Jinyiwei, is well known to be the product of the support of Ming Dynasty Taizu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang . In fact, looking at these three words, it is easy to have various pictures of Ming Dynasty TV series in the mind, so " Jinyiwei" The impression of "" is generally that of domineering and authoritarian.
About Jin Yiwei's responsibilities, we can also know roughly from film and television works. They are nothing more than handling various difficult things for the emperor. However, as to how Jin Yiwei was born, it is basically difficult to understand without going through it. Today we are going to explore the entire process of the formation of Jinyiwei!
The background before the birth of Jinyiwei
1, the interests among the heroes
In 1368 AD, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing and established the Ming Dynasty. Facing the initially determined world, Zhu Yuanzhang's first thought was to follow him Brothers who have been through life and death discuss their merits and reward them.
So after careful research, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to award rewards based on the morning and evening order of the Red Scarf Army. In fact, Zhu Yuanzhang was based on the morning and evening of the heroes who followed him. Therefore, after the rewards were given, at least three groups were formed in the early days of the Ming Dynasty. an interest group.
These groups are intricately related because of their interests. Seeing such a scene, Zhu Yuanzhang, as an emperor with an extremely strong desire for power, must not accept it. is afraid that one day his head will be moved in his sleep!
Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang considered setting up a secret service agency that only obeyed his orders. It could report to him the interests of these heroes anytime and anywhere. He could know in time any abnormalities found and avoid uncontrollable crises.
In fact, this is an idea that every founding emperor would have. It's just that each emperor's personality is different, so the approach is also different.
2, The outbreak of the Hu Weiyong case
As we all know, Hu Weiyong was the last prime minister in ancient Chinese history. Because of Hu Weiyong's actions, Zhu Yuanzhang found an excuse to abolish the prime minister system that threatened the imperial power!
But before Hu Weiyong, there were Li Shanchang, an important civil servant of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and Yang Xian, head of the school inspection organization established during Zhu Yuanzhang's uprising. In addition, Wang Guangyang, one of the twenty-eight marquises of the founding of the People's Republic of China, was awarded by Zhu Yuanzhang. , these s were all in the prime minister position before Hu Weiyong.
Among them, Li Shanchang, as the first prime minister of the Ming Dynasty, was blinded by power after taking power, and was therefore abandoned by Zhu Yuanzhang! And Yang Xian was even more arrogant and domineering, thinking that he could do whatever he wanted after becoming prime minister. He even framed the minister many times, and was eventually executed after the incident was revealed!
As for Wang Guangyang’s appointment, Zhu Yuanzhang originally used him as a middleman to ease the relationship between ministers. He never thought that Wang Guangyang and Xini were too incompetent, and was eventually executed by Zhu Yuanzhang to settle old scores!
However, the most arrogant person after becoming prime minister was Hu Weiyong. Hu Weiyong was conscientious and diligent when he first took office, but after he got used to monopolizing the power of the prime minister, his true nature was exposed. The so-called forming a party for personal gain, corruption and failure are considered minor, serious What's more, he actually has the intention to usurp the throne.
Although it was not successful, it had been planned for many years and involved officials extensively and deeply. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang found out everything about Hu Weiyong in the Hongwu 19th year, but Hu Weiyong had already fallen in the 13th year of Hongwu! Therefore, in the fifteenth year of Hongwu, the famous "Jinyiwei" was officially born!
The development of Jinyiwei before its birth
1, the birth of the inspection school
The inspection school organization used it as a base after Zhu Yuanzhang invaded Nanjing. In fact, to put it bluntly, it was a wandering vagabond before. Now it has Nanjing as its base camp. Zhu Yuanzhang enters In the days on the front line, there was a lot less medicine. Basically, it was about strategizing and winning thousands of miles away, so I began to worry that the generals would understand and cause trouble in the field, and even united to overthrow itself!
Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang established the "Inspection School", whose responsibility is to supervise the affairs of all officials, and report any illegal behavior immediately for timely processing!
For example, one of the officials who inspected the school at that time was named Yang Xian. He was arranged by Zhu Yuanzhang to serve as an agent next to his nephew and adopted son Li Wenzhong. Not long after, Yang Xian reported that Li Wenzhong had used Confucian scholars to interfere in official affairs. Finally, Zhu Yuanzhang reported Yang Ning as an extremely Confucian scholar and got rid of him!
Zhu Yuanzhang continued to use it after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, but the school inspector could only conduct supervision and did not have the power to arrest or inquire! "Jianxiao" is actually just a job title, not the name of an organization. Therefore, in the early Ming Dynasty, many officials unexpectedly had someone close to them.
For example, Song Lian once invited guests to dinner. The next day, Zhu Yuanzhang asked him what he had eaten. Then Song Lian answered truthfully, and then Zhu Yuanzhang said, "You are very honest, you didn't lie to me!"
Things like this were very common in the early Ming Dynasty, so the inspection school was equivalent to the predecessor of Jinyiwei, but there were still big loopholes in the work functions of the inspection school. Hu Weiyong's case is an example. That's why Zhu Yuanzhang considered re-establishing a perfect agent mechanism.
2, the personnel structure foundation established by Jinyiwei
The establishment of Jinyiwei was not formed by specially selecting personnel for many years of training. It was completely reorganized and established based on the existing organization!
First of all, the real basis for establishing the Jinyiwei came from the personal bodyguard organization around Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang began to establish his own personal bodyguard army during the rebel army stage, mainly imitating the organization of the Yuan Dynasty . Therefore, in 1356 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang carried out After some consideration, the pro-army command department was established in front of the account.
