Author: Luo Xin, Professor of Ancient History Research Center of China, this article is an excerpt.
From the overview of the development of the Bei tribes in the Sixteen Kingdoms, North Korea and North Korea, it is speculated that the political development of the Xianbei tribes in the Wei and Jin dynasties was not an occasional phenomenon of individual tribes or regions, but blossomed everywhere. Between tribes and tribes, between chiefdoms and chiefdoms, between primitive countries and primitive countries, between Xianbei and Wuhuan, and between Xianbei and other northern tribes, the historical wave of reorganization and integration has swept everything and transformed everything . When Tuobagui established the Northern Wei Dynasty, under the banner of Tuoba Xianbei's unification, the people from all tribes of Xianbei who had worked hard for the future of their tribes for more than 200 years were neatly arranged.
Review of Tuoba etymology
For the etymology of "Tuoba", 《魏书》 has an explanation at the beginning: " The Yellow Emperor regards the Tuo Ba as the King of Germany, and the Northern Vulgar means the earth. For support, the latter is the postscript, so I think it is a clan. "③ "资治通鉴" contains the edict of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, also known as " The northern people say that the soil is the extension, and the postscript is the postscript; In Huangdi, the king of Tude was named Tuoba ”④. Later generations may occasionally believers in this statement, such as the "Xixia Shushi" compiled by Wu Guangcheng in the Qing Dynasty, still saying that "the Northern Wei Dynasty's Xiaowen took Tuoba as the meaning of the earth and changed it to the Yuan clan"5.
However, the official interpretation of the etymology of "Tuoba" by the Northern Wei Dynasty is deeply suspected by modern historians. It may be denounced as "fake entrustment" or "attachment"①, or regarded as “making ancestral facts to deceive others”②. Although "Song Shu" stated that "Suotoulu's surname is Tuoba, and his predecessor Han will Li Ling and later", it does not explain the meaning of "Tuoba". "Guang Yun" records "or say that it was born from the clouds and the sky, and grows up from the ground, so it is called the family Yan" ④, which shows the meaning of the text. 《南齐书》云: "At the beginning of , the Xiongnu woman's name is Tuoba, and his wife is Li Ling. Husu takes her mother's surname, so after the captive is Li Ling, the captive is very taboo, and it is said that she is the latter , I will kill, and even change my surname Yan. ” ⑤ This is just a variant of "Song Shu". Tuoba, or writing Tuoba, Tuoba, Tuoba, etc., should all be the Chinese transliteration of the same name.
Without the intervention of new historical materials and historical comparative linguistics methods, this problem will only be a stagnant pool. The ancient Turkic inscriptions with Runic letters discovered in the Orkhon and Tura river basins of the Mongolian Plateau at the end of the 19th century provided new information for the study of Tuoba. Queteqin monument , 卜加可汗砖, and 暾欲谷 examination , which were discovered later, all have a special noun (Lonely is written from right to left) referring to the Tang Dynasty. The Roman letter transliteration form is t(a)bg(a)⑥, or tabγa⑦, also written as tabgatch and other forms, which are all Western transliterations of ancient Turkic.
This noun that refers to the Tang Dynasty, what the original meaning is, has gone through a long debate. Xia De (F. Hirth) proposed that tabγa is the transliteration of the word "Tang family" in Turkic (later Kuabara Yuzang put forward the theory of "Tang family" on this basis⑧). He also pointed out that tabγa and Byzantine historians The Taugast ⑨ mentioned in Theophylacte Simocatta and the term "Peach Flower Stone" used to refer to the Han people in "Journey to the West by a True Man in Changchun" should have a common etymology (etymology)11. This combines the Turkic inscription materials with historical documents handed down. The problem is that Theophylacte Simocatta described the war of one of the two opposing regimes in Taugast who crossed the river to achieve reunification. It is generally considered to be the war of Sui Ping and Chen, which predates the Tang.
and according to Bu Bide (P.A.11FriedrichHirth, NachwortezurInschriftdesTonjukuk, in: W.Radloff, DieAlttürkischenInschriftenderMongolei, ZweiteFolge, St.Petersburg: 1899, p.35. Rprintedintwovolumes, Osnabrük: OttoZellerVerlag, 1987.2 Boodberg) research, that story originally described the history of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroying the Northern Qi and unifying the North, it was even earlier. Therefore, it is certain that Taugast has nothing to do with Tang. Since Paul Pelliot and Shiratori Koji separately proposed that tabγa refers to Tuoba, this argument that can be satisfactorily explained from both historical and linguistic perspectives has become a common point of view in international Turkic scholars, despite all the new Said it has not stopped its emergence.
In "Changchun Zhenren Journey to the West" Central Asians call the Han Chinese "Peach Blossom Stone" , which is also due to the discovery of Mahmud Kashgari's "Turkic language" in Turkey in 1917 Great Dictionary" (DīwāLuγātat-Turk), and found the prototype. The "Dictionary of Turkic Language" includes the word tawγā, which means Maqin (Māsīn). Maqin plus the scope of Qin (Sīn) and Qidan (Khitāy) can also be collectively called tawγā④. It can be seen that tawγā refers to China, and "Peach Blossom Stone" is the Chinese translation of tawγā. Therefore, the tabγa in Turkic inscriptions, the taugast in Byzantine historical materials, and the tawγā popular among Turkic tribes in Central Asia in the 11th century, all refer to China (at least to northern China).
