The Treaty of Nerchinsk-the first collision between the two giants of China and Russia

The eastern section of the national boundary between China and Russia

The Nerchinsk Treaty ("Nerchinsk Boundary Treaty") is signed between 大清帝国 and Russia帝国的 First boundary treaty .

On August 22, 1689, Qing and Russia started talks in Nerchinsk. Important members of the Qing dynasty mission include the Minister of the Guardsman Suo'etu, and Tong Guogang of the capital, etc. The Russian mission is led by the former imperial minister Golovin and Governor of Ilatomsk Vlasov.

Sino-Russian negotiation scene

September 7, 1689 (July 14, the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi), the envoy of the Qing government 索数图 and Envoy of the Russian Empire 戈洛文 signed the Sino-Russian "Nerchinsky Treaty" in Nerchinsk (now Nerchensk, Russia).

特 The terms of the agreement are as follows:

①From the Geerbiqi River, a tributary of Heilongjiang, to the Waixing'an Mountains and the sea, Lingnan belongs to China and Lingbei belongs to Russia. The west is bounded by the Ergun River, the south belongs to China, and the north belongs to Russia. The houses at the mouth of the Heililik River on the south bank of the Ergun River should have been moved to the north bank.

② Yaksa place belongs to China , Yaksa city was demolished, and the Russians moved back to Russia. The Orion of the two countries shall not cross the border without authorization, otherwise they shall be arrested and questioned. If a dozen or more people cross the border collectively, they must report to the emperors of the two countries and be sentenced to death.

③This agreement stipulates all things before and will never give up. Since the day when the two countries have been set forever, there have been fugitives afterwards, and they will not accept them, and they will be sent back by the armed forces.

④ The diasporas of both sides in the other country "heard as they did before."

⑤If the two countries have a document (passport) for the exchange, allows border trade .

⑥ Reconciliation has been set, and the two countries 永敦沐谊, all disputes on the border will be abolished forever. If each party strictly observes the agreement, disputes will not arise.

July 24th, the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi

The treaty has three versions of Manchu, Russian, and Latin, and the Latin version shall prevail, and 勒石立榜. The inscription is carved in five languages: Manchu, Chinese, Russian, Mongolian and Latin.

Silhouette of the Chinese version of the Treaty of Nerchinsk

The Treaty of Nerchinsk was backed by force by the Qing dynasty, through Peaceful Negotiations , clear with Tsarist Russia The border between the two countries is closed, so it is known as the first equal treaty in modern Chinese history. The treaty demarcates the eastern border of China and Russia, legally establishing that the Heilongjiang and Ussuri river basins, including 库页岛, still belong to Chinese territory.

The Threat Day of the Zhungeer Department

However, due to the Qing Dynasty’s eagerness to quell Zhungel’s rebellion , and the lack of strength of negotiators, the Qing Dynasty finally gave up the Waixingan Mountains, Lake Baikal, and large areas of Siberia. Therefore, for China, it is also the first Lost Land Treaty in modern times.

However, the Russia of Aggressive has never given up its ambition to invade and occupy the Heilongjiang area. Soon after the Sino-Russian "Nerchinsky Treaty" was signed, Tsar Peter I shouted: "Russia must occupy the mouth of the Neva, Don and Heilongjiang." The Russian Empress Catherine II openly wanted to seize Heilongjiang as Russia. The center of Far East policy", after Tsar Nicholas I came to power, he vowed to "realize the will of his great grandfather and grandmother." Under the will of the Tsar, the clamor of "recovering the Heilongjiang" in the Russian military and political circles is increasing day by day.

Three unequal land-loss treaties

The Treaty of Aihui in 1858 and the Treaty of Beijing in 1860 replaced this treaty, establishing the modern border between Russia and China .

The 1999 Sino-Russian Boundary Protocol, the 2007 Sino-Russian Friendship Treaty, and the 2008 Supplementary Narrative Protocol on the Eastern Part of the Sino-Russian Boundary Line and its Drawings marked the full survey of the 4,300-kilometer Sino-Russian border Finished, China and Russia no longer have territorial disputes .

Cossacks uniform photo

Cossacks (that is, "自由人" in Turkic) is known for heroic warrior . After the October Revolution, a minority of the Cossacks joined the Bolshevik government's Soviet Red Army, and most of them joined the anti-government White Army.

Russian three Peasant uprising The main force is Cossacks. The Cossack cavalry attacked Europe in turn with its fast speed, strong mobility, great lethality, and bravery. European countries often recruit Cossacks as Mercenary .

