is located in the Liyang warehouse cellar cleaning site in Jun County, Henan province. 1400 years ago, a single silo with a step-down approach could store 400,000 jin of grain.
warehouse cellar advanced dry storage technology
Sui Dynasty warehouse cellar not only has huge reserves, but also adopted advanced storage technology. The soil layer is covered with multiple isolation layers such as drying cellar walls, crushed black ash, grass, wooden boards, mats, bran, mats, etc., to maintain the dryness of the cellar space. The stored grain is also mainly corn containing bran to further improve the shelf life.
At present, the Liyang warehouse has proved that the storage capacity of the warehouse has reached 33.6 million catties, which can feed 80,000 people for one year. It is already an alarming number. But if you refer to the volume of other granaries in the same period, you will find that this number may be less than one-tenth of the designed capacity of Liyang warehouse.
In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang of the Great Sui Dynasty (AD 583), Emperor Wen Yang ordered the construction of four super granaries at the same time in Guanzhong, Central Plains and other places: Liyang warehouse, Heyang warehouse, Changping warehouse, Guangtong warehouse (later avoiding Sui Yangdi Yang Taboo, renamed Yongfengcang).
The six super granaries of the Sui Dynasty, four were built by Emperor Wen, and two were built by Emperor Yang. The reason why
has such a large-scale layout is that Emperor Wen's life is frugal, and the behavior of storing food in peace and security suits his personality; Because the existing grain storage capacity is limited, it is not enough to cope with emergency needs; third, because the super granary with a large amount of space may seem magical, but in fact it is easier to manage centrally than scattered small granaries. To ensure its safety, each granary is surrounded by high walls and guarded by elite soldiers, like a fortress-like city. Therefore, it is also called Cangcheng.
Sui Wendi Yang Jian
When the super granary is built, the first question is how to transport the amount of grain into it? To this end, Sui Wendi ordered the 13 prefectures (prefecture-level cities) including Pu, Shan, Guo, Xiong, Yi, and Luo to recruit rice transporters to take charge of the grain transport work. At the same time, the imperial court also issued a reward: if someone could transport 40 shi (about 4000 jin) from Luoyang to Changping warehouse (about 145 kilometers), they would be exempt from military service. What is more extreme is that Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty even excavated a canal with a total length of more than 300 miles from the capital Daxing (ie Chang'an) in the west to Guangtongcang/Tongguan in the east to further strengthen Guangtong. The connection between the warehouse and the capital.
The canal ditch in the granary. Through it, ships can directly drive into the granary to load and unload grain
. Under the multi-channel joint transportation, the inventory of the major super granaries is gradually filling. In the following years, Guanzhong suffered a severe drought. In order to help the victims, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty transferred more than 300 million catties (more than three million shi) of grain from Guangtong warehouse to the disaster area. The role of super granary Dinghai Shenzhen is fully demonstrated.
However, in the 14th year of Emperor Kaihuang (AD 594), when Guanzhong was hit by drought again, Emperor Wen of Sui did not choose to open the super granary again, instead letting the people go to unaffected areas such as the Central Plains to "eat". Emperor Wen’s logic is that the granary does not help the poor. If there is unlimited supply, it is inevitable to sit back and eat. However, the Central Plains area was not affected by the disaster, and the food supply is sufficient. The people of Guanzhong can survive through market purchases and government subsidies.
from then on, the functional orientation of the super granary has undergone a fundamental change. Its role in responding to "emergency needs" has gradually faded and turned into a strategic logistics base that simply supports military operations.
Sui Yang Emperor Yang Guang's super system
After Sui Yang Emperor Yang Guang ascended the throne, he built two super granaries near Luoyang: Xingluo Cang (also known as Luokou Cang) and Hui Luo Cang.
Among them, Xingluo warehouse storage pits have reserves of 800,000 jin (twice the storage of Liyang warehouse pits), and there are 3,000 grain pits in total. It is the first granary in the Sui Dynasty with a total reserve of more than 1 billion jin (totaling 2.4 billion jin, Or 24 million shi). The city wall surrounding the granary has a radius of twenty miles, which can be called the "Galactic Battleship" in the super granary.