These words have a homologous relationship, and the tabγa in the Turkic inscription is the most primitive form. It is the Turkic transliteration of the name of the core tribe "Tuoba" of the Northern Wei ruling group. ⑤Clauson (SirGerardClauson) "AnEtymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-CenturyTurkish" (AnEtymologicalDictionaryofPre-Thirteenth-CenturyTurkish), which contains the word tava (that is, tabγa), which is interpreted as "a Turkic tribe name, whose Chinese is translated as Tuoba '". ⑥
Regarding the question of whether Tuoba is a Turkic tribe, we will discuss separately. Here we only pay attention to the issue of Turkic people using the name of Tuoba as the name of the regime in northern China. According to the opinions of Shiratori Koji and Clausen, the Turks had contact with China during the time when Tuoba ruled northern China, so the name of the tribe referred to the North China regime and its ruled area. ⑦However, the first official official contact between the Turks and the Western Wei Dynasty was in the eleventh year of Emperor Wen's reign (545) in the Western Wei Dynasty. ⑧ Informal communication was more than three years ago or earlier. ⑨, and Yuwentai’s old surname was in the Western Wei Dynasty. The first year (554)⑩.
In other words, more than ten years after the military and political contact between the Turks and the Western Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei royal family only regained the surname Tuoba, and did not give out In three years, was replaced by Yuwen's. It was short, and it was like a rush. In the sixty years before the first year of Emperor Gong, the royal family's surname was Yuan, and the country was named Wei (sometimes called Dai). After several generations, it must have been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. At this time, where the Turkic people knew about the Western Wei Dynasty, how could there be the name Tuoba?
I think that the northern Mobei people called the Northern Wei Dynasty and its ruling area by the name of Tuoba, much earlier than the first contact between the Turks and the Western Wei Dynasty, and this tradition is probably established by the Mobei regime that is hostile to the Northern Wei Dynasty. Yes, of course this regime is Rouran. Rouran almost started a long-term war for hegemony over the grasslands at the same time that Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty led the Tuoba Alliance to establish a regime, and Rouran's nomadic regime gradually formed in the confrontation with the Tuoba Alliance. ①
Rouran did not recognize the Northern Wei Dynasty's rule over the desert areas of the southern and northern grasslands, and naturally would not accept the Northern Wei Dynasty's national title and the reigns of its emperors. It is conceivable that Rouran still uses Tuoba The original tribal title of the Ministry refers to the Northern Wei Dynasty. This practice of making a fuss about the name to show a hostile political attitude is also reflected in the Northern Wei Emperor Taiwu's change of the name of Rouran to Weiwei. ②As the Northern Wei Dynasty gradually unified the north, the Tuoba, which Rouran and the Mobei grasslands under its command, gradually expanded its connotation, and finally became the northernA fixed term in China. As a member of the Rouran tribal alliance, the Turks accepted the term tabγa from the Rouran regime. This means that since Rouran and Tuoba became enemies, the term tabγa used by the Turks a century and a half later may have completely lost the original meaning of the name of the Tuoba tribe.
In this case, the tabγa transmitted to the Turkic tribes through softness, no matter the concept connotation, word formation or pronunciation, there will be more or less variation. In this sense, simply interpreting tabγa as the name of the tribe is probably not true. This can also help explain why it is difficult for scholars to interpret the term tabγa etymologically. Therefore, despite its linguistic kinship advantage, the term tabγa of the Turkic people may not be closer to the original pronunciation and meaning of the name Tuoba than the Chinese transliteration of the word "Tuoba".
To explain the meaning of the name "Tuoba", the information provided by the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty should not be completely abandoned. According to Emperor Xiaowen’s edict on changing his surname, “the northerners said that the soil is the extension, and the post is the postscript.” Even if this statement has its origins in the American surname (especially in connection with Huangdi’s Tude, it is obviously a kind of attachment) There may be a side that contains clues to real history ④. Shiratori Koji was the first scholar to use this clue, even if he only partially believed in the value of this clue.
Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty Dunhuang Mural
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According to the "Book of Wei" and the explanation of the two edicts of Emperor Tuowen Tuoba is a compound word, which is composed of two words: Tuo for the land and the epilogue for the monarch. Shiratori Kuji found tahon and toghosun in Mongolian, which means soil, and it is presumed to be the "tuo" of Tuoba; and in Tungusic, we find boghin, which means the emperor's length, and it is speculated to be the opposite of the "postal" in Tuoba. sound. However, despite this research, Shiratori Koji himself is not satisfied. He believes that the so-called "Northern people say that the soil is the extension, the latter is the postscript" is still the Tuoba clan for self-boasting, whichever is closer. As a kind of attached meeting, Tuoba’s original meaning is “still unknown”. ①
The famous Mongolian scholar Louis Ligeti proved that this interpretation of the ruler of the Northern Wei Dynasty was credible in his article on the study of Tuoba language attributes. Li Gaiti verified that the "Tuohechen Water" recorded in "The History of the Three Kingdoms" and the "Tuhuzhen Water" recorded in "Xintangshu" are the same river, and "Tuohechen" and "Tuhuzhen" are Mongolian words taγugin or toγogin means "soil, mud", and this word is the same word as "tuo" of Tuoba. ②Therefore, Tuoba is indeed a compound phrase, which is composed of two Bei ethnic vocabularies with different meanings: Tuo and Ba. Since Tuoba's Tuo means "earth" as the ruler of the Northern Wei Dynasty himself explained, is Tuoba's "Bao" really "post (monarch)"?
