Chinese culture has a long history. The ancients created today's traditional festivals with myths, legends, ignorance and righteousness, such as Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and New Year's Eve. These traditional festivals, which are carved into the bones of the people, also contain the romantic feelings of the ancients. . Now it’s the end of the year again, after New Year’s Eve, it’s the Spring Festival-another year.
But probably people will soon be immersed in the festive atmosphere and forget the sadness. The Spring Festival is a very solemn festival, to worship ancestors. There is a large population on the southwest land. I don’t know if you have any doubts when you see that it comes from "Huguang fills Sichuan" on the genealogy.
When I was young, I heard the old people say that Sichuanese are gone. At that time, I was proud to refute that there were many people in Sichuan, including Mianzhu and Chengdu. After contacting historical materials, I learned that what the old people said is really good-there are really not many native Sichuanese who are actually passed down in the world, even if there are still.
Ouyang Zhi, the director of the military department of Nanming, wrote in his book "Ouyang's Suicide Note": "The world has not been chaos before the Shu, and the world has been set for Shu." At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, due to wars, droughts, famines, pandemics, and many other reasons, the population of Sichuan declined sharply. Historically, "droughts, famines, and epidemics, people eat each other, and one in 10,000 survives." , "The people of Shu suffered terrible misfortunes, with all their deaths and injuries, and one or two thousands of them." It means "Tu Shu", also known as entering Sichuan, Tuchuan, or Shu disaster.
Let us look through the records of people at that time and see how the tragic massacre happened that year.
Zhang Xianzhong Statue
In the middle of the seventeenth century, Zhang Xianzhong entered Shu and established the Daxi regime with the reign of Dashun, realizing separatist regime. In the early days of the Daxi regime, although the methods were tough, the military discipline was acceptable. Later, due to strong resistance from Ming Dynasty forces in various parts of Sichuan, Zhang Xianzhong decided to kill and retaliate.
In July of the second year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1645), Zhang Xianzhong's minister Wang Zhaolin offered advice to Tu Shu. The Book of Shu by Gu Shanzhen, a survivor of the Ming Dynasty, recorded that Zhang Xianzhong had no intention of slaughtering Shu. After Wang Zhaoling suggested, he decided to adopt a scorched earth policy to slaughter the residents of Chengdu. Wang Zhaolin said, "The people of Shu are fierce and rebellious. It is the people of Shu who bear the emperor, and the non-emperor also bears the people of Shu." "According to the ignorance of the minister, it is impossible to kill the people in the city without distinction of good and inferior old and young." Wang Zhaolin went on to offer advice: "Set a reward: Anyone who chops more than two hundred pairs of men's hands will be added to the ranks, and officials will advance to the first level. Those who chop more than 400 pairs of women's hands will also be rewarded according to the forefront; young children are not considered meritorious. The number of people is added with the crime of betrayal and two hearts. For example, if the house and rice are not burnt, the punishment is the same as before. In this way, the whole Sichuan will be turned into a red land, and the indigenous people will not be able to gather together. That is, don't have people who covet this place and witness the wild smoke The creeping grass cannot stay for a long time. When the emperor goes away, the ministers and other generals have no nostalgia'." "The Book of Shu" records "the great joy of offering loyalty: &x27; Qingzhen is loyal to the minister. This plan is very good."
Zhang Xianzhong agreed to this strategy. The next day, the city of Chengdu was slaughtered by Zhang Xianzhong’s tribe, who first killed men and then forced women to throw into the river. The deaths are hard to count. According to the Chronicles, the deceased were "no less than four or five million", but there was no change. Many credible historical materials support this view. Later, some people under Zhang Xianzhong suggested to attract squires, scholars, doctors, monks, and various miscellaneous streams to Chengdu in the name of "special sciences", and "gather and annihilate them." This time there were tens of thousands of people killed. people.
