indemnity that the unfairness of the "Xin Chou Treaty" attracted the attention of justice advocates in various countries.
2. The abolition of German and Austrian privileges in China
The outbreak of the "First World War" objectively provided China to break free from the shackles of unequal treaties Opportunity. In July 1914, the First World War broke out. The great powers split into two imperialist camps, the Allies and the Allies. In order to weaken Germany's influence in the Far East, Britain, France, and Russia tried their best to encourage China to join the Allies. On March 14, 1917, the Chinese government announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Germany. On August 14, the Chinese government formally declared war on Germany and Austria. The declaration of war declared: "All previous treaties, contracts, agreements and other international clauses and international agreements between our country and Germany and Austria belong to China and Germany. The relations between China and Austria shall be abolished in accordance with international public law and practice.” ("Chinese Modern Diplomatic History", Commercial Press, the tenth year of the Republic of China, p.626) and this is exactly how China abolished Germany and Austria. The starting point of an unequal treaty in China.
The Chinese delegation that participated in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
The Paris Peace Conference after the First World War is still a place where the weak can eat the strong. . Due to Japan's arrogance and the acquiescence of the West, China failed to take back the German privileges in Shandong, and was instead taken by Japan. Even so, through the "World War I", China also recovered part of the rights and interests of Germany and Austria in China. The "Versailles Peace Treaty" confirmed that "Germany will receive all the privileges and indemnities of China from the boxing incident in 1901 and pay in China. Except for Jiaozhou Bay, all German houses, docks, barracks, forts, munitions, ships, warships, radio stations, public constructions, etc., have been abandoned to China." "Germany will plunder them in 1901. Chinese astronomical instruments, return to China." "Germany gave up its concession rights in Tianjin and Hankou." (Ibid., pages 629-630) and so on. According to the share of the stolen goods reached by the great powers in the "Xin Chou Treaty", Germany not only won the title of Commander-in-Chief of the Eight-Power Allied Forces under the pretext of the killing of its minister in China, Germany, but also the highest proportion of stolen goods in the Boxer indemnity, with a share of 90.07 million. Two silvers accounted for 20% of the Boxer’s total compensation; the Austro-Hungarian Empire also received more than 4 million tals. (Xu Zhongyue, "Modern Chinese History (Part 1)", The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2002, p. 401) It was also because of the "World War I" that China stopped paying Germany and Austria (Austro-HungaryChina disintegrated immediately after World War I) Boxer indemnity and other rights of the two countries.
On May 20, the tenth year of the Republic of China (1921), China and Germany signed the China-Germany Agreement. As part of this treaty, Germany declared in a "declaration": "Germany recognizes the cancellation of consular jurisdiction in China", "Germany abandons all rights to China on the playground belonging to the Embassy in Beijing", and "Germany reimburses Expenses for housing German soldiers everywhere in China." ("Chinese History of Diplomacy", p. 633) The historian Liu Yan at the time believed that: "This agreement, the declaration document, and the official letter with the two sides made China and Germany completely equal. No, it opens a new era." "Twenty years ago, the German imperial government leased land with a teaching plan, and opened the Chinese partition; it is far from Heqi Tianyuan!" (Ibid., p. 638) China seized The favorable opportunity provided by the First World War was to abolish the unequal treaties signed with Germany and Austria, thus opening a gap in the chain of unequal treaties to restrain China.
Due to China's accession to the Allied Powers, some Western countries have made a decision to delay payment of Boxer indemnities for five years. Due to the impact of the United States’ refund of the Boxer Indemnity, after World War I, given that the Manchu empire, the object of Boxer’s punishment, no longer exists, what’s more, China also contributed to the axioms of mankind in World War I. The Chinese government Some powers also made the return of the Geng money. After the mid-1920s, China successively reached an agreement with Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and other countries to refund the Boxer indemnity. The refund process in France and Japan was full of twists and turns, and most of the nominal refunds were misappropriated by them.