In recent years, An-KingLim (An-KingLim) published several articles on the Turkic language component in northern China, ③, which is of great help to the advancement of this research. In an article studying the etymology of Tuoba, he, like Shiratori Kuji, grasped the historical clues that "the northern people say that the soil is the extension, and the post is the epilogue", first established the ancient pronunciation of the word "Tuoba", and then Find the corresponding words in the Altaic languages. ④ According to Lin Anqing’s research, the word corresponding to "tuo" is [to:? ], which corresponds to "postal" is [be:g], both of which are Turkic vocabulary. Clausen explained to:? It is dust and soil ⑤, be: g is the chief of the clan and tribe, and it is suspected that it may have been borrowed from the number of Chinese characters "bai" (this statement is derived from the speculation of many Turkic scholars, and I am afraid it cannot be established) ⑥. Lin Anqing also discovered that the Tuoba pronunciation in Xiamen dialect today is almost the same as the two corresponding words in Turkic.
He came to the conclusion that the Chinese character "Tuoba" is not the transliteration of the ancient Turkic tabgatch (that is, tabγa), but the ancient Turkic [to: gbeg] compound phrase The transliteration of the sound, the meaning of the word is exactly the owner of the land, which fully confirms the official interpretation of the Northern Wei Dynasty . This research confirms that weIt is speculated that the sound and meaning of the word γa has changed in the process of being transmitted to the Turks by Rouran. From tabγa itself, [to:gbeg] cannot be decomposed, that is, it is impossible to explore its etymology.
Starting from the research of Li Gaiti and Lin Anqing, we can also analyze the nature of the phrase "Tuoba".
According to our observations on the Khan’s and official titles in the political and cultural traditions of Inner Asia, as well as our understanding of the political system of the Inner Asian tribes and the evolution of their titles ⑦, we can know that "Tuoba" is A compound word that combines official title and official title. "Tuo" is the official title, "Bao" is the official name, and "Tuo" is the modification of "Bao". Together, "Tuoba" becomes a fixed name in political practice. Regarding the application of "tuo" (ie to: g) as an official name, we can also cite an example from the Turkic era. According to "Old Tang Book": "Ashina Shea, the son of Rokh Khan in Turks. In the 11th year, he was called Benfan with wisdom and bravery, and he built his teeth in Moraine North." ①
拓Suppose, that is [to: gad], "tuo" is the official name of "situation". For the use of beg (postscript) as an official name, there is also evidence of ancient Turkic inscriptions. There is b(a)rsb(e)g② in the 20th line of the east side of Que Teqin Monument, or it can be written as barsbg③. TalatTekin explained beg as "a title of master, leader and ruler" ④. Some Chinese translations transliterate barsbeg as "Basseburke" ⑤. This treatment can basically reflect the combination of official title and official title. However, there is a Turkic leader in the "Old Tang Book" as "Basai" ⑥. Pulleyblank believes that this name corresponds to the barsbeg in the inscription of Que Teqin. The Tang Dynasty uses the Chinese character "匐" to translate beg. There are many examples⑦.
Cen Zhongmian's translation of barsbeg as "corkscrew" ⑧ is more desirable. Here, Bars (corkscrew) is the official name of beg (匐). Of course bars can also be used as the official title of other official titles. "Old Tang Book" also records that one of the Western Turkic crossbows that has lost five kilograms is called "Basai Gantun sand bowl is a jin"⑨, Basai is the official title of Qianjin, just like the official title of Beg in the inscription of Que Special Service. . Extension (to: g) means land, which can be extended to land and territory. In Turkic language, "national land" is used as a glossary for the good name and official title, and there is also el, which is translated as "伊利" in Chinese. The Turkic has the Yili Khan, which scholars believe is ElQaγan, and the Khan number el means land. ⑩The root of ellig in the ancient Turkic inscriptions is el, and the Khan of the Uighur Nine Khan has the word "Jie", which is a different translation of this word. 11
The leader of the Tuoba Tribe in the Western Jin Dynasty had a Yilu, "Yilu" may also be a different translation of the word el. The good name "land" is related to the country and territory represented by land and soil. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chong'er, the son of Jin, took refuge in Wei, begging for food, and the savage "has a piece of it", but the son said "a gift from heaven". Du Yu's explanation is "to get the soil and have the auspiciousness of the country, so I think it is gifted by heaven" 12.高句丽The eighteenth king Yilian "named the old country Yangwang", also named Yang as the king number 13.
As I will demonstrate below, the "beg" in the term Tuoba was used by the Xianbei in the Wei and Jin Dynasties The tribal name of the tribe played an extremely prominent role. Obviously this word is quite common in the Turkic era and the history of Turkic peoples, but is it a Turkic word? Although Lin Anqing thinks this is a Turkic word, Klausen cannot find its etymology in Turkic. The "begorbeγ" article written by Louis Bazin and Harold Bowen for The Encyclopaedia of Islam, lists the use of the term beg by the Turkic peoples in Central Asia. ① Obviously they cannot Found the Turkic etymology of this word, But after they clearly pointed out that beg in Turkic language is a loan, they guessed that beg was probably borrowed from Iranian. Its prototype is bag, viz in the Sassanid dynasty. It means sacred (from which Bag-dād gets its name). Karl Menges believes that b·g is derived from baγA evolved from ②, Bazin has repeatedly emphasized that the origin of b·g is in Iranian ③.
