文/搜史官
The Spring and Autumn Banquet is a large-scale banquet for the Spring and Autumn Festivals stipulated by the Zhao Song Dynasty. Like the continuous development and improvement of the Spring and Autumn Banquet, its etiquette system has also undergone a process of continuous change, gradual deepening, and improvement. The initial development of the Song Zhenzong dynasty, the in-depth development of the Song Renzong dynasty, the gradual improvement of the Song Shenzong and the Song Zhezong dynasties, tended to be complete in the Song Huizong period.
1. Spring and Autumn Banquet Furnishings
The place where the Spring and Autumn Banquet is held is not fixed in its initial stage. Before Song Renzong Tiansheng reign, it was held either in Guangde Hall, Daming Hall, or Hanguang Hall. After Tiansheng, the state "big banquet rate in Jiying Hall" was set up, and the Spring and Autumn Banquet has since established a long-term fixed place-Jiying Hall.
Before the spring or autumn banquet, the Jiying Hall will be decorated in advance to highlight the grand and joyous atmosphere of the banquet.
When Jiying Hall was used as a banquet hall, it was divided into three banquet venues: Main Hall, Duo Hall and Lianglang . Above the main hall are the five-rank or higher court officials and ministers of the clan, and inside the Duodian are officials with the fourth rank or higher civil and military ranks. The two corridors are the promoted officials, the deputy heads of the army, the envoys of the Fanjin and the Dao Jin Fengjun will wait for low-level officials.
宋代宫
The specific number of people who enter the hall at the banquet of Jiying Hall, the first month of the second year of Song Shenzong Xining (1069) was stipulated: about one thousand three A huge team of more than a hundred officials, among which there are 1,126 people serving the banquet . It is equivalent to six and a half people serving one person. This is still a large number of reductions based on the original more innumerable personnel. It can be seen that since the Spring and Autumn Banquet became custom-made and before Song Shenzong Xining, the scale of the banquet was even greater and spectacular.
The furnishings of the Spring and Autumn Banquet Hall are coordinated by the Superintendent of the Palace, who is in charge of the palace’s affairs such as "Accommodation, Service, Food Shame, Liquor, Second House, and Instrumental Use".
Shangshe is the department in charge of the palace furnishings under the supervision of the palace. It is mainly responsible for "inside the gate of Zhangshijiying Hall", placing the emperor's exclusive "throne" in the middle of the banquet hall, facing south; , Is in charge of wine and wine, and is responsible for placing the emperor’s special wine bottles and wine vessels on the east side of the throne; Shangshi, "in charge of the emperor’s food and shame," puts the emperor’s special table "Ocha Bed" on the west side of the throne .
The display position of the wine utensils and the position of the Ocha Bed are both to the north of the Banquet Hall. After the emperor’s food and beverage items are set up, the relevant personnel will also be responsible for "setting up a group of officials’ wine vessels in your Royal Highness" to prepare for the pre-banquet officials to enter the banquet.
The seating distribution of the Spring and Autumn Banquet reflects the status and grace of officials in the DPRK and has very strict regulations. The front and back layout of the banquet seats is mainly based on the officials' rank and the relationship with the emperor.
Song Shenzong is a very accomplished emperor in history
Above the main hall, with the throne as the central axis, the whole banquet hall is divided into two parts:
御座之东, mostly Wenchen’s seat , the seats are placed east and west, the ranks closer to the throne have higher status, and the farther ranks have lower status, from the west of the banquet hall to the east There are six columns.