The even bigger Xingluo warehouse
However, the huge Xingluo warehouse is only a small part of Yang Guang’s ambitious plan. Since his accession to the throne, Yang Guang moved the center of gravity of the Sui Dynasty east from Chang'an to Luoyang. Here, he not only built two new super granaries, but also allA solid Luoyang city was newly built as the new capital. At the same time, Yang Guang took Luoyang as the center, digging a canal to the southeast to connect Yangzhou and Yuhang (now Hangzhou); digging a canal to the northeast to connect Zhuojun (now Beijing), constructing a more than 1,700-kilometer Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal as a new water transport system.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal with a total length of more than 1,700 kilometers,
, was always fine when he was a child. In the event of an emergency, countless military rations can swarm out of super granaries such as Xingluo Cang, Huiluo Cang, and Liyang Cang. Together with heavily armed soldiers, they can quickly reach the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal with a powerful waterway. Any point along the kilometer.
This is a super emergency system integrating super city, super granary, super army and super canal. Through this system, Da Sui's control over the world reached an unprecedented height in theory.
Why did the food transporter go up the mountain as a bandit?
In the 7th year of the great cause (AD 611), Yang Guang took a dragon boat along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to Zhuojun (now Beijing), revealing to the world the crime of Gao Yuanxun, King of Goguryeo, and foretelling the start of a super war in Liaodong .
Emperor Yang of Sui Yang Guang
The so-called soldiers and horses have not moved, the food and grass go first. Just when Yang Guangyu Zhuojun showed up frequently, a massive grain transport activity had begun. First of all, Tianliang military grain was exported from its source-Xingluo Cang, Huiluo Cang, Liyang Cang and other super granaries, and was transported to the Sui Dynasty in advance by two modes of transportation and manual walking (people in the south of Jiang and Huai). The northern base-Zhuo County. The function of Zhuo County is similar to the current logistics distribution center. Here, the Sui Dynasty will re-enlist more than 600,000 people from Shandong, Hebei, and Henan. In groups of two, they will push one car together, and each car will have three stones (about 300 kilograms). Beijing) Walk to the two towns of Luhe (now west of Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, about 500 kilometers away from Zhuo County) and Huaiyuan (now Liaozhong County, Liaoning Province, about 600 kilometers away from Zhuo County).
At this time, people began to rebel in the Shandong area. For example, a mountain king named Wang Bo, in order to attract new people to join the group, also launched a very inciting bandit image of the main song-"Wuxiang Liaodong Lang Death Song".
King thin statue
was a great cause for seven years, and the Liaodong War had not yet started. This group of people did not go to the battlefield, why did they have to give up their peaceful life and go up to the mountains as bandits? To answer this question, we need to settle accounts.
Wang Bo lives in Zouping, Shandong. If he is recruited by the government, he first needs to walk about 450 kilometers to reach Zhuo County. It takes 15 days to walk 30 kilometers per day. Then, he moved 600 kilometers from Zhuo County to the cart to enter Liaodong. Because it is carrying a heavy load and the road is rough, its speed is naturally greatly reduced. It takes 60 days to calculate 10 kilometers per day. The two journeys totaled 75 days. So the problem is that the food transporter is in a state of high-intensity labor, and consumes 1.5 kilograms of rice every day. And for the whole course of 75 days, 112 kilograms of rice are consumed.
can be sure that a civilian husband cannot carry hundreds of catties of grain from his home for his own use. The only feasible way is to bring your own dry food to Zhuo County. When the rice is transported by the cart, the public grain on the cart is temporarily used to satisfy the hunger (about 300 jin, 3 shi). After arriving in Liaodong, they then spend money to buy grain locally to make up the difference.
If the wealthy Sui Dynasty had sufficient food before the war preparations, the price of rice could be referred to during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, about 5 yuan per 10 jin (per bucket). The funding required for turnover is not large.
But if it is during the combat readiness transfer period, everything is different. Because Liaodong was located in a remote area of the empire, food production was limited. However, the number of civil servants has reached more than 600,000, and the demand for purchase is huge. With the help of various parties, the price of rice in Liaodong has soared nearly a hundred times from the usual 5 cents per 10 catties, reaching hundreds of cents per 10 catties!
"Information Management Guide": The price of cereals is very expensive, especially in the northeast.
This is like a short trap in the stock market: Many people who have gone through hardships to reach the destination have not enough money to buy back the difference in public grain because the price of rice is too high. If they don’t want to be severely punished for the crime of “smuggling military supplies”, the only way is to go up the mountain as a bandit and sing the familiar melody with Wang Bo-"NothingSong of Death to the Liaodong Wave": "Zhi Shi Lang in front of Changbai Mountain, pure red Luo Jin back crotch. Long stalks invade the sky and a half, and the round sword shines in the sun. Go up the mountain to eat roe deer, down the mountain to eat cattle and sheep. Swing forward. For example, if Liaodong died, how would you be hurt by the decapitation."