The Boxer Indemnity is an important clause of the "Xin Chou Treaty". The disaster it brought to the Chinese people did not end until December 1938 (Mi Rucheng's "Gengzi "Refund" and Its management and application"). Except for Germany, Austria, and Russia’s suspension of payments before and after World War I, the actual amount of G payment paid by China over the years totaled 66.661 million customs taels, of which the overpayment due to foreign currency exchange fluctuations was about 92.628 million taels. Subtracting the exchange difference, China paid a total of 57.033 million taels. According to the 39-year repayment period determined by the "Xin Chou Treaty", the total principal and interest amounted to more than 980 million taels of silver, and the actual compensation paid by China accounted for about 58.11% of the total. The main reason for China's underpayment was the influence of the First World War and the Russian Revolution. The rest of China’s underpayment was due to the delay and suspension of payments to other countries during World War II. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, a total of 92.745 million taels was stopped. (Wang Shuhuai, "The Boxer Indemnity", Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Republic of China, p. 559)
3. Soviet Russia waives part of its rights and interests
On November 7, 1917, Russia, as a member of the Allied Powers, had the October Revolution. In order to get rid of the state of war, the new Soviet regime made peace with Germany in private, which aroused hostility from the allies. At that time, Soviet Russia was in a state of internal and external difficulties, with interference outside and rebels inside. A large number of Belarus used the Middle East Railway in Northeast China to engage in activities against the new regime. In order to get rid of the predicament and eliminate the harassment of Belarusian bandits from northeast China, the Soviet Russian regime urgently needs to open up a diplomatic situation against China. On July 25, 1919, the Soviet Russian government issued the "Declaration of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic to the Chinese People and the North and South Governments of China": "The labor and peasant government once proposed to China to negotiate the abolition of the Sino-Russian secret treaty of 1896, The Beijing Peace Treaty of 1990 (the "Xin Chou Treaty"), as well as the treaties made with Japan in 1906 and 1907, took what was taken from China during the era of the Russian imperial government and from China Any land that was transferred to Japan and the Allied Powers shall be returned to China.... Any land that was acquired by aggression in Manchuria and elsewhere during the era of the Russian imperial government shall be abandoned. The people on that land are willing to become such a country. , Adopting that kind of regime, the people freely choose. The laboring peasant government assigned the rights of the Middle East railway, minerals, forestry and other rights to the Russian imperial government, the Kerensky government, the bandit Horvat, Xie Privileges gained by Semenoff and Russian soldiers, lawyers, and capitalists are returned to China without any remuneration.The government and abandoned the Boxer compensation. ... All the privileges that Russia has acquired in the past, as well as the factories established by Russian merchants in mainland China, and Russian officials, priests or committee members, etc., all privileges that are not subject to trial by the Chinese courts, etc., are waived. "("Selected Works of the May Fourth Movement", Sanlian Bookstore, 1959, pp. 364-365)
The declaration of the Soviet Russian government, due to inconvenient transportation and the blockade during the war, it was already the following summer. On September 27, 1920, the Soviet Russian government issued its second declaration on China. The basic points have not changed, except that the “return to the Middle East Railway for free” in the first declaration was taken back. The Soviet Russia’s declaration on China is in Chinese society has aroused the attention of public opinion, and the general tone is admiration and appreciation. Some say that the Soviet-Russian Declaration "is enough to open a new era in the history of world revolution. "("Sino-Soviet State Relations History Data Collection 1917-1924", China Social Sciences Press, 1993, p. 83) Some people say that in the declaration "a kind of righteous friendship and humanity stand out. "(Ibid., p. 84) is even more highly praised, "This great initiative is not only the first creation in the world’s seven thousand years of history, but it is also sufficient to wipe out all the evils in the old world and the international community and open up the present world’s mutual assistance among all nations. Acer. "(Ibid., p. 85) However, this declaration also aroused the misgivings of the Beiyang government. For example, Manchuria (that is, Northeast China) is still Chinese territory in law, so why did the Soviets and Russia so-called abandon? "Choice"? Why did Soviet Russia think that it would return the Middle East Railway?