The first column is the seats of San Gong, San Shao, Zuo Fu, You Bi, Dazai, Shaozai;
The second column is the seat of the door, Zhong Shu Shi Lang, Shang Shu Zuo Cheng, "The third division of the Prince is on the right Cheng Zhinan";
The third column is the Bachelor of Special Advanced Guanwendian, the Third Prince, the Bachelor of Guanwendian, the Bachelor of Zizhengdian, Liu Cao Shangshu, Jin Zi Yin Qing Guanglu Doctor, Guanglu Doctor, Hanlin Bachelor’s Chengzhi, Hanlin Bachelor, Zizheng Duanmingdian Bachelor, and Sanqi standing attendant. Officials under the third minor are farther away from the throne. Officials under Shangshu are at the bottom of the third row;
The fourth row is in order. Kaifeng Yin, Liu Cao Shi Lang and Zhi Bachelor, Zhong Cheng "in the south of Zhi Bachelor";
The fifth column is ranked Xuanfeng, Zhengfeng, Zhengyi, Tongfeng Doctor, Da Sicheng, and Prince guest.Zhan Shi, Qi Shi Zhong, Zhong Shu Sheren, General Discussion Doctor, Left and Right Admonish Doctor, Dai Yu, Tai Zhong Doctor, Tai Chang Qing, Da Si Le and Zong Zheng Qing;
The sixth column is the conductor of Xiangdu Envoys and military commanders.
The six columns are arranged with different ranks, and their overall position is east of the throne and south of the banquet hall. In order to facilitate the staff to provide wine and delicacies during the banquet, a certain amount of space is reserved between each other's seats. Under the banquet hierarchy with the emperor as the supreme, all seats are "westward to northward", facing the emperor in front.
Song Dynasty military commander
In the west of the main hall of the royal seat, most of the military seats are arranged. stands opposite to the position of the civil servants on the east of the royal seat, both of which are slightly off the banquet hall. Of the south.
is divided into five columns: the first column is the prince and the envoy; the second column is the privy envoy and the prince, "the prince is in the south of the prince's secret"; the first in the third column is the prince, " The left and right Jinwu guards, the left and right guards, and the generals of the guards are in Jiedu to make it south"; the fourth column is the Jiedu Observation Post and the Observation Envoy; the last column is the Xiangdu Commander and the Army Capital Commander, "Defense Corps Training The governor in the army commanded him to the south." There is still a certain amount of space reserved for the front, rear, left and right of the seat, "and go east to north".
If foreign envoys participate in the Spring and Autumn Banquet, the country they belong to is different, and the number of envoys will be different accordingly: "The envoys of Daliao, Xia, Gaoli, Jiaozhou and the heads of other countries are in Que, that is, Daliao Envoys The deputy is to the south of the general, the Daliao envoys are in order, the Jiedu envoys are slightly reduced, and the deputy envoys are slightly lowered; the deputy envoys of Xia Guo are in the Nanying Hall of Dongduo Hall; the deputy envoys of Gaoli and Jiaozhou are in Xiduo Hall."
Because the rank of the generals of the generals is in the third column of the west of the throne of the main hall, the deputy of Daliao is south of the generals and is also located in the main hall. Xia Guo, Goryeo, and Jiaozhou envoys are all located on the east and west sides of Dojeon. The entourage and the leader of the country are naturally on the two corridors.
Obviously, the pre-banquet level of the Liao state envoys is higher than the envoys of Xixia, Gaoli, Jiaozhou, etc. This is also determined by the strength of the country. In addition, the Song-Liao alliance was a fraternal country, and the political courtesy of the Liao envoys of the Song Dynasty was higher than that of other countries with slightly less diplomatic relations.
Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty became the kingdom of brothers
2. Spring and Autumn Feast and Banquet Etiquette
The Spring and Autumn Feast and Banquet Etiquette are divided into hall entrance etiquette, banquet etiquette and Retirement etiquette.
进殿礼仪
On the day when the Spring and Autumn Banquet is held, after the shift is set, Yushitai is responsible for leading the servant Yushi in the temple to enter the designated position of the palace first, and supervising the entrance of the 100 officials Temple behavior is ignorant or not. After the palace attendants were in place, officials from Dongshanghemen and Yushitai led the pre-banquet civil and military officials to enter the palace in an orderly manner according to the schedule, "East and West stand opposite each other." The Dongshang Hemen officer handed the "all cards" to the attendants to inform the officials that all the officials were in place and there were no absent personnel.