On the first month of the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646 AD), Zhang Xianzhong ordered the massacre of Sichuan soldiers in the army, and those under 14 years old were spared. In the first half of that year, Zhang Xianzhong sent troops to divide the 32 prefectures and counties under the Chengdu government. Set the rules: For every person killed, cut two palms, cut two ears, and one nose to get the same result; women have four hands and six pairs of children. It was not until May that all the killing troops from all over the country returned to Chengdu. In order to reward them, the killing troops often claimed that they had killed tens of millions of people. "The Book of Shu" records: "The killing of the people is limited to March to return to life. It is hoped that we will wait for the starry night to slaughter four or five cities, or seven or eight cities every day; but on the day of ten days, all 36 states and counties have been slaughtered. In each city, the number of registered permanent residents is more than tens of millions, and the lesser is also millions." The Chronicle records: "The killings began on the 16th of the first month, and they will return to Chengdu in May to check the number of merits. There are no less than a thousand men and women. Ten thousand.”
In the spring of the same year, Zhang Xianzhong was defeated at the mouth of the Pengshan River and the tortoise shrank to Chengdu. In May of the same year, Zeng Ying’s army was crushed by the Ming’s army. Zhang Xianzhong was forced to abandon Chengdu and move again.And ransack Chengdu City before the transfer. The witness Shen Xunwei at the time recorded in the "Study on the Difficulties of Shu" that Zhang Xianzhong destroyed Chengdu due to the chase of the invasion and suppression: "The palaces of the palace cannot be burned. If they are filled with grease, they will be ashes. The second stone pillar of Panlong is also in Mengshu. , Wrapped in dozens of layers of yarn, immersed in oil for three days, and smashed in one fire.”
The historian Ji Liuqi at the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties recorded in the "Nanlue of the Ming Dynasty": More than one hundred thousand people bleed with sound."
"Kedian Shu": "The loyalty has been trapped in Chengdu, the pear trees have been cut down, the palace galloped, and the soldiers trained here. The woodcutter of the thieves, all enter the city. , Demolition of houses for salaries. He sent out troops to search the mountains and plains of all states and counties, regardless of men, women, old or children, and kill everybody; if it is half a year. In August, he sacrificed his loyalty to destroy the city of Chengdu, burned the palace of the king of Shu, and burned unfinished houses ….. Dedication of loyalty also ordered everyone to collect Sichuan soldiers to kill him, and his wife of the opposite sex, but only one or two for those under ten o'clock. "
"Record of Yongli": "The dedication of loyalty is in Shu. Also, killing and looting is particularly miserable. The towns and villages are uninhabited for hundreds of miles. The people fled into the mountains and were not allowed to eat, but the dead were filled in the valleys; , The body gives birth to white hair, and when you encounter others, you will fight and suck its blood."
"Sequel to Sui Kou Jilue" and "Ming History" record that Zhang Xianzhong killed 60,000 people in Sichuan (10,000 can refer to 100,000 or 100,000 100 million), both "Shu Bi" and "Sui Kou Ji Lue" both agreed that Zhang Xianzhong was the culprit of Tu Chuan.
Zhang Xianzhong slaying figure
Qing Dynasty scholar Wei Yuan said in the famous "Huguang Water Conservancy Theory": "Zhang thieves slaughter Shu, the people are exhausted; Chu is second, and Jiangxi Be less victimized. After the matter was settled, the people of Jiangxi entered Chu, and the people of Chu entered Shu. Therefore, there was a rumor that "Jiangxi fills Huguang and Huguang fills Sichuan'." This is the origin of "Huguang fills Sichuan".
According to a foreign missionary’s book "Sheng Jiao Chuan Ji", Zhang Xianzhong, a man who was bloodthirsty, and the nine hundred officials who ruled the country by the Qi family, was killed by him. Ninety-nine percent and only more than 20 people remained. ——This murderous intent can be regarded as eclectic. We all know that in the feudal times, the people were the foundation of the country, and the officials were the “foundation” of the court. Zhang Xianzhong dared to kill the “foundation” of his own life. Undefeated would be unreasonable. However, from this point of view, this guy killed a god possessed, killed officials like butchered a dog, and then killed a few Sichuan natives, which is really trivial. In this way, it would not be regarded as insulting his "murder". title.