Secondly, the development of In 1364 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang declared himself king, so in order to show the majesty of the "king", through some adjustments, the Pro-Army Command and Envoy Department in front of the account was reset and named the Seventeenth Guards Pro-Army Command and Envoy Department. , as the name suggests, has seventeen guards. At the same time, during this period, Zhu Yuanzhang also set up the Pro-Military Guard, the Imperial Army, and the Gongwei Division!
Third, After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, he once again reorganized the Imperial Guard organization. That is, in 1370 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang established the pro-military Duwei Mansion and Yiluan Division , among which Yiluan Division was organized by the Jinyi Guards. Basic, but at this time, Yiluan Division was just Zhu Yuanzhang's honor guard and part-time security work.
According to the records of "Ming Tongjian", in 1382 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang decreed to change Yiluan Division into Jinyiwei, and Jinyiwei was officially born.
The development process of Jinyiwei
1, the life and death of Jinyiwei in the hands of Zhu Yuanzhang
First, was born in the hands of Zhu Yuanzhang; in 1382 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Jinyiwei, an armed force controlled by the emperor personally with the power to patrol and arrest power, and also controls the prison.
is divided into two major organizations under Jinyiwei, namely South Town Fusi and North Town Fusi . Among them, the responsibility of South Town Fusi is to conduct legal and disciplinary inspections against civil and military officials, and North Town Fusi is in charge of the special establishment of the imperial court. The imperial edict prison is the cell where officials are often captured and imprisoned by Jin Yiwei in TV dramas. However, this institution was the only one during the Zhu Yuanzhang period; Nanzhen Fusi was added by the later emperor.
The real power of the Jinyiwei died in the hands of Zhu Yuanzhang; the power that the Jinyiwei had after its establishment frightened all civil and military officials, because basically as long as they suspect you, the Jinyiwei can report to the emperor and then arrest and interrogate you.
At the beginning of its establishment, Zhu Yuanzhang originally wanted to use the Jinyiwei to clean up the group of heroes, so it was relatively decentralized. Therefore, the Jinyiwei implicated the dead Hu Weiyong again. In the end, more than 30,000 people were killed. Among them were the founding heroes of the Ming Dynasty. Li Shanchang, Song Lian and others.
Third, Jinyiwei, after experiencing several major purges, began to gradually become inflated, thinking that he had the support of the emperor, who would dare to make mistakes! So the senior officials of Jinyiwei began to form their own interest groups. Although it was just a small fight, Zhu Yuanzhang didn't think so. As the saying goes, don't do evil for small things. Zhu Yuanzhang knew this truth very well from the lowest level;
and more importantly One thing is that the hero group has been almost cleaned up, but the reputation of Jin Yiwei is overwhelming in the court, and it is a thorn in the eyes of all civil and military officials. Therefore, it is impossible for Zhu Yuanzhang to offend hundreds of officials infinitely for the sake of Jin Yiwei. Therefore, in 1393 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict. Jin Yiwei is ordered not to participate in judicial affairs!
2, Zhu Di Fengtian Jingnan Restarted the Jinyiwei
Zhu Di, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, his temple name was originally Ming Taizong , but was changed to Ming Chengzu by the descendant Emperor Jiajing. As we all know, Zhu Di ascended to the throne in rebellion, so his lifelong pursuit of orthodoxy and rationality was Zhu Di's lifelong pursuit. Therefore, Zhu Di wanted to consolidate his imperial power.
After proclaiming the emperor, he once again activated the judicial power of Jinyiweixing to conduct censorship on those who opposed his becoming emperor, and also established the North and South Town Fu Divisions and each to perform their own duties!
Zhu Di used Jin Yiwei to kill thousands of people, the most famous of whom was Xie Jin, who was known as the most talented man in the Ming Dynasty! The power and organizational structure of Jinyiwei were further strengthened and improved in Zhu Di's hands, thus becoming the imperial spy agency that ran throughout the Ming Dynasty.
3, Ming Xianzong Zhu Jianshen made the Jinyiwei more powerful than ever
Although the Jinyiwei directly obeyed the emperor's orders, from Zhu Di to Zhu Jianshen, the power of the Jinyiwei did not reach the point where it could truly endanger the imperial power, because during this period, the emperor's power was still The will is transferred, if the emperor is not happy, the Jin Yiwei cannot do whatever he wants!
However, with the development of time, the national development of the Ming Dynasty began to decline, and the emperor's sense of crisis became stronger and stronger, so he chose to firmly hold on to the troops around him, hoping that the Jin Yiwei would stabilize the imperial power for him. During the reign of Ming Xianzong Zhu Jianshen, because two major cases occurred in the capital, Jin Yiwei did not receive any news in advance.
Therefore, Zhu Jianshen believed that Jin Yiwei's detective ability was limited, but he did not investigate Jin Yiwei, but instead expanded Jin Yiwei's authority. That is to say, although the Jin Yiwei before Zhu Jianshen could arrest and torture prisoners on their own, they still had to be handed over to the Sanfa Division for confirmation and final conviction;
In 1478 AD, Zhu Jianshen began to allow the Jin Yiwei to directly report to the emperor after arrests and interrogations. No need to deal with Sanfasi anymore! However, this extremely powerful organization became a vassal of the eunuchs of the East Factory after the Ming Dynasty!
In short, the formation of Jinyiwei was entirely the political need of the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang's creation was actually leaving a leading role to his descendants. Therefore, after Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the judicial power of Jinyiwei, he was still reactivated by his son Zhu Di, and was subsequently It was inherited and continued by future generations, becoming a major feature of Ming Dynasty history!
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