However, according to our research, baγa and beg both appeared in the eastern Mongolian plateau where ancient Mongolian is spoken very early. The ethnic group (Northeast Asia, the origin of Xianbei) is now in the middle, and they coexist at the same time, and even combine to form a new and more stable name (Mohefu). Therefore, it cannot be concluded that beg originated from baγa. Moreover, if beg is considered to be borrowed from the Altai nation from the king of the Sassanian Persian era, then the time of the emergence of beg on the Mongolian plateau must not be earlier than the heyday of Sassanian Persian. Iranian scholars generally believe that the rise of Sassanid should not be earlier than the 3rd century. In the late 3rd century, the influence of the Sassanid regime began to penetrate into the steppes north of the Amu Darya. ④ However, as we will demonstrate below, this is precisely the time when the political development of the Xianbei tribes on the Mongolian plateau has entered a new period, that is, the period of leap from tribe to chiefdom or premitive state. The official account of beg contains the period of the name of beg. This shows that the Xianbei tribes adopted the title of beg no later than Sassanian Persian, and naturally it is impossible to talk about borrowing this title from Sassanian Persian. Therefore, for the etymology of the word beg or beg, the existing explanations are still insufficient, and new breakthroughs are likely to rely on our further research on the name system of the Northern Chinese people.
The discussion on the etymology of "Tuoba" comes to an end for now. It is now certain that Tuoba, a noun that has long been used as the name of the tribe and then became the surname of the tribe’s nuclear family, was originally just a group of compound words combining official titles and official titles, that is to say, it was probably just a leader of the tribe. The name of the post held (this kind of name contains two parts of official name and official name), and later solidified into tribal name and family name. This kind of example of Guan as a clan is easy to find in the Chinese and Bei people. The most obvious example of the Beizu at the same time as Tuoba is the Lushui Hu Juqu clan , who established the Beiliang regime at . It is called " whose predecessor was the Xiongnu Zuojuqu, so he became an official It is ”⑤. Juqu’s etymology has long been unrecognizable , but fortunately, the above-mentioned analysis of Tuoba can be obtained. Based on this analysis, we will try to conduct a deeper and more interesting investigation on the issue of northern ethnic groups in the early Middle Ages.
The tribal names of the Xianbei tribes in the Wei and Jin Dynasties
The above discussion of Tuoba etymology shows that Tuoba got its name from a group of official names (to: g) and Guan Name (postscript, ie beg) combined name. However, it should be noted that in the Bei nationality official system recorded in Chinese historical data, beg did not act as an independent system before Tuoba’s Huns, followed by Tuoba’s Turks, and at the same time as Tuoba’s Rouran. The official position appeared. To solve this problem, we must turn to historical materials other than Chinese that have more important historical value. In the ancient Turkic inscriptions, beg is obviously a regular political post, representing a certain political status. Lines 1 and 7 to the west of the Second Stele of Tunyugu Stele record the war between the Turkic army and the Ten Arrows (OnOq). When the leader of the Turkic tribe and the leaders of the Ten Arrows tribe are called, the word for the leader is begleri, which is exactly b The plural form of ?g (ie beg). ④Because the beg mentioned in the Tunyugu stele here is a general term and does not refer to a specific beg, so there is only an official title but no official title.
Tekin explained the plural form of begleri as "Turkic nobles, upper class, adults, samurai" ⑤. In ancient Turkic inscriptions, begleri and buyruq are often used as names for the nobility and officials. Buyruq means minister and high-ranking official, and the Tang Dynasty translated it as "Meilu"⑦. Clausen interprets buyruk as a generic term for senior officers responsible for military and political affairs under the Khan (genericterm)⑧. In ancient Turkic inscriptions, begleri and buyruq also play a common role. In Chinese, this general term is "official", "minister", etc., and is not a specific official position. Are beg and buyruq not as tools?What about the use of body officer? The aforementioned barsbeg proves that beg may also be a specific official name. In Chinese historical materials, during the Huihe period, Meilu was often used as an official title (Meiluxi, General Meilu), and also as a specific official title (Da, Xiaomeilu).
When we studied the issue of the origin and evolution of official titles, we have pointed out that official titles and official titles share common The origin of names, names are divided into official titles and official titles, "Official titles and official titles are all developed from titles. Some titles have become official titles, some have become official titles, and some titles have become official titles. At the same time as the official position, the attributes of its "famous name" and "good name" have not disappeared, and can still be used as modifiers, that is, while retaining the official name form" ⑨. To be sure, like 可汗、註、特勤、达干 and other well-known Turkic official names, 匐 (beg) and 梅录 (buyruq) are also from the good name. The name and name of the good name developed and solidified into a certain official name, but they all retained the official name form, which can be used to modify other official names, or only used as a good name or a good name. This overlapping of official titles, official titles, good names and good names is one of the important characteristics of the history of the development of social and political systems in Inner Asia. In this sense, even if we already know that Tuoba is a combination of official titles and official titles, it is difficult to confirm whether Tuoba Zhiba is a specific official title, let alone know from which political name it is. Acquired within the organization.
It is worth noting that The tribal names of the Xianbei tribes in the Wei and Jin dynasties. There are many names that combine official titles and official titles like Tuoba, and their official titles are similar to Tuoba. The same is also beg. Although the Chinese translation uses different characters, after research, it is certain that they are all different Chinese transliterations of the word beg.