Of course, as I said at the beginning of the article, this is something we got from reading the history books written by the Qing Dynasty. Although the contents are not all false; but the credibility is, I think everyone has. A measure. The murder data recorded in these documents is doubtful. On the one hand, was there such a large population in Chengdu? On the other hand, in the cold weapon era, did Zhang Xianzhong's army have such a high killing efficiency?
Now, let’s take a look at it from many aspects, whether this offering of loyalty is really a killer.
The book "Shu Bi" can be regarded as evidence of Zhang Xianzhong's indiscriminate killing of innocents, but when we looked at it carefully, we found that this evidence is really untenable. This first article, everyone should know, "Shu Bi" is not official history, and its status as official history is only imposed by the Qing people. Its author, Peng Zunsi, was edited and edited by the Hanlin Academy. To put it bluntly, he wrote novels for the emperor. There is only one real man like Sima Qian in these thousands of years. How many heads did Peng Zunsi dare to write about the Tucheng acquiesced by the Qing emperor? Besides, if this perjury is made, objectively it can be regarded as maintaining the stability of the people's hearts and contributing to the stability of the country. Therefore, Tu Chuan was not Zhang Xianzhong, but Manchu. The reasons are as follows:
First of all, Zhang Xianzhong is not Zhang Guolao. He must rebel and must support the people in order to convince the crowd and gather the crowd, otherwise he One brother, how do you fight the world? It is possible to win a single against the emperor, but of course it is unrealistic. Whether it is Manchu or Nanming, with hundreds of thousands of troops at every turn, the momentum is overwhelming. How can he stop if he doesn't pull people into the gang? That being the case, how could he slap his own base in Sichuan? There is a chicken and dog in Sichuan, but how can he get people into the group?
Second, Sichuan’s strategic location determines its path to conquer the world, which is extremely important. For the ancients, the general trend of the world is like a chess game. Sichuan is in the middle and has natural dangers. It can attack and retreat and defend. Warlords should not take action.If you are an emperor, you can take a step back and segregate one side. It is great to be a local emperor. But even if you want to be a local emperor, it is still "people-oriented".
Third, the Qing people are the creators of the massacre. Of course, the purpose is to kill a hundred people, destroy the prestige of Sichuanese, and deter the rebellious people in the world, in order to consolidate the rule of the regime. This point must not need too much proof, such as Shuozhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Kunshan, Changshu, Jiaxing, Haining, etc. For dozens of tragic massacres, their criminal record is really quite a lot.
Later Emperor Yongzheng himself admitted that the Qing army’s massacre of civilians had a huge impact on the loss of the entire population. "Records of Qing Shizong" Guiwei in September in the seventh year of Yongzheng: "His lawless generals banned soldiers, etc., in the name of conscription and suppression, they wantonly harassed, killed good people and asked for merit to make up for the number of thieves. More than half of the Chinese people died. That is to say, people from Sichuan have sighed with sorrow and relic. Occasionally, there are those who have survived. The limbs are incomplete. The ears and nose are incomplete. Everyone knows this.”
Ming Dynasty survivor Zhang Hong’s "Ember Remains" "Records: "Today's rule is based on tenths. Three of the slaughters who died of Xianthi (Zhang Xianzhong), two of those who died of captives by the shaky yellow, two of those who killed each other due to chaos, and two of those who died of starvation. One died of illness.” It pointed out that the mass extinction of Sichuan’s population was the final result of a melee between foreign forces, such as the Liuli Army, Qing Army, and Zhang Xianzhong.
