The wisdom of the ancient people in our country is extraordinary. 蹴j was created as a great sport, which enriched the daily life of the ancient people in our country. Cuju originated in the Warring States Period, developed in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and formed a peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but declined in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1. The origin and development of Cuju
1. Originated in the Warring States Period
According to Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty in China, it was recorded in his book "Bielu" ： "Cuju people, rumored to be made by Huangdi." However, in the period of Huangdi, there is no relevant document to prove it. Moreover, the ancients believed that the Yellow Emperor was the ancestor of the Chinese nation, and because of 人民夫人, he often attributed the origin of some unclear things to him. And in "Zhan Guo Ce Qi Ce" it is recorded: "Linzi is very rich and real, and its people are all blowing poles, drums, playing piano, building, cockfighting, running dogs, Liu Bo, kicking the ball.". In this view, in the Warring States period of Qi, Cuju had already appeared in Linzi.
Similarly, it is recorded in "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes": "The Taihuang moved to Chang'an and lived in the deep palace, feeling sad and unhappy. Gaozu robbed him of his problems from left and right, and used his life. Well, all butchery teenagers, cool wine, selling cakes, cockfighting, and Cuju. They use this as a joy, but there is no such thing today, so they are not happy. Gao Zu is Xinfeng.” Here is Liu Bang’s father when he was young Has played Cuju with neighbors. It can be seen that Cuju already existed in people during the Warring States Period.
At that time, Cuju mainly emerged from working people. It can be seen that there is Cuju in the daily life of Linzi people recorded in "Warring States Policy · Qi Ce". The Warring States Period was the transition period from slave society to feudal society in my country. The widespread use of iron products and the promotion of cattle farming techniques promoted the division of mental and physical labor and the rise of the gentry class. At the same time, due to the weakness of the Zhou royal family, the princes stood side by side, so at that time, the magi were recruited and the martial arts prevailed. Therefore, during the Warring States Period, Cuju also had a strong military characteristic of .
In the Warring States period, military wars were frequent , so the princes also paid attention to the growth of military power while developing the economy. Therefore, in addition to daily farming, the common people also participate in military training in their free time. Liu Xiang’s record in "Bielu": "Cuju is a military force, so you can practice warriors and know how to be talented. They are all taught and practiced because of play." It can be seen that the people of Qi are in the Cuju movement It has not only the nature of entertainment, but also the military purpose of 保护国家.
2. Development in the Qin and Han dynasties
my country’s ancient Cuju entered the development stage in the Qin and Han dynasties after the emergence of 战国期. However, after the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, in order to consolidate the country and resist the intrusion of northern nomadic folklore, labor from all over the country was used to build the Great Wall, and the ruling class also built palaces to satisfy their own pleasure. Therefore, in the Qin Dynasty, people were displaced, and Cuju also can't talk about . Cuju was mainly developed in the Han Dynasty.
In 206 AD, Liu Bang won the world and established the Han Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, due to years of wars, the population decreased and productivity also decreased, so the country was relatively poor. And the ruling class learned the lesson of 秦王朝揭灭, adopted rest with the people, and vigorously developed the economy. A compromise method was chosen for the war in the north. After decades of recuperation under the "Regime of Wenjing", the Han gradually became stronger. Therefore, during the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wei Qing and others attacked the Huns. Expansion and Zhang Qian's envoy to the Western Regions, "古丝路" opened, promoted the economic development of the Han Dynasty and laid a solid foundation for the development of sports culture.
Cuju reached the Han Dynasty, and the main body of activities was further expanded. Not only did the working people at that time like it, but alsoThe floor is also Cuju乐此不FAT .
The rulers of the Han Dynasty regarded Cuju as an image of 治国习武, so Cuju was highly respected among the upper class. According to "Panqi Xujing" : "The Emperor Wu of the Xihan Dynasty leveled the Western Regions, and was able to show off his convenient jumps. The emperor did it well." And there were many ways of Cuju in the Han Dynasty, and Detailed competition rules and professional cuju books appeared. Also in the military, Cuju also exists as a training program. In the Han Dynasty, the Huns occupied the north for a long time, so each generation of emperors paid attention to military development. Cuju was effective in training soldiers' strength, speed, endurance and sensitivity, so Cuju was often used as a means of training soldiers in the army.
2. The prevalence and decline of Cuju
During the Western Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, our country was in the era of turbulent split . During the period of more than three hundred years, the lives and property of the people met To the threat, the development of Cuju stalled. With the development of history, in the Tang and Song dynasties, both in the diversity of content and form of Cuju, or in the main body of activities, prosperity of weather appeared.
1, the prevalence of the Tang and Song dynasties
The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the development of my country's feudal society, and it was politically tolerant and open, and acclaimed. Economically prosperous. Among them, the surrounding foreign nations have sent envoys and officials to Chang'an to study and inspect. During the period, dance, religion, art, architecture and sports activities of other ethnic groups spread to China, and our country's Cuju and Go also spread to Japan, North Korea and other countries.