The most obvious is baldness . Qian Daxin said that Bald Hair and Tuoba, the same phonetic translation ①. "Sui Shu" Volume 3, "Jing Ji Zhi II" History Department, there are "Tuo Ba Liang Lu" ten volumes ②, "Jiu Tang Shu" Volume 46 "Jing Ji Zhi Shang" is written as "Tuoba Liang Lu" ③, this part The history book of the Southern Liang Dynasty should be the work before Qianluo in the Northern Wei Dynasty. At that time, had the same surname as the Northern Wei Dynasty, so it was called Tuobaliang . Xiaowen distinguished the name from Nanliang country as baldness, which was changed to Yuanshi, and for the Northern Wei imperial family to specialize in Tuoba, it was changed to Yuanshi ④. Since then, regarding the history of Nanliang, the surname of baldness is used ⑤. Although there is a lot of evidence in history books about baldness and Tuoba’s origin, I suspect that it was forged after Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty accepted Yuanhe (He Douba) as the Tuoba clan. The baldness Xianbei also got its name from [to:gbeg], but it was translated as a derogatory baldness, probably because this tribe had never established official ties with the Eastern Jin and Liu Songs in Jiangzuo, and it was very important to Qiuchi and other places. Posing a threat ⑥. Emperor Taiwu accepted Yuanhe and bestowed the same surname, so he denied Jiangzuo's translation and allowed Yuanhe's family to use the Tuoba surname. However, "Song Shu" records that in the 29th year of Yuanjia, the Northern Wei Dynasty "the ruler of Changshe Yongping Gong's bald flag is the same"⑦, and the "Zizhitongjian" is used as the "bald flag"⑧. If it is baldness, then there are two possibilities: first, the Nanliang clan outside Yuanhe may not have the permission to change the surname; second, although the bald flag has changed his surname, Liu Song people know that he is from South Cool background, so he still translates his surname as baldness. When Emperor Xiaowen reformed his surname, don’t be bald, Tuoba is the source, and the second clan of Yuan Dynasty. In fact, it is to clarify the fact that the two have the same sound but different origin, and the same name is different. "The Book of Wei" also specifically explained the origin of the name "baldness": "The first mother was pregnant and lived in the bed, so it was called baldness, and its common meaning is covered." ⑨This explanation should be the Northern Wei Dynasty. The purpose given by people is to distinguish between baldness and Tuoba, and to cover up the fact that Tuoba and baldness are homophones. Regardless of whether there is a distant and difficult-to-identify relationship between baldness and Tuoba, baldness is named after [to:gbeg] like Tuoba, which is a question worth considering.
Sixteen Kingdoms Period established 西秦政府 Longxixianbeiqifu部， Its tribal name is "Qifu", or begging for support, begging for Buddha, begging for step ①. According to the early Medieval sound, 伏音buwk, which is exactly the same as 匐 ②. According to Li Zhenhua and Zhou Changji's "Chinese Characters Ancient and Modern Sound Table", 伏, 匐's Medieval sound onomatopoeia is bǐuk, and the two characters are completely homophonic ③. It can be seen that the "volt" of "begging", like "匐", is another translation of beg . Qifu is a group of names composed of official titles (beg, whose etymology needs to be studied) and official titles (V, or beg). The structure is the same as Tuoba and baldness, and even official titles are the same (beg ), the only difference is the official title. When "Book of Jin" recorded that Xianbei of Longxi "outed Dayin Mountain from north to south", there were only "Rufusi, Chulian, and Chilu" at first. However, when the narrative and "Yi Xiaoer" appeared, it said, There are old fathers and no children in the beggars, please raise them as children.” It seems that there is no beggar besides the three. ④ However, this argument is problematic. It is likely that later generations did not understand the origin of the name of begging, and arbitrarily added a description of the "begging department" to the elderly who adopted children. I think that in fact, Qifu as the name of the tribe appeared later, and it was only obtained after the child grew up. This person who was later known as "Khan Tudor Mohe of Begging" had no father and no mother in the legend, just to emphasize that he was the ancestor of the Ministry of Begging. It appeared after the title of "Volkhan Tudor Moho".
加仙洞
This "Ho" is called Khan Tuoduo, and it is A group of official names combined with official names . "Book of Jin" explained Tudor as "non-god and non-human". Bu Bide discussed this in his "Hu Tian Han Yue Fang Zhu" series. He believed that it was taγdaq in Turkic, meaning "mountain dweller", and Turkic people’s tradition of worshiping mountains is quite related. Mohe is the baγa in the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Xia De has long associated BagaTarkhan with the "Mohe Dagan" in historical materials of the Tang Dynasty ⑥. Mohe is Mohe. Chen Sanping believed that Mohe came from the ancient Iranian word bagapuhr, which originally meant the son of god. This name later experienced a process of devaluation and was used by the northern tribes to refer to tribal chiefs⑦. Tekin explained that baγa is a low-level official⑧, which is probably not enough. Baγa is not only the official title of the tribal chief, but also a good name and official title with a wide range of uses. For example, in the phrase "Mohe Dagan", Mohe means Da The official name of the dry ⑨. In "Qiv Khan Tudor Mohe", "Qiv Khan Tudor" should be all official titles. This group of official titles is composed of the three good names of Qifu, Khan and Tudor⑩. Although the etymology of Qifu as a kind of good name has not been verified, as mentioned above, it itself is a combination of the two parts of Qi (good name, official name) and Fu (beg, official name), and this phrase As a whole, it evolved into an official title and a good name. People who have been awarded the title of "Qiv Khan Tudor Mohe" usually select a part from this group of official titles as abbreviations. "Qifu" is used as an abbreviation to become the general code for that Mohe , the appearance of such a hero will inject new resources into the identity of the tribe and cause new changes. This is the origin of the name of the Qifu tribe. The name of the tribe is derived from a prominent example of an important chief chief of the tribe, as well as the Helan clan. According to the "Book of Zhou", "It was the first to rise with the Wei, and there were those who fell in love. Helan Mohefu, because he thought it was a clan." Hefu received the title of Helan Mohefu, Helan was the official title, and Mohefu was the official title②. The name of the Helan tribe is derived from the official name of Yu Hefu. It can be seen that the name of the tribe is derived from the name of an important chief in the history of the tribe (as we have discussed before, when the chief obtains a certain official title, he also obtains one or a group of official titles. The name and official title together constitute his name, this name immediately becomes his new identity, the old name or name will be discarded and no longer used), and it mainly comes from the official name in the name rather than the official name , It may not be an isolated phenomenon in the Middle Gubei people.