"Zizhitongjian": The husband of more than 600,000 yuan, the two pushed a total of three meters and three stones. Can lose, everyone is afraid of sin and death.
marching to war is bound to be costly. The number of soldiers that Da Sui smashed in during the First Liaodong War was as high as 1,133,800, and its resource consumption would be astronomical. However, the Sui court completely passed the cost of grain transportation to the civilians, but turned a blind eye to its own consumption and price disturbances. In the end, people who have nowhere to go can only go up the mountain and become bandits.
attached to the gray industrial chain behind the war
Great cause for eight years, nine years, and ten years, Emperor Yang Guang of Sui Dynasty launched the Liaodong War with millions of troops in three consecutive years. Due to the tight state use, the collection of private taxes has become increasingly urgent. However, in the areas of Shandong, Hebei, and Henan, due to a large number of laborers or busy transporting arms, or going up the mountains as bandits, the fields are barren and the goods are scarce. To raise the rice, cotton, silk, hemp and other materials needed by officials in a short period of time, many people can only buy from the market. However, because local officials are well informed, they often buy key items in advance in the market. After the official document is posted, the price will be raised again to obtain several times high profits. Over time, private savings have been raided. Good people are not sustainable. If they can't go to the mountains as bandits, they can only sell themselves as slaves.
"Zi Zhi Tong Jian": Every time you need to ask for a gift, the official must first buy it at a low price, and then declare that it is expensive to sell to the person. In the evening, the price is several times the surplus. , Take it for a while. The strong gather to steal, the weak sell themselves as slaves.
In the thirteenth year of the great cause (617 AD), floods raged in Henan and Shandong, and plague and drought in Guanzhong were parallel. Due to lack of food, widespread famine occurred in the affected areas. To relief the victims, Emperor Yang Guang of Sui Dynasty finally broke the old rule that super granaries were only used for military purposes and announced the opening of two super granaries in Yongfeng Warehouse (Guangtong Warehouse) in Guanzhong and Liyang Warehouse in Henan Province for the victims. edible.
However, the imperial decree was issued as scheduled and the officials opened positions as scheduled, but they still could not curb the trend of mass deaths of hungry people: "tens of thousands of dead people a day" in Henan, and "dead people are like a pile of dead people in Guanzhong."
What is the reason for this?
"Sui Shu Shi Hu Zhi" further explained the details: Although the officials opened the granary, the speed at which the rice was moved out of the granary seemed to be played back in slow motion, comparable to the koala in "Crazy Animal City". It took ten and a half months for the grain to move within a short distance. Just as the milk tea shop deliberately drove the speed of tea for the popularity of queuing up, the officials in charge of the granary are actually a group of actors-we accepted the order, and we are also transporting rice, but the hands and feet of the rice transport are a bit slow, it is not a bad attitude . The motivation of
officials is very simple: once there is free food to supply victims, no one will spend huge sums of money to buy high-priced food provided by the gray industrial chain.
Therefore, a large number of hungry people who came to receive relief had starved to death before the grain was released. Even if some people regretted wanting to go back, they have no strength.
"Suishu Shihuozhi": Guanzhong disease, drought and damage to crops, opened the millet of Yongfeng on behalf of the king to revive the hungry, and went to warehouses for hundreds of miles, gathering the young and old. The officials are corrupt and disabled, the officials do not have the right time, the salty capital and the goods are moved for ten months, and the ruins are lying in the wild, wanting to return, and the dead are like accumulations.
"Zizhi Tongjian": Henan and Shandong are flooded with hunger, and the emperor Yang ordered Liyang warehouses to be rescued. Officials gave them from time to time. Tens of thousands of people died a day.
As the war continues, this gray industrial chain involving government officials is also constantly developing and growing, like a black hole, constantly sucking in the people's fats and oils. Because of its official background, the people have nowhere to complain, and the destructive power is particularly alarming. As a result, weird things appeared that were hungry and hungry while opening the warehouse to put grain!
The uninvited guest of the super granary
Daye 9th year (613 AD), when Yang Guang launched the second Liaodong War, Yang Xuangan, the minister of rituals, took the initiative to invite Ying and was in Liyang warehouse to supervise the rations.