Lenin
in response to the so-called "All the treaties concluded between the previous Russian government and China are invalid,"
abandons the occupied Chinese territory and Russian concessions in China, and plunders the Russian imperial government and the Russian bourgeoisie Anyone from China will return it to China permanently without payment. "("Selected Works of the May Fourth Movement", p. 371). Until now, some people still believe that this shows the broad revolutionary mind and selfless internationalism of the proletarian revolutionaries represented by Lenin. If these declarations are implemented, Tsarist Russia will be in modern times. The more than one million square kilometers of land that had been annexed to China in history has already returned to cloud. The historian Xue Xiantian pointed out: "The "Russian government" in the declaration refers to the government after the 1890s; "All treaties" refer to the 1896 The treaty from 1960 to 1918 did not include the unequal Sino-Russian boundary treaty in the 1850s and 1980s. "("Sino-Soviet State Relations History Data Collection 1917-1924", p. 49) that the Soviet-Russian Declaration meant that Soviet Russia gave up the 1858 Treaty of Aihui, the 1860 Treaty of Beijing, and the 1864 "The Book of the Northwestern Boundary" and other large swaths of land swallowing more than 1 million square kilometers north of Heilongjiang, east of the Ussuri River, and more than 440,000 square kilometers east and south of Lake Balkhash are just the whims of some Chinese people. From the negotiation process that signed the "Sino-Russian Outline Agreement for Settlement of Outstanding Issues (referred to as the Sino-Soviet Agreement)" soon, we can see that if Lenin really showed such a great spirit of internationalism, he would not return it on the Middle East Railway. Back then, he would not send troops to occupy China’s Tangnuwulianghai, nor would he insist on controlling Outer Mongolia, which also belongs to China.
Even so, the Soviet Russian Declaration is not meaningless. On May 31, 1924, China and the Soviet Union still signed a series of documents such as the "Sino-Soviet Agreement" after going through ups and downs. The main points are: all treaties and agreements concluded by China and the former Russian government shall be abolished. Soviet Russia recognized Outer Mongolia as It is completely part of the Republic of China and respects China’s sovereignty. It was agreed in the Sino-Soviet meeting stipulated in the preceding article to withdraw all the Soviet troops. Soviet Russia abandoned all the privileges and concessions of the former Russian government in China such as concessions. Soviet Russia abandoned part of the Russian Boxer indemnity. Soviet Russia cancelled its extraterritorial rights. And consular jurisdiction. ("The History of Sino-Soviet Relations during the Republic of China (1917-1949)", CPC History Publishing House, 2009, pp. 86-87)
The total strength of the Eight-Power Allied Forces in China Among them, the Russian army not only ranks second in number, but also dispatched an army of 170,000 (200,000 for one) to occupy the northeast of our country. Russia used this as an excuse to obtain the largest share of Boxer’s indemnity and monopolize 1.More than 300 million taels of silver, accounting for 29% of China’s total compensation. (Xu Zhongyue, "Modern History of China (Part 1)", p. 401) In Sino-Russian relations, China has always been the one to suffer. On the surface of this agreement, Soviet Russia gave up the illegal interests it plundered from the "Xin Chou Treaty" (in fact, many promises Soviet Russia never fulfilled, such as the withdrawal of troops from Outer Mongolia), but it still profited quite a bit through negotiations with China to establish diplomatic relations. Feng, firstly got rid of diplomatic isolation, secondly obtained China's promise to ban the white bandits, thirdly realized the Sino-Soviet co-management of the Middle East Railway, and fourthly, Soviet Russia continued to control Outer Mongolia.
Fourth, Britain and the United States abolished their privileges in China
In modern history, none of the most severely harmful to China was Russia and Japan. As the country with the most troops in the Eight-Power Allied Forces invading China, Japan not only plundered a large amount of Chinese rights and interests through the Treaty of Xin Chou, but also forced China to cede land and pay compensation in the previous Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and continued to brutalize China in the subsequent two world wars. Of aggression. After the First World War, it seized Germany's rights and interests in Shandong, China. Before the Second World War, it opened the prelude to a full-scale invasion of China. It was the Japanese army stationed in Beijing and Tianjin in accordance with the "Xin Chou Treaty" that provoked the "Lugou Bridge Incident". On December 9, 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in the United States, the Chinese government officially declared war on the fascists of Japan, Germany, and Italy. All treaties, agreements, and contracts involved China, Japan or China, Germany and China, and Italy. Those who are related to each other shall be abolished. ("The History of the Second Sino-Japanese War (Part 2)", Comprehensive Monthly Press, Republic of China 63, p. 785) As China had abolished the illegal rights and interests of Germany and Austria in China during the First World War, this The second declaration of war fundamentally abolished all the unequal rights seized from China in the history of Japan and Italy (including, of course, the "Xin Chou Treaty").