We can cite another example. About Murong Xianbei's name , "Book of Jin"The statement that Mo Huba imitated the customs of the Yan Dynasty and wore a crown with Bu Yao, which was called Bu Yao by other Xianbei, and then the sound became Murong. It was obviously a kind of attachment; in addition, the Book of Jin also provided a A more bizarre explanation, "or the virtue of Yun admiring the two rites, following the Rong of the Three Lights, then Murong is the family". ③Hu Sansheng denounced it as a birthday and would not accept it. ④ "Three Kingdoms" annotated "Wei Shu", remember that there is Murong in the middle of Tan Shi Huai. ⑤Hu Sansheng said, "It is the beginning of the Murong Ministry" ⑥. Based on this, Ma Changshou deduced, "If so, then'Murong' was originally the name of an adult, but later evolved into the name of a clan"⑦. Although he denied Bu Yaoguan’s attachment, he saw Murong Xianbei as an adult in the middle of Tanshihuai, and there were serious spatial difficulties. If we understand Murong as a certain name or name widely used by the Bei people, we won’t associate it with Murong Xianbei as soon as we see it, just as we don’t need to associate the Murong clan in the Tang Dynasty with the Sixteen Kingdoms. The five swallows are the same. I think that the legend of Murong named after Bu Yaoguan in "Book of Jin" probably also contains very important value. This is the time mark. connects the Murong name with the history of the Mohuba period. . Mo Huba was Murong Xian’s great-grandfather . " Wei Chu led his tribes to settle in Liaoxi " and began to have close ties with the Central Plains regime. He also admired Huaxia, "grabbing the hair and attacking the crown", which is the development of Murong Xianbei. An epoch-making figure in history. Lu Simian has long noticed the importance of Mo Huba to the history of the Murong Department. He pointed out that the name of the Murong Department came from the name of Mo Huba, and emphasized "慕容, Gu Mingming Mo Hu Zhuan Yin also " ①. Bainiao Kuji textual research, the two characters Mo and Mu are often used interchangeably. Murong may be the word bayan in the Altaic language family, meaning rich, which is a kind of good name . ②According to this, we can infer that Murong is not the result of swaying "yin corruption", but the result of unprotected "yin corruption". Regardless of the etymology of Mohu ③， Like Tuoba and Qifu, it is also a combination of an official title (Mohu) and an official title (beg). The group name number is . The nature of this group of titles is official title rather than official title. Mo Huba's official at the time said it was probably Khan.
It can be seen from the figure that
At that time, most of the northern countries
was established by the
#
"Song Shu" records the dialogue between Murong Xianbei Yinalou and Tuyuhun, calling Tuyuhun "Kehan" ④. From this we know that Tuguhun (吐谷（yù)hun, a country established by the first part of Murong Xianbei in eastern Liaoning to move to the northwestern region, was founded from 313 to 663. Today, the Tu people in Qinghai, Gansu and other places are其Descendants ) The official name at that time was Kehan, Kehan can sweat (Khan) ⑤. "Book of Old Tang Dynasty" records the North Songs from Yuefu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, including "Murong Khan" and "Tuyuhun" ⑥. " Murong Khan" should be singing the deeds of Murong Xian, and "Tuyuhun" is probably the so-called "Song of Egan" by Murong Xian missed his brother. Murongxin is called Khan, and Tuyuhun is also called Khan. The father's name of the two is "Yiluohan", the word "Han" should be the provincial translation of "Khan", and "Yiluo" is probably the transliteration of el (Yiluohan is elkhan) . It can be seen that the elders and sons of Murong Xianbei are called Khan. This is because has not yet evolved into the title of supremeruler of supremeruler of supratribalpolities at that time. The title is ⑦. From this we can see that Murongqin’s Khan number is Ruoluoxi, Tuyuhun’s Khan number is Tuyuhun, and both Ruoluoxi and Tuyuhun are khan numbers. The Khan name plus Khan's official name constituted the political names of Murongqin and Tuyuhun. What's interesting is that it was the official title in this title, not all of its official title or title, which eventually evolved into the name of this tribe. This is exactly the same as the pattern of the two tribes named Qifu and Helan.
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So, Tuoba, which is also a combination of official name and official name, is the full name of a certain chief of Tuoba’s predecessor, or is it like Helan, Qifu, and Murong? Is it just his official title or part of his official title? This is of course a difficult question . The chieftain of the Tuoba tribe seems to have been given the title of Khan before moving to the south. , Ga Xiandong stone wall Zhu Wen has "the emperor's ancestor can be cold", "the emperor's first candun" ⑧, and in "The Book of Wei" is written as "Emperor Ancestor"⑨. The epitaph of Xizhi in the Northern Wei Dynasty is called the Xi family (that is, the Daxi clan, whose descendants once established the Kumo Xi Kingdom in the northeast region, and Xiqin, the ancestor of the stringed Huqin, came from here. )" Descendants of the Khan"⑩, Luo Zhenyu believes that the "servant Khan" is the emperor Wei, the father of the neighbors and the emperor recorded in the Book of Wei. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" has repeatedly used Khan to call Tuoba the ancestor of the emperor, which must have evidence. 12 If we believe these evidences, then the Tuoba tribe was called a Khan from Emperor Wei at the latest. Of course, the title of Khan at this time is not exclusive to the tribal chief, and the father and son brothers of the tribal monarch are probably called Khan. Liwei eldest son's name desert sweat, this "Khan" should be the provincial translation of Khan, and "Desert" is Khan. It can be seen that Tuoba Xianbei is the same as Murong Xianbei, and all the kings and elders use Khan as the official name. and according to "Wei Shu", before and after the important event of moving to Monan, Xiandi Neighbors carried out a major division of the tribe , " to Xiandi, seven people, so that the brothers each took It is divided into its clan. Since then, it has merged with other countries, each with its own headquarters, and its own tribe, with the internal surname Yan "②. This passage shows that after the tribal integration and reorganization of Xiandi, the structure of the eight tribes has stabilized. There was no Tuoba department name before, so the brothers’ tribes later got their surnames, and Tuoba’s one should be It was only obtained after the eight-part structure was confirmed. So, when did the Tuoba tribe get the title of Tuoba?