After the Central Army went to the front of Liaodong, Yang Xuangan immediately declared that there was treason, which put the entire Liyang area into a state of emergency. Of courseHowever, looking at a group of subordinates who looked suspicious, Yang Xuangan felt complicated: the so-called treason was in fact vain, and it was him who really wanted to make trouble. However, he couldn't express these words to his subordinates. A bunch of coachmen and boatmen who were in charge of transporting rice were his soulmates.
So Yang Xuangan selected more than 5,000 coachmen and more than 3,000 boatmen from the team of Li Yangcang's private husbands, and told them the truth: the emperor is innocent and shows no sympathy for the people. Today, we will join forces with you, not for anything else, just to end the Liaodong War and save people from fire and water. You don't need to go to Liaodong anymore.
's remark immediately aroused cheers from the folks.
So, Yang Xuangan led this army of nearly 10,000 people, mainly coachmen and boatmen, and marched southward, and approached Luoyang, the capital of the Sui Dynasty. Here, Yang Xuangan once again shared his desire to end the Liaodong War to the people of the world, and at the same time announced the opening of the warehouse to release grain. This move received a warm response from a wider range of civilians and bandits, and the size of the rebel army soon exceeded 100,000. After hearing the news of Yang Xuangan's rise, the Central Army of the Sui Dynasty hurriedly withdrew from Liaodong and quickly extinguished the rebellion with absolute superiority. Although the matter calmed down, Yang Guang believed that Yang Xuan felt that the phenomenon of crowds of echoes was because there were too many people in the world, and too many people would rebel. Therefore, he demanded that all those who participated in the rebellion be punishable by the crime of treason; and those who had accepted the opening of the warehouse for food, they would be buried alive.
"Zi Zhi Tong Jian": The emperor Yun said: "One hundred thousand people follow mystery with one call. It is better to know that the world does not want many people. If you gather more, you will steal your ears. No more punishment, no punishment. ...Because of the strict rule of law, more than 30,000 people were killed without their families. ...All those who receive rice are pitted in the south of the capital.
Yang Guang's hard-line view means that he does not think there is any fault in conquering Liaodong. This laid the groundwork for the Liaodong War in the next year and the final fall of the Sui Dynasty.
Four years later, in the 13th year of Daye (617 AD), the three Liaodong Wars all ended. Emperor Sui Yang also left the Central Plains and went to Yangzhou. At this time, the world has long been chaotic, and the scale of bandits in some places has grown from a small scale to a scale of more than 100,000.
It was also in this year that Li Mi, the former military adviser of Yang Xuangan and also a nobleman, led his Wagang Army to appear on the stage of history. Different from other bandits walking around the government, Li Mi, who assisted Yang Xuangan in the rebellion, took Luoyang City, which was well-armed at the time, as his imaginary enemy from the first moment he went down the mountain. But to defeat enemies with super fortresses and super granaries, he still needs a springboard.
Therefore, Li Mi sent a large number of scout cavalry to Luoyang, causing the latter to enter a highly tense combat readiness state. Then, in a dark night, this military genius put in more than 7,000 soldiers, and took the largest granary in the Sui Dynasty, which was guarded by only more than 1,000 people-Xingluo Cang!
The distance between Xingluocang and Luoyang City is only more than 60 kilometers, and things will not go so smoothly if you don't use the tactics of slamming them. And this largest granary in the world obtained by sneak attacks is the ideal springboard for Li Mi to aspire to the Central Plains and leap into the Dragon Gate!
Then, Li Mi used various dazzling tricks such as lure the enemy to go deep, encircle Wei and rescue Zhao, besieged the city and fight aid to fight Luoyang army all over the ground to find teeth. Food, in order to attract hungry people flocking to join the team, and quickly expand the scale of the group.
After dozens of rounds of confrontation between the two sides, Luoyang not only failed to retake Xingluo Cang, but lost the second super granary in the battle-Huiluo Cang, and fell into an extremely distressed food supply. However, Li Mi, who is proud of the spring breeze, has become a super overlord with more than 400,000 troops in a short period of time, supported by the amount of food. It can be described as a giant rising from the super granary!
Li Mi, the overlord of the Central Plains known as "Xiang Yu at the end of the Sui Dynasty". In its peak period, even Li Yuan bowed his head and became a minister.
was also in the same year when Li Mi sent troops to capture Liyang Cang and declared that anyone could take food freely, thus ending the bizarre phenomenon of the granary where civilians were starved to death while providing relief.