Hundred officials stand, the emperor enters the Hall of Need Cloud, whip whip to show silence, a secretary reads the melodies to the emperor, the east door officer again called and led the hundred officials into the hall, "Send people and book officials together Awareness of failure".
The bureaucrats enter the hall to meet the emperor, and bow down in the prescribed order.
After the Palace of Need Yun received the courtesy and worship, the emperor moved to Jiying Hall, where the banquet was officially held. The service staff of the banquet, before the civil and military ministers met the monarch, took the lead to enter the hall in an orderly manner and gave the monarch salute.
After the banquet service staff were in place, the people "divided into the group officials to go northward" and entered the class one by one. The history books have quite detailed records:
"San Gong, San Shao, Zuo Fu, You Bi, Dazai , Shaozai is in the south and east of the temple, and the servants of the middle school minister and Shangshu are in the south. The second special advance, the second Cao Shangshu to Doctor Guanglu, the sixth Cao Shilang Kaifeng Yin to Da Sicheng Kaifeng Fu Yin Shaokong, from Taichangqing to Zhongdafu, from Qiqisiqing to Zhongsan doctor, from Qiqisi from Shaoqing to Fengzhi doctor, from the left and right staff member Wailang to Chaofeng doctor, and from the sixth Cao to doctor Fengzhi, From the left and right Siyuan Wailang to Chaofeng doctor, the sixth Cao Zhusiyuan Wailang to Chao Fenglang, Taichang Cheng to Chengyilang, Cikaifeng Prefecture prefect to Fengyilang, Citai History Bureau to Tongzhilang, and to the south ."
宋代宴
宴喝礼仪
The Dongshanghemen official gave a salute to the monarch, and the head of the pre-banquet official came out, bowed to the ground, bowed and gave a congratulatory speech. After the speech, he bowed down again, stood up and returned to the train. Afterwards, "the officials will worship again, dance with the wats, and worship again, praise each in place, and worship again."
After the ceremony, the family members led the group officials to the hall: above the main hall, a hundred officials were at the table. Standing opposite each other in front; above the Duodian and the two corridors, officials stand behind the table. If there is a Liao ambassador, the Sheren is responsible for spreading and guiding the Liao Dynasty relics to enter the temple, and perform big rituals, "Pan each seat, praise and worship, praise and seat", and introduce the west corridor.
Sheren’s attendant “leads people to divide into one another, prays four times for living, thanks for their seats, and shares with the relics.” The Jiaofang asked the following officials to bow to the emperor. Worship." The servant enters the imperial tea bed, and the temple serves the wine, that is, the wine is sacrificed, and the line is finished, and the magistrate outside the Tianwumen is praised. The officer of Dongshang Hemen walked respectfully to the throne, bowed to his body, and officials below the head of the class made a toast to the emperor in turn.
The official toast to the emperor officially began. Sheren "divided into the hall and his ministers went northward" and bowed down and worshiped. Under the guidance of the servant, the head of the class made a toast to the emperor first, thinking that hundreds of officials set an example, and the officials toasted in turn.
as the representative of the hundred officials toast to the emperor, the entire toasting etiquette procedure was completed under the reception of the Dongshang Hemen official, the infusion of the wine from the palace supervisor and the re-quotation of the sheren. After the class leader toasts and before the emperor drinks, the Jiaofang will play music to help the fun. As a reward for the toast, the monarch will reward the hundred officials for drinking, and the hundred officials will stand back at their seats after thanking them, and wait for the emperor's approval before they can sit down at the banquet.
The spring and autumn feast line system is divided into nine, marked by the intermittent drinking during the banquet, first five, then four .
The spring and autumn banquet is divided into nine, marked by the intermittent drink during the banquet.
A different music and dance repertoire will be played every time you go to wine. Whenever the monarch raises wine, the ministers must stand respectfully after their respective seats, and only after they have announced their seats can they be seated. They drink in the order of "first ministers, second hundred officials".