If all Tuoba Lords are called Khan at this time, then Tuoba can only be the Khan of a certain Khan, or part of his Khan. "Wei Shu" records that the two Emperor Xuan and Emperor Xian, who led the great cause of moving to the south, are called Tuiyin, which means that the khan titles of these two khans with comparable accomplishments are both Tuiyin. The Mongolian Khan has "Dayan" and "Tayang", and its etymology is probably tayan in Turkic. Clausen explained that it is "obviously an official name" ④. There is a well-known solar deduction in the western part of Tanshihuai. Scholars mostly believe that this deduction is the Tuoba's recommendation. However, there are contradictions in the time of parallelism6. In fact, it is understood that deduction or tuiyin is just a good name often used as the official name of the Northern people⑦, so there is no need to find the correlation between Tanshihuai’s solar deduction and the two tuiyin in the history of Tuoba⑧ .
Descendants of Tuyuhun-Tuo
8b0 is not#f0#04a7d Ke Tuoba Khan#f0#04a7d number. Xiandi's son Jie Fen, who has been in office for a short time, has no business knowledge, and his influence on the history of Tuoba is relatively weak. Jifenyin recently went to Fen. Qufen is very important in Rouran's official system⑨, and is also a commonly used official name and official title of the Bei people. Therefore, Jifen should be the name of Emperor Shengwu, not his name⑩. Since there is no Tuoba in the Khan of Emperor Xian and Emperor Shengwu, it is certain that Tuoba’s name is not from their Khan. In the history of the Tuoba Tribe after moving south, only Liwei was of immense importance. ① In August of the fourteenth year of Emperor Xiaowen (490), when Li Biao and Cui Guang discussed the five elements' calendar, they said, "However, this emperor's cause is led by Shenyuan." ② Shenyuan Diliwei’s outstanding achievements and long rule are very likely to make his own name, that is, his official title (Khan) or part of his official title, become other tribes on the grassland to his chiefdom or its The name of the headquarter, andAnd to stabilize and solidify this code name. Of course, there is no direct evidence in historical materials that Tuoba was once Liwei’s Khan or part of the Khan (obviously “Liwei” should also be part of the Khan), but the reason for this speculation is indeed It also exists. The Tuoba Ministry led by Liwei had formal contacts with the Central Plains regime. In the second year of Emperor Wei Yuan's Jingyuan (261), there has been frequent exchanges since then, and historical materials such as "Book of Jin" all refer to "Xianbei Liwei".#， Do not see Tuoba Zhihao . Even to at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Kun mentioned Yi Lu in the table above, also known as "Xianbei Yi Lu" ③. Even if the Tuoba tribe name has been used in Daibei, its time will not be long. I suspect that "Tuoba", which is part of the Liwei Khan, became the name of the entire tribe during the Liwei period, and it gradually became the official name of the Tuoba tribe after Liwei died. This situation is completely consistent with Murong, Helan, and Qifu's naming model.
If the above argument is true, then the claim that baldness and Tuoba have the same origin is obviously untenable. The name of the Hexi Xianbei baldness department must be related to the name of a certain monarch in the history of his tribe, but has nothing to do with the strength of the Yinshan area. This kind of name coincidentally coincides so that the tribal name overlaps, but the situation that different Chinese characters are used to distinguish between Chinese characters should be more common in the early medieval society of the Bei people. For example, in "Wei Shu" Volume One and Three "Guan Shi Zhi", the surnames of the generations were changed. There are Chi Luo, Chi Li, Chi Lu, and Chi Lu, and the Han surnames are changed to Luo, Li, Lv, Zhu. S. ④ When the Chinese characters were translated into Chiluo, Chili, Chilu, and Chilu, they were clearly distinguished into four names, but if they were further changed to the four surnames Luo, Li, Lv, and Zhu, they would not be able to see their original homophonic names. Relationship. In fact, Chiluo, Chili, Chilu, and Chilu are very likely to be different translations of the same Turkic vocabulary kül (which is often translated as "Qu" in the Tang Dynasty). The Viga Khan stele contains Kültor (translated by Tang people as "que 啜") and Kül Irkin (translated by Tang people as "queu jin") ⑤, and a more famous example is Kül Tigin (Kül Tigin) in the stele of Que Teqin. In these three use cases, Kül is used as an official name, which is combined with three different official names (啜, 俟jin, Secret Service) to form three special names. Tekin explained that kül means "person's name"6. I am afraid it is inaccurate. As a good name, kül is first an official name, and of course it may also evolve into a first-level official name. Chiluo, Chili, Chilu, and Chilu are the names of the four tribes, and their naming patterns are likely to be the same as those discussed above, such as Qifu and Helan. They all come from the official name kül, and of course they are modified by each. The official name of the government is no longer known. This kind of repetition is not surprising in the Beizu society, but if it is translated into the same Chinese character, it is easy to misunderstand the same tribe and the same tribe. This should be the main reason for the translation into different Chinese characters. This kind of conscious divergence can accurately reflect the actual appearance of the tribal structure of Bei people's society. The relationship between baldness and Tuoba, regard it as . In fact, Tuoba, as a good name or official title, can also find use cases in later Turkic political bodies. For example, the Khan name of Tabo Khan, "Tabo", is actually a different translation of [to:gbeg]. West Turks has "他匐十名" ②, "他匐", which is also a different translation of [to: gbeg].