The main subjects of Cuju in the Tang Dynasty were spread across all social strata. went up to the court and down to the people . For example, Li Bai once described in "Fifty-six Ancient Poems": " Fighting Chicken Golden Palace, minus Juyao Taibian .". However, due to the rise of polo in the Tang Dynasty, Cuju fell to a secondary position in the army, but Cuju also developed in the army. For example, Wei Yingwu wrote in "The North Building After Cold Food": "Hearing the drums from afar reduces the music of Jujun." In the Tang Dynasty, the appearance of Cuju, a single-goal performance, increased Cuju’s skill and entertainment , and at the same time reduced Cuju’s competitiveness.
And the Song Dynasty emphasized the rule of culture in the early stage of its establishment. Among them, the "equal land system" and the feudal small peasant economy began to collapse, and a large number of working people came to the city, which promoted the further prosperity of the commercial economy. In addition, the abolition of junction system in the Song Dynasty broke the previous pattern. There were many shops in the city and merchants all night long, which promoted the development of the commodity economy and the expansion of the city. As the urban population increases, the demand for entertainment consumption has increased. Therefore, the washers are everywhere, and the development of sports shows a good development trend of .
Cuju arrived in the Song Dynasty, although the main body of activity was still Upper and Lower Class , but due to the development of the city economy and the rise of 民经济, Cuju was widely spread among the people.宋朝的皇帝宋太宗赵匡胤 is especially fond of Cuju. It is recorded in "Song History·Taizong Benji": "March Wuzi, Hui Prince, Prime Minister, Huaihai King and Congchen City Ju Daming Hall." As the emperor. Zhao Kuangyin likes Cuju, which shows the popularity of Cuju among the people.
In the Song Dynasty 民蹴菊, there were special organizations, such as "Qiyunshe" and "Yuanshe". In addition, professional Cuju people have appeared, and the athletes' technical level will be evaluated every year. However, due to the rise of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, the social "重文轻武" thought began to develop, so that Cuju changed from competitive to entertaining and skillful.
2, the decline in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
Cuju reached the Yuan Dynasty, MongolianThe advent of the rule of the Communist Party of China and the further development of the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Zhu, made the 蹴活动 popular among the people of Central Plains the phenomenon of 可湯. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Cuju gradually became a pastime for idlers such as 青楼女子. Sometimes it was associated with gambling, so it was widely resisted by the people at that time. Coupled with the rise of other sports activities, Cuju further shrank and disappeared from the people's sight in the Qing Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolians who lived in the north for a long time dominated the whole country. Due to the nomadic people’s Social Custom different from the Central Plains, they lived in the north for a long time and liked horse riding, archery, wrestling and other sports project. Although there was a shadow of Cuju in the Yuan Dynasty, it has lost its prosperity.
The main body of Cuju activities in the Yuan Dynasty declined sharply. The ruler of the Yuan Dynasty was the Mongolian, so Cuju was no longer valued by the ruling class. Coupled with the cancellation of the imperial examinations, the main body of Cuju activities at that time was downright Intellectuals and brothel women. The loss of the mass base caused Cuju to weaken.
In the Ming Dynasty, the ruling class continued to strengthen centralization politically, and there were large spy agencies in the society. In the cultural aspect, Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism was so vigorously admired that later eunuchs came to power, social 文微之风 prevailed, the development of sports was severely affected, and Cuju was further weakened.
Although there were still Cuju figures in the Ming Dynasty, they were mainly among the idlers. and mainly for entertainment, no longer care about winning or losing, and the rules of the game lose meaning. In the Cuju of the Ming Dynasty, the goal has disappeared, mainly in the form of white play, and the largest number of Cuju is three persons. Cuju in the society is mainly for entertainment and is linked with gambling. is recorded in "Ming Tongjian": "Every time you go to a teacher, regardless of the military, you will bring eaves and pu, dunju, and have a feast for women."
In the Ming Dynasty, the court cancelled the Cuju performance at the banquet, and Cuju is strictly forbidden in the army. Cuju had already been in contact with the wrongdoing at that time.
Cuju developed to the Qing dynasty, and the fixed form of is no longer there. Occasionally appearing in the society is the people's miscellaneous kicking entertainment. It is understood from the literature that Cuju in the Qing Dynasty has become a children's 娱乐玩具, so it was rarely developed in the society at that time. The ruler of the Qing Dynasty was a Manchu. Cuju was used in skating and invented "冰上蹴聚". Although you can see the shadow of Cuju, it can't restore the ending of Cuju's decline.
III. Summary
Ancient Cuju in our country went through different dynasties from its birth, development to decline, and finally fell silent. Its rise is the specific historical period of the society at that time, and a series of factors such as social politics, economy, culture , etc. are closely linked together. The same is true for its decline. Due to the constant changes of external factors, during the evolution of Cuju, the main body of activity shrinks, its form decreases, and its own function decreases, and finally it declines.
References:
1, "Not recorded"
2, "Xijing Miscellaneous"
3, "Warring States Policy" · Qi Ce"
4, "Play Chess Preface"
5, "Ming Tong Jian"