Fourth, the Manchu dynasty planted a conviction for a long time. According to the legend of the "Seven Killing Monument" in the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Xianzhong is said to have erected a monument at the place where he killed. The monument reads:
People do not have a good to repay the sky
Kill, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill
However, the Qing Dynasty Hanlin Peng Zunsi’s "Shu Bi" recorded Zhang Xianzhong’s "Sacred Monument". There are discrepancies. The inscription reads:
天生万物与人
人无一物与天
Ghosts and gods Mingming, self-consideration
A British missionary in Guanghan, Sichuan in 1934 In the cemetery, I found a "Holy Oracle Tablet" erected by Zhang Xianzhong. The inscription is consistent with the records in "Shu Bi". It means that the compassionate God bestows all things on mankind, but man has nothing to repay the sky. The need for reflection is to persuade people to fear the sky and do good, there is no murderousness at all. Some imperial literati left the first two sentences and added seven "killing" characters to highlight Zhang Xianzhong's brutality. His slander and splashing dung was self-evident.
Zhang Xianzhong’s head was labeled as "murderer". In fact, it is not only historical records, but also the rumors in the public. Many people think so. There are naturally credible elements in the process, but if you say he It is obviously nonsense to kill tens of millions or even 600 million people in Sichuan. At that time, the total population of China was less than 100 million, and some historians speculated that the population of China reached 120 to 200 million during the Ming and Wanli years.
Contemporary scholar Cao Shuji said in his "Chinese Population History" that from the early years of Chongzhen, the whole province of Sichuan was plunged into endless wars. In this process, about 6.85 million people died, and the remaining residents were only about 500,000.
Therefore, no matter whether Zhang Xianzhong killed tens of millions or 700 million, it is obviously just an exaggeration by a caring person.
But the massacre has already occurred. At this time, it is a critical period for all parties to contend for the world, and no one cares about Sichuan anymore. Until the world settled down, the Qing court launched the immigrants from Huguang, which had a great influence on later generations, which later generations called "Huguang fills Sichuan".
In the 7th year of Kangxi (1668), the governor of Sichuan, Zhang Dedi, said in a memorial: "Chachuan Province is now a relic, and most of the ancestral homes are from Huguang people. Visiting the village elders, it is said that every calamity in the middle of Sichuan must come. There is no land and no one, but I have no choice but to move people from other provinces to fill up the land." In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi (1690), he promulgated the "Regulations on Naturalization in Sichuan" and "Reclamation Order"; "Employment", "Immigration will be exempt from taxes within three or five years of land reclamation." Qing Guangxu "Dayi Local History. "Hukou" contains; in the early Qing Dynasty, "wholly funded people from Lianghu, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Shanxi came to the town to reclaim wasteland and live together. There were more people from Macheng, followed by Jiangxi, Shanshan, and Guangxi."
Take Chengdu as an example. "Chengdu Overview" in the late Qing Dynasty recorded "the presentPeople from Chengdu, all from other provinces of origin".
Zhang Xianzhong (1606-1647), one of the leaders of the late Ming Dynasty, led his troops into Sichuan in 1640. In 1644, the Daxi regime was established in Chengdu, namely The emperor was named Dashun. In 1646, when the Qing army went south, Zhang Xianzhong led the troops to resist the battle and died with an arrow in Phoenix Mountain, Xichong. There are many strange stories about his people, which has always been controversial in the historians.
Zhang Xianzhong is cunning and bloodthirsty, and he will be depressed if he doesn't kill for a day.
He opened a course in Shu to get a scholar, and he picked a champion named Zhang. Zhang Zhuangyuan's appearance knowledge is very good, and his appearance is long. He must be as beautiful as a beautiful woman. Zhang Xianzhong is very fond of him, and he is inseparable from eating and sleeping. But one day Zhang Xianzhong suddenly said to his left and right entourage: " I love this champion, I can’t bear to leave him for a moment, so I might as well kill him to avoid all day long. Worry about. " So he chopped Zhang Zhuangyuan into several pieces, packed them with cloth bags and hung them beside the bed.
Zhang Xianzhong also created the raw skinning method, if the human skin has not been completely peeled off and the person is already dead Yes, this executioner is about to fight for his life. Zhang Xianzhong’s generals described their merits to kill the number of people. If the subordinates show unbearable expressions, Zhang Xianzhong will put them to death. The governor Zhang Junyong waited for dozens of people to kill because of fewer people. And was peeled.
Zhang Xianzhong is a bloodthirsty, the most famous and heinous must be: the slaughter of Sichuan people.