The tribal name of the Xianbei tribes in the Wei and Jin Dynasties is obviously based on a certain official name plus [beg] ] The official name constitutes a group of names, in addition to Tuoba, baldness, and begging, there is also Yifubu nomadic in the Qinghai Lake area. The early Mediaeval sound of Puli's constitutive Nifu is put, which is similar to Fu and Cang. According to Li Zhenhua and Zhou Changji, the ancient pronunciation of Fu is bǐut, which is also similar to Fu and Cang ④. Yifu is probably the same word as "Yue Ba" in Yue Ba City where Liu Weichen lives, because the Chinese characters "悦" and "伊" in this period of can be used interchangeably when translating foreign names, such as Yili in the Northern Wei Dynasty Shi, also known as Yue Lishi ⑤. When Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty established Yili as the king of high cars, Yili was the same word as Yifu and Yueba. In addition to the Yifu tribe in Qinghai, there is also a tribe named Yifu in the Daibei Group of Tuoba Xianbei. "north"History" Volume 49 "Yi Fu Lang Biography": "It was also a native of the east. The world was a tribal adult, and he emigrated to the Wei Dynasty, and later went to Leyan because of his family." ⑦ "Wei Shu" records "B in the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty" The title of Fubushuai "⑧, There were Yihun, Yihun, etc. in the Northern Wei Dynasty, all of which were derived from its . The process of these two Yifu branches and their respective names is probably similar to Tuoba and Baldness . Yao Weiyuan put them under the same surname for testing, and seems to believe that they are of the same origin, but in fact they are not related. "Wei Shu" also lists Yu Fu, and Chen Lianqing suspects that Yu Fu is a different translation of Yi Fu ⑩. According to our previous discussion of the accidental coincidence of tribal names, even if Yufu and Yifu are different translations of the same Northern tribe, the tribes they refer to may not be the same.
The surnames of the Northern tribes in the Northern Dynasties are usually the names of the tribes they belong to. in the surnames known as Xianbei, and 巴巴氏 (长孙氏) , 他洛巴氏 (骆氏) , 俟力伐氏(鲍氏) , 科巴氏（柯氏） etc.; 高车诸部, there are 黜弗氏 , 斛巴氏(贺巴氏) etc., its tribe name It obviously contains the word [beg], its word formation is similar to that of Tuoba, and the way it gets its name is probably not far away. A particularly notable example is Tu Lifa (Bao Shi)11. Tu Li (俟Li) is an official name commonly found in the northern tribes of the Middle Ancient Times. It must be a good name and must have the function of an official title. The combination of 濟利) and cut (beg) not only constitutes a new official title, but can also be used as an official title. The importance of the word [beg] in the Turkic language in the political culture of the Bei people, especially the Xianbei tribes during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, can be seen here. As for the names with [beg] as a good name (the last word in the Chinese translation is Ba, Ba, Fa, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fa, etc.), it is more common, and the list goes on. ①
Gaoche people are usually considered to be one of the ancestors of the Uighurs
Uighurs with hair-raising custom
The name of the tribe and the development of the tribal political body
PABoodberg summarizes the nomadic organization and the personal name Of the seven sources, the third is official titles, especially the political positions of tribal leaders in nomadic organizations (such as Shan Yuting, Khanting, etc.). ②In his famous paper discussing the definition of nomadic tribe, Lindner clearly pointed out that the identity of nomadic tribe comes from its political leader. ③Golden also said that when the nomadic tribal organization undergoes a political reorganization, its military leader becomes crucial in determining the identity of the entire group, especially in the name of the tribe. For example, Ottoman is named after the tribal leader Osman. (Ottoman originated from Osmanl, and Osmanl? is the leader's name Osman with a suffix -l, meaning "the people of Osman"). ④ It can be seen that many researchers have long noticed that the name of a nomadic tribe's political body is largely determined by the political leader of that political body.
The question is, how did you get the name of the political leader of the nomadic political body? According to our research on the division of political names of Inner Asian nations, when a political leader of a nomadic political body obtains a new political position, his title should also change accordingly. The new title includes both his The new post (official title) also includes a new title (official title) that is unique to the political leader. The new official title and official title together constitute the identity of the political leader, but the most important ingredient is the official title rather than the official title. The previous research on the origins of the names of Tuoba and other Xianbei tribes in the Wei and Jin dynasties also shows the general situation of the official titles of tribal leaders transformed into tribal names. From this, we can know that the NorthA mechanism for obtaining the name of a tribe: the official name of the tribe leader becomes the main name people call the leader, and the official name is transformed into the actual name of the leader; the name of the tribe leader becomes the outside world (with the tribe Corresponding other nomadic tribes and farming social organizations) called the main name of the tribe. After a period of time, the name from him was finally accepted and recognized by the tribe, and solidified into the official name of the tribe. (Limited by space, references are not provided)