Coincidentally, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan also occupied the Yongfeng warehouse in Guanzhong that year and opened the warehouse to release grain. This solved the urgent need of the victims in Guanzhong.
Judging from the different relief effects before and after Liyang warehouse and Yongfeng warehouse, only the gray industrial chain of the Sui Dynasty was completely bypassed, and when the granary was completely controlled by opposition forces such as Li Mi and Li Yuan,The disaster relief function that should have been returned to normal. It can be seen that the death of the Great Sui is really not worthy of sympathy! Is
In March of the fourteenth year of the great cause (618 AD), Sui Yang Emperor Yang Guang's closest supporter, the Imperial Forest Army, launched a rebellion and ended the emperor's life with a white silk. The Sui Dynasty, which spanned 39 years, was declared annihilated. The irony of
is that at this time, the six super granaries that were painstakingly constructed by Emperor Wen of Sui and Emperor Yang of Sui were all occupied by Li Mi and Li Yuan, but Yang Guang was still in short supply until the day before his death. Worry about food. Why does
hold a good hand, but Yang Guang just wants to play so badly?
First of all, Emperor Yang of Sui is not unwise. The ingenious design and grandeur of the construction of Luoyang City, the creation of a super granary, and the excavation of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal are genius-like designs. But such a clever person can't understand why people all over the world opposed the Liaodong War.
Secondly, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty is not unprepared. But he would rather use his finesse to investigate who has received Yang Xuangan's rice outside Luoyang city, rather than investigating why there are so many civilian husbands going up to the mountains as bandits in the world. If
carefully analyze the history of the end of the Sui Dynasty, it will be found that a series of detailed work errors are the direct cause of its demise. For example, the contradiction between the consumption of civil servants and the price of rice in Liaodong, the contradiction between the lack of civilian goods and the gray industrial chain, the conflict between floods and reluctance to open warehouses for grain, and even every Liaodong war can find many shortcomings.
However, the Sui Dynasty also had enough opportunities to correct the mistakes: if you were compassionate to the people, there would not be so many bandits on the mountain; if the officials were strict, there would be no such "black" gray industry; if it was timely Open the warehouse and put the grain, there will be no such hungry souls.
However, if a dynasty makes mistakes time and time again, but never reflects on repentance, it is not a matter of detail, but a question of orientation.
is Yang Guang's words that leaked the secrets of the secrets: there cannot be too many people in the world, too many people will rebel. The bottom line is that they don’t think the world’s people are so important. With this kind of emperor, we can also imagine why there will be gray industry chain officials who would rather starve to death and satiate their own pockets.
Many years later, when Emperor Taizong Li Shimin and the ministers talked about the super granary of the Sui Dynasty, they couldn’t help but sigh. In the 14th year of the emperor’s opening, Emperor Wen of Sui no longer opened the granary to release grain. As a result, by the end of the year, the world had enough reserves. Food for fifty years. However, Emperor Yang was extremely extravagant, and soon lost the world. It can be seen that there is no need to store too much food in the granary, just to survive the disaster year.
"Zhenguan Political Leaders": The above-mentioned Huangmen servant Wang Gui said: "The 14th year of the Emperor's opening is a drought, and Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty will not allow relief, and the people will eat Shandong. By the end of the year, the world's reserves can be used for 50 years. The emperor relied on his richness, insatiable extravagance, and perished in the world. But if the storehouse is enough to prepare for a fierce year, what is the rest?"
Then, Li Shimin's talk brought up a new question. Is the super granary useful?
In the beginning, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty built a super granary for the purpose of responding to disasters. But why did he change his mind in the fourteenth year of Kaihuang? Perhaps it is because the cost of transportation and storage of grain is huge, and it is unwilling to disperse it. But no matter what, the super granary has lost its disaster relief function like a reservoir, and has been reduced to pure military use.
However, at the end of the Sui Dynasty, the granary for pure military purposes not only failed to turn the tide, but became the "main accomplice" of the growing opponent, which can be called the laughing stock of the ages. What Li Mi and Li Yuan did was actually very simple, that is, they used the method of opening the warehouse to release grain to restore the disaster relief function that the granary should have.
Therefore, Li Shimin's subtext is that the main role of the granary is in disaster relief. If it stores too much grain, it is better to hand it over to the people and let the people take care of it.
In other words, although "food is the heaven for the people", if there is no people, food will be meaningless!
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