In October 1942, in view of the important position of the Chinese battlefield in the war against fascism, the United States and the United Kingdom successively issued statements: abolish the unequal treaties against China, renounce their privileges in China and negotiate with the Chinese government . The British ambassador to China Xue Mu sent the British side a draft of the agreement to the Chinese government, but the draft did not involve the return to Hong Kong and Kowloon. China's proposal to take back Kowloon was arbitrarily rejected by the British. As the Sino-US negotiations for the abolition of the treaty are progressing smoothly, the United States hopes that the Sino-US and Sino-British new treaties can be signed simultaneously, while Chiang Kai-shek hopes to create a major diplomatic achievement. Finally, under the guarantee of Britain "discussing the Kowloon issue with China after the war", a treaty was signed with Britain and the United States on January 11, 1943. When China signed the New Testament with Britain and the United States, on October 10, 1943, the President of the U.S. Supreme Court delivered a congratulatory speech at the Independence Hall in Philadelphia and rang the 31st Liberty Bell to celebrate the 31st anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China ("The Second The History of the Sino-Japanese War (Part 2), p. 842), this was a happy day in Chiang Kai-shek's ruling career, and also a day when the Chinese government was proud of it.
In 1943, the representatives of China and the United States signed the Sino-U.S. New Testament abolishing the U.S. extrajudicial rights in China
For this incomplete new covenant, Chiang Kai-shek Highly praised in the article "The Destiny of China": "Since China entered into unequal treaties with foreign powers in the Qing Dynasty, last year (the 31st year of the Republic of China, that is, 1942) was the centenary. We, the Chinese nation, had 50 years of experience. The bloodshed of the year of revolution and the sacrifice of five and a half years of the war of resistance have changed the painful history of the centenary of the unequal treaties into the glorious record of the revocation of the unequal treaties.... All the text and spirit of the unequal treaties in the past century, from this day It can be said that it was completely wiped out." The main content of the Sino-British and Sino-US New Treaties includes the abolition of the following privileges of the two countries in China: (1) Consular jurisdiction. The consular jurisdiction (extraterritoriality) enjoyed by the United States and the British people or associations in China is revoked. From now on, the people or associations of the United States and the United Kingdom in the Chinese territory shall be governed by the government of the Republic of China in accordance with the principles of public international law and international practices. (2) The border of the embassy and the garrison area. The privileges acquired by the United States and the United Kingdom under the "Xin Chou Peace Treaty", such as the embassy boundary and the right to station troops on Beining Road, will all be revoked. The administration and management of the embassy circle, together with all official assets and duties of the embassy circle, shall be transferred to the government of the Republic of China. (3) Concession. The concessions of the United States and the United Kingdom in China are all revoked, and their administration and management, as well as all official assets and obligations, are transferred to the government of the Republic of China. (4) Special legal rights. The special courts of the United States and the United Kingdom in the concession shall be revoked. (5) Privileges for naval ships. The privilege of American and British warships entering Chinese territorial waters was revoked. (6) Coastal trade and inland navigation rights. The rights of the people of the United States and Britain to trade along the coast of China and navigate inland waters shall be revoked. ……
After China, the United States and China and the United Kingdom signed a new covenant to abolish foreign privileges, then China and Belgium, Norway, Canada, Sweden (classic), the Netherlands, France, Switzerland (Switzerland), Denmark, Portugal and other countries have signed similar treaties. Since then, not only has the "Xin Chou Treaty" and the shame of China been eliminated, but the international status of the Chinese nation that has been discriminated against and oppressed has also been fundamentally improved for more than a century. Sun Yat-sen expected in the "Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang" in 1924, "All unequal treaties, such as foreigners’ lease of land, consular jurisdiction, foreigners’ power to manage tariffs, and foreigners’ power to exercise all political power within China’s territory violate China. Sovereigns should all be cancelled and the treaty of equality and mutual respect of sovereignty between the two parties should be rewritten.” ("Sun Yat-sen's Criticism (Part 2)", Guangdong People's Publishing House, 1996, p.703) has been basically realized. The concept of "unequal treaties" was proposed by Sun Yat-sen. It should be pointed out that in the 1920s and 1930s, that is, after the National Revolutionary Army's Northern Expedition and the National Government unified the country, the foreign concessions and leases set up in the coastal and riverside areas of our country have been basically recovered. Because of the bloody and tenacious struggle of the people of the whole country and previous governments, the privileges of foreign powers over the Chinese people have been abolished, and the Chinese people have finally got rid of their semi-colonial weak state status.