苏波战During the period of

苏波战, American pilots who once overlooked this unit in the air had this description: "The cavalry has eight men and eight horses in each row. Wearing a black cloak, they carried their rifles cross-body on their backs, and they hung sabers around their waists. They marched forward in the dust. Tens of thousands of horses galloped horizontally and tens of thousands of knives staggered. This scene was extremely shocking and became a cavalry battle. The most majestic scene in history".

Attacking the Siberian Khanate

Adventurer of the Eastern Expansion of Tsarist Russia :

In 1581, Yermak was in Strroganov family 0d9ed With the support of#和Moscow, he led a 840-man team composed of Cossacks and prisoners of war and began the conquest of 斯iberia’s khanate . Victory was achieved with sophisticated weapons and tight organization.

The Cossacks, as the pioneers of the Czar’s expansion, were the first to come to Buryatia. They carried out unscrupulous looting and plundering of Buryats, especially the furs of precious beavers, arctic foxes and black mink. In less than 40 years, the aboriginal people on the Lena River had shrunk by 70%, so crazy that the Czar himself could not bear to look directly at them, and he quickly issued strict orders to restrain their behavior. But the lives of Buryats have not improved, because a large number of Tsarist immigrants have come again, competing with them for land and pasture, and various resources under the sun.

In 1613, the Czar succeeded in gaining the loyalty of Yai Cossack by buying. The Caucasus Cossacks also chose to succumb due to the pressure of survival.

1636 (Nine years of Ming Chongzhen; ten years of later Jin Tiancong; first year of Chongde of Qing Dynasty) Russians arrived at the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and conquered the entire territory of Siberia. This area became colony of the Russians.

In 1649, another Cossack adventurer 哈罗巴夫 arrived in Heilongjiang,The following year, his subordinates massacred 达ur人 and established a stronghold-Albazin. After being discovered and destroyed by the Qing army, the adventurers retreated to the Nerchinsk area. When the Qing army retreated, they returned to Heilongjiang to rebuild the fortress.

Fight against Tsarist Russia’s aggression

In 1652 (the ninth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), the Russians moved east to Heilongjiang, "garrison in Ninggu Tower (now Hailin County, Heilongjiang Province), Zhang Jinghai rate The troops hit it, and the battle was at 乌扎拉村". This is the first battle between China and Russia .

In 1657 (the fourteenth year of Shunzhi), the Russian Empire sent a regular army to establish 雅克萨城与尼布楚城 at the confluence of the Nibuchu River and the Shileka River. Since then, there have been many diplomatic and military conflicts between China and Russia.

The Battle of Yaksa

After the Qing Emperor Kangxi put down the "San Francisco Rebellion" in 1685, he sent general 朋春 May 22, starting from Aihui. Thousands of people attacked Yaksa on May 25. Then the Qing army withdrew and the Russian army made a comeback.

Schematic diagram of the siege of the Qing army

The Cossacks who were unwilling to fail in 1686 sneaked back. After being discovered, the Qing army besieged the Cossacks, and their leader 托尔布津 was shot dead . The Russian army suffered heavy casualties. A year later the Cossacks surrendered again. In November, the Qing government declared an unconditional ceasefire and ceased the siege in order to show its sincerity in negotiations.

The Battle of Yaxa

The two battles of Yaxa

After the defeated Cossacks in 1689 and the Qing Dynasty signed a treaty, they were not discouraged. Frustrated and continued to advance eastward, looting the local native tribes, and surveying land hydrology. Arrive at Kamchatka Peninsula , build fortresses and commercial stations on the Pacific coast. These people burned down villages, killed people, robbed food and mink skins.

1690年清General 巴海曾领兵巡视 Outer Hinggan Mountains and the area south of the Lena River , and to 雅库茨克, see you at the center of Russian Eastern Siberia Gorovin (Russian representative of the Treaty of Nerchinsk), face to face to inform him that Lenahe and Wudihe area are the land of the Qing Dynasty. Don’t harass. In the twenty to thirty years after the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the Russians were cautious in this area. At the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, the map of Tatar drawn by the Belgian Thomas showed that the Lena River and the southern branch of the Xing'an Mountains extend east to the sea. The region is listed as undecided.

In 1693, Russia sent an envoy to Beijing to visit to request the commerce . Because of its envoy line 三拜九叩礼, Emperor Kangxi was very pleased and authorized Russia to build the Russian Pavilion at Beijing. ", 200 caravans can be sent to Beijing to stay for 80 days every three years, and other countries are not eligible for this treatment.