The Kingdom of Tianfu Sichuan is a natural blessed place for human beings. It is also the comfort zone of the separatist regimes in the past and the base of the Central Plains. However, the Zhang Xianzhong massacre incident that shocked the world almost completely destroyed Sichuan’s culture and productivity .
In the late autumn of 1646, Sichuan’s economy, which has been destroyed by years of war, has been unable to afford the survival of Zhang Xianzhong’s Dashun regime and nearly 600,000 troops. In addition, surrounding Qing troops are approaching from many places, Zhang Xianzhong decided to abandon Sichuan and fight back to his hometown in Shaanxi. 张 Xianzhong Previously, the fire burned Chengdu completely at night, and then retreated towards Guanghan.
Since Chuanzhong was killed by Zhang Xianzhong, the city has been arched with trees and wild dogs eat human flesh like tigers and leopards. They killed people on the road and left without eating clean. The people fled into the mountains, wearing straw clothes, and growing hair all over them.
After the suppression of Wu Sangui's rebellion for many years, Chengdu's population has shrunk sharply. Barrenness, economic depression, and cultural backwardness. In order to restore Sichuan’s economy, the beginning of the Qing Dynasty encouraged people from all over the country to immigrate to Sichuan, so more than 100 years of Huguang filling Sichuan .
In modern times, despite the Sichuanese The subject is not an aboriginal for a long time, but Zhang Xianzhong’s slaughter of Sichuan is a pain that cannot be erased from the hearts of Sichuan people. Why Zhang Xianzhong kills people on such a large scale without reason has always been a mystery .
鲁迅 once said in the article "The Conversation": "I saw Zhang Xianzhong's slaughter of Sichuan people in the record, but I couldn't figure out what he meant; later I saw another book. Book, then I understand: He originally wanted to be emperor, but Li Zicheng advanced to Beijing and became emperor, so he wanted to destroy Li Zicheng’s throne . How to destroy it? To be an emperor, there must be people. If he kills the people, the emperor will not be able to do it.
There is an absurd saying that the Sichuanese at that time were too extravagant and lewd, so angry from the sky, let Zhang Xianzhong kill Sichuan civilians.
At that time, the skirts of women in Sichuan were all embroidered with romantic poems with red silk and blue thread on the white Luo, and then they passed by the market in shock, and the pedestrians on the road stared at the embroidered skirts Text. In addition, women in Shuzhong wear a high-soled embroidered shoe with a thickness of about three or four inches. The heel is carved from sandalwood, and the buds of the carved sandalwood are hidden inside, and the powder is put in the bottom of the high-sole heel. A small hole, every time you take a step, a flower-like fragrance will leak out from the bottom of your foot.
Because of Zhang Xianzhong's raging, later Sichuan women may still be beautiful, but there is no longer the poetic charm of the past .
In addition, there is another saying that is also incomprehensible.
Zhang Xianzhong used his father to drive a donkey to sell jujube in Neijiang, Sichuan. When he came to the market, he tied the donkey to the stone archway in front of a big family. When he returned to hold the donkey after the dates were sold, he found that the squire's domestic servant was beating his donkey with a whip. Father Zhang stepped forward to stop him, and saw his donkey pooping the squire’s stone archway, making it very dirty, so he hurriedly made up for it. However, the slave just refused to forgive him. Under the persecution of the slave, Zhang's father had to swallow the donkey dung and the donkey urine.
This insulting incident was seen by Zhang Xianzhong from beginning to end, and it was deeply carved into his young heart. So when he was leaving, he swore: When I come back, I will kill you and wait to vent my hatred!
We did not find evidence that Lu Xun claimed that Zhang Xianzhong’s massacre was revenge against Li Zicheng. But through these two stories, we can clarify two points: First, Zhang Xianzhong does have a strong desire for revenge and abnormal psychology ; Second, Sichuanese have long felt unreasonable for Zhang Xianzhong’s brutality. .
After this catastrophe, it can be said that there are not many Sichuanese who are born and raised .