The first two trips of wine, only drinking but not eating, is the preheating stage of the big banquet. For the third wine, the monarch began to reward his officials with food, and the formal combination of drinking and food was the real beginning of the banquet in a certain sense.
For the fourth wine trip, Le work came forward to give a speech. For the fifth wine trip, the dance team appeared and delivered speeches, and the banquet entered its climax. A moderate rest for the next half an hour will not only allow the officials to sober up and tidy up their appearance to prevent loss of appearance, but also give the monarchs and ministers a certain rest time so that they can have more energy and physical strength to cope with the banquet in the second half. , So as to avoid exhaustion and excessive fatigue.
The four wine trips after the break are still the previous drinking program. After the ceremony, the banquet enters the finishing-off stage. For the music and dance performers in the banquet, the emperor may give a reward as appropriate: "The teaching workshop has been laid down, and the gift of more than 2,400 silks, 100 colorful horses, more than 770 kuan, brocade end, silver bowl 35 Mouth," are given in accordance with the practice of the Spring and Autumn Banquet.
The food presented at the Spring and Autumn Banquet will be provided from the third cup, and the food will be provided one by one according to the order of drinking cups. The meals served for the third to fifth banquet, according to "Wenchang Miscellaneous Records", are: Qunguan bones, Suofen, white meat paste cake, Qunxianzhi, small flower cake, Taiping biluo, dry rice, Roasted meat soup, sugar oil cake, the food presented after the mid-drinking interval is: fake round fish, milf snacks, meat minced meat, chopped lamb, roasted golden intestines, steamed buns, belly soup, water rice, and rice.
During the Spring and Autumn Banquet, Jiaofang artists respectfully sang praises before the performance, in order to praise the prosperity of the balance under the rule of the emperor, that is, Jiaofang "message". Jiaofang odes are publicly chanted in front of the monarch in official banquet activities, and their verses are extremely demanding. They were written by the Hanlin writers who were famous for their literary talents.
Ming Yang Shen once talked about this: "Song dynasty imperial inner banquet, Hanyuan wrote a speech, eighth section wrote a post, although Ou, Su, Zeng, Wang, Sima, Fan Zhen are all." can be seen. Jiaofang's speech is strict. Take Su Shi's Jiyingdian Spring Banquet Jiaofang Ci as an example to get a glimpse of Jiaofang Ci in Song DynastyThe strange style.
Jiaofang’s speech focuses on boasting of the prosperity of harmony under the emperor’s rule, to win the joy of the monarch and the joy of the ministers, and to render the harmonious entertainment atmosphere for the smooth progress of the banquet and the friendly development of the banquet performance.
教坊女
retirement etiquette
After the ninth wine trip, the in-house waiter removed the tea bed, and the Sheren led officials below the head of the class to downgrade Kneel down and worship again, and then go out in groups. If the Daliao people retired, the Daliao relics would retreat first, followed by their followers, all descended to their ranks and bowed and retreated from the west.
Whether it's "Rising West Corridor" or "Exiting Westward", it is the etiquette of the ancients that the host meets the west and the host welcomes the guests in the east, and the guests log in to the west. The traditional procedure of withdrawal etiquette reflects that although the Chinese ritual and music system has undergone thousands of years of development and changes, its cultural connotations are in the same line. The essence of traditional etiquette culture was inherited and carried forward in the Song Dynasty, which is a manifestation of the progress of human history and the improvement of civilization.
春秋大宴笏记
The end of the banquet does not mean the end of the banquet etiquette, as the most important part of the grateful grace in the banquet has not been staged. After the ministers retired from the banquet, their inner excitement had not faded, and they all sighed about the wonderful experience of being honored with the Holy Lord. Feeling this, they often wrote the long and short spring banquets or autumn banquets with a few splashes of ink to praise the Holy Well, it is expected to be passed on to later generations.
Playing after the Song People's Banquet
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