1741年，SwedishVitus Bering was ordered by Peter the Great to explore the Far East, crossed the Bering Strait and discovered Alaska, sparking a frantic Colonial America passion, hunting sea otters is almost extinct .

The adventures of the Cossacks brought great rewards to Tsarist Russia, but the expansion of the territory of the Cossacks was not appreciated by the Tsar, but was guarded everywhere. The local government documents of Tsarist Russia against the Cossacks included murder, theft, plunder and destruction. Border order. There were also harboring fugitive serfs. The Czarist nobles both used and guarded against the Cossacks, so the later Cossacks were basically reduced to the cannon fodder of the Czarist expansion war and the sword tool in the hands of the nobles.

Reasons for Sino-Russian negotiations:

China’s internal worries

For China :

Expansion of the Zhungeer Ministry

1. Kangxi took advantage of peace talks to disintegrate the domestic rebel forces, because at that time the Qing Dynasty was erupting in the Galdan rebellion. In Kangxi’s eyes, Tsarist Russia belonged to a small group of minorities. Trouble, and Galdan is the real ingrown elbow and armpit. To fight the outside must first An Nei , so in order to avoid 两线战, Kangxi decided to give in to Tsarist Russia in exchange for Tsarist Russia to give up support for Galdan.

2. The area invaded by the Cossacks was not actually controlled by the Qing government. It was a place of fetters of the Central Plains dynasty. It was mainly 贡赐贸易. The income of the Qing Dynasty was very small and there was no skin pain

3 The rulers of the Qing Dynasty at that time did not have the current concept of sovereignty over territory. It is located north of the Great Wall, with a cold climate and sparse population. It has been 不毛之地 for thousands of years. The cost is greater than the harvest, and the input is greater than the output, so the Central Plains Dynasty is generally not interested. In addition, in order to curb the Tsarist Russia's further invasion of the Longxing Land in the northeast, national boundaries must be determined.

4. At that time, there were hundreds of thousands of Turgut Mongols in Tsarist Russia, which was a potential source of troops and population for the Qing Dynasty. Belongs to "hostages".

For Tsarist Russia:

Tsarist Russia continues to expand eastward

1. At that time, Tsarist Russia was at war with Turkey, and is still in Europe.

2. The Far East is 5000 kilometers away from the European mainland. The number of Cossack adventurers is small, and the logistics support is not timely. National power cannot be projected.

3. Most of the Far East area belongs to the Chinese prison area. The local tribes only recognize the Central Plains dynasty. 异教徒 Cossacks with blue eyes and white skin are wary. Most of them believed in Buddhism and the Cossacks wantonly plundering caused constant resistance in the local area.

4. The failure of the Sino-Russian war is at a disadvantage and the fear of China's declaration of war will cause 两线战. And he was in awe of Daqing, who had just entered the customs, who was still on the rise.

The Jesuit missionaries leaked secrets

June 13, 1689, the mission led by 索额图 departed from the capital, and arrived in Nigeria more than a month later. Buchu. However, among the diplomatic negotiating missions dispatched for the first time in the history of the Chinese empire, the most striking thing is not the high-ranking negotiator Suo Etu, but two Westerners with high noses and blue eyes -- Portugal People Thomas Pereira (Chinese name Xu Risheng) and French Joan Franciscus Gerbillon (Chinese name Zhang Cheng).

Xu Risheng and Zhang Cheng share the same identity as a missionary sent to China by Jesus会. Xu Risheng, who entered Beijing in 1673, worked for 钦天控 because he was proficient in astronomy; Zhang Cheng, who came to China later, was good at mathematics, and became the Emperor Kangxi’s 宫廷老师. With their profound knowledge of natural science, the two soon became the Emperor's close minister of Kangxi . (Because neither China nor Russia can translate each other’s language, they had to negotiate in Latin, and the treaty shall be based on Latin. So the missionaries from the ministers of "深得婚纱心" entered the Chinese negotiating team as interpreters).

China and Russia put forward a comparison of plans

In the Sino-Russian negotiations, due to the disclosure of secrets by the translators and missionaries, the Russian side had no fear and occupied a favorable position in the negotiations. At the same time, the missionaries coaxed the Chinese negotiator Suo Etu and his party to take the credit. It's a shameless one. Caused huge irreparable loss to China, is not my race, his heart must be different , the ancients are sincere and not deceived.