Chiang Kai-shek’s "The Destiny of China" was published to adapt to the new situation after the signing of the New Testament between China, Britain and the United States. The article is about the development of the Chinese nation in modern times and the imperialism imposed on China. The unequal treaties of China were systematically discussed, and the two major Western powers, Britain and the United States, abolished the unequal treaties against China. Indeed, the use of unequal treaties to control China by the powers of various countries ended in World War II. China not only truly achieved independence, but also became one of the four powers of the anti-fascist alliance. It is also the founding country of the United Nations. One of the permanent members of the Security Council.
V. The Yu Xu of Modern Chinese History
With the help of the "Xin Chou Treaty" and other unequal treaties, foreign powers used the "Xin Chou Treaty" and other unequal treaties to override the privileges of the Chinese people Although the status has been abolished, the problem of foreign powers’ invading and occupying Chinese territory in modern times has not been resolved. Since modern China, there have been three main countries that have forcibly seized Chinese territory by force. They are ranked according to the scale of their invasion of Chinese territory, namely Russia, Japan and the United Kingdom. As a victorious nation of the "World War II", China passed the "Cairo Declaration" and "Potsdam Proclamation", and the Manchukuo, Taiwan, Penghu, and South China Sea islands that Japan occupied in China finally returned to the motherland.
According to many historians, in 1900, Russia sent troops to invade and occupy the entire northeast of our country. This line of action is the same event as the Eight-Power Allied Forces invading China at the same time. Russia divided the stolen goods the most among Boxer indemnities, and its military expenditure in sending troops to northeast China was huge, which was also used as a reason for loosing. History cannot assume that if negotiator Yang Ru was forced to succumb to Russian prostitution, if Russia forced Li Hongzhang to sign on the sickbed, if Russia defeated Japan in the Russo-Japanese War, the entire Northeast would be the same as other territories occupied by Russia. , Becoming a "yellow Russia" that can no longer be recovered.
The large Chinese territory occupied by Soviet Russia in the history Our country is extremely vast. Until the end of the 20th century, except for the return of half of Heixiazi Island and a very small part of the "Outer Northwest", the entire "Outer Northeast" that originally belonged to the Chinese territory was south of the Outer Hinggan Mountains, north of Heilongjiang, and Wusuli River. In the eastern region, as well as Sakhalin and Tannu Uliang Sea, there is still no hope of return. Even after China terminated the British and American privileges in China, on the eve of the end of World War II, Stalin split Outer Mongolia from China through the "Yalta Agreement."“Enjoyed” the Middle East Road and controlled Lushun Port.
As for Britain’s commitment to resolve the "Kowloon" issue after the war, for Chiang Kai-shek, there is no "post-war" period of opportunity for him. After the "acceptance" was completed, it was already in the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Therefore, it was impossible to solve the issue of Kowloon and Hong Kong in his hands. So after the change of dynasty, it was still put on hold for half a century. It was not until the end of the 20th century that Hong Kong and Kowloon truly Returned to the motherland.