The wonders of the international treaty world

"Nerchinsky Treaty" hasManchu text, Russian text and Latin text. Among them, latin text is the authoritative text signed by representatives of China and Russia. Since only Xu Risheng and Zhang Cheng in the Chinese mission understood Latin, they took the opportunity to put some "private goods" in the Latin text in favor of Russia. In the Manchu text of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the title of tsar has only six characters, "Russian Chahan Khan", which is the opposite of "Chinese Emperor". However, under their "smart hands", the title of the tsar has expanded tenfold in the Latin text, with more than 60 characters in Chinese translation, including "hereditary kings and lords of many territories in the east, west and north". Such shameless and arrogant words, and the corresponding title of the Qing emperor still only has the five characters "The Great Emperor of China". This seems to make the tsar's position higher than the Qing emperor.

Historical significance:

Positive aspect : This treaty is in the form of a treaty between modern sovereign states, from 法上 to determine the South of Waixing’anling, Heilongjiang, The vast areas of the Ussuri River basin, including Sakhalin Island, are all Chinese territory, and China enjoys full sovereignty over it. (Rather than the ancient superficial sphere of influence division , it is the territorial sovereignty protected by international law and international conventions).

Objectively, the eastern expansion of Tsarist Russia was stopped within a certain period of time. For the first time in the history of China, we stand on the international stage as modern sovereign state"China". According to this treaty, Russia's conspiracy to occupy the Heilongjiang River Basin completely went bankrupt, but established trade relations with the Qing Empire. After the signing of the treaty, the eastern border area between China and Russia was relatively stable, the two peoples exchanged peacefully, and trade developed greatly. Provided jurisprudence for later China to deal with Sino-Russian border dispute , especially the issue of the ownership of Outer Northeast and Sakhalin

negative aspect: The two parties signed under the condition of 信息asymmetric . The Chinese side did not know the dispute between the other side and Turkey, but was forced to coerce the Junggar issue and the Turghut and Burundi issues in Tsarist Russia. The hostage issue of Riyat and other Mongolians. The vast land from the Lena River to the east of Lake Baikal does not actually belong to Russia, but the signing of this treaty stipulates the ownership of these lands in the form of law. It is the product of 无principle surrender made by the Chinese side, which caused major national losses. The world political landscape has changed drastically. Up to now, not only has it never been discussed again, but it will never be discussed again. Therefore, the Sino-Russian Nibuchu Treaty is a land-loss treaty.

for later China to fight for the rights of the Arctic Ocean, Lake Baikal, Siberia lost its legal basis. At the same time, with the decline of the Qing Dynasty, China's northern territories continued to be lost, and China finally lost 日本海的出海口.

The Nerchinsk Treaty caused the Qing Dynasty to lose 10 million square kilometers of land in Siberia. Since then, the Arctic Ocean and the entire Siberia have been lost. Kangxi signed the "Nerchinsk Treaty" to save only a small part of the land south of the Outer Hinggan Mountains. The Emperor Kangxi obtained 雅克萨大捷. He has already won military victory. There is no need to sign the unequal Treaty of Nerchinsk. He lost 10 million land and lost his power and insulted the country without knowing it. Perhaps the emperor of the Qing Dynasty was sitting in a well and watching the sky. Being able to look forward and foresight is caused by 史限性 thinking.

This treaty divides Russia and China with Waixing'anling and Ergun River , but it does not determine the ownership of the area between Waixing'anling and Udi River, leaving a disaster.

Disputes between the two parties : Later generations of China and Russia both believed that this treaty was unequal and suffered a great loss.

The Russian side believes that the signing treaty was forced to sign Humiliation Treaty after the Qing army defeated the Cossack adventurers. I think the later "Beijing Treaty" and "Aihui Treaty" are reasonable. This shows that the greedy faces of the Tsarist aggressors are unsatisfied when they take advantage of them. In addition, they believe that the north of China’s outer northeast belongs to 无主地, HezhongThe country has nothing to do. The area to be discussed is the South Branch of Waixinganling.

Outer Xing’an Lingnan Branch pending area

while China believes that signed the treaty without knowing the rules of 国际法, and was taken by two Jesuits. The missionary ghost betrayed the bottom line, the negotiator did not know the negotiation skills, did not know the enemy, and assigned the traditional Hanhai (白加尔湖) to the other side. In addition, China's concept is that the whole world is not the king's land, and the land is not the king's court. There is no such thing as an ownerless land. The area to be discussed is the area including the Kamchatka Peninsula, Chukchi Peninsula, and Bering Strait in the northern branch of the Waixing'an Mountains.

Is the Treaty of Nerchinsk equal? (Multiple choice)