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Date丨2021.09.30 5 _p 618span 5 _span5 span7span proclaimed the emperor in Chang'an, and established the Tang Dynasty, a dynasty with a brilliant and brilliant Chinese civilization.
was also in this year, in the vast snow-covered plateau, where the strongest regime in thousands of years of history here, the dynasty, also gradually emerged.
The first year of Wude (countless historical events such as Guo Zi and Jiang Tang)
In the following two hundred years, the Tang Dynasty and Tubo or allies or friends, or war or peace, jointly composed the history of China A treacherous and magnificent epic.
Before the establishment of the Tubo Dynasty, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was in a social state where dozens of primitive nomadic tribes coexisted with each other.
The establishment of the Tubo dynasty
In the late sixth century AD, Lunzan Nang Nang (570-629, the founding king of the Tubo Kingdom) unified the 7 tribes in the lower reaches of the Laspan River. The river basin establishes a center of governance,Honored as "Langri Lunzan" (meaning a king as clever as the heavens and strong as the Tianshan Mountains), it opened the prelude to the Tubo dynasty.
In the process of conquering Tibet by Zan Nong Nang, the reuse of new aristocrats who made great contributions in the war caused strong dissatisfaction among the old aristocrats.
In 629 AD, the old aristocrats conspired to poison Lunzan Nong Nang, and rebelled one after another.
628 years (independence of Xue Yantuo)
When Tubo was about to fall apart, the son of Lunzan Nongsang, only thirteen-year-old Songtsen Gambo (the monarch of Tubo was established in 617-650) ) With the support of his uncle, Zai and other ministers, ascended to the throne of Zamp.
Although he has been pro-government since the age of thirteen, Songtsen Gampo is talented and has shown great political skills at a young age.
After succeeding to the throne, he quickly adopted severe measures, "determining the poisoned person, and extinct his heirs." After that, he forcefully suppressed the rebellious forces of all parties, "The rebellious common people will return to their jurisdiction."
The thunderbolt of the thirteen-year-old boy made those nobles who were ready to bully orphans and widows fearful, and they all pledged their allegiance to the death and never dared to have two hearts.
In 634 AD, after Songtsen Gampo unified Tibet, he carried out a series of reforms within the Tubo dynasty.
Songtsen Gambo
He first moved the capital (now Lhasa) to become the political, economic, and cultural center of Tubo; then, referring to the Tang Dynasty system,Establish a political and military system from the central to the local; at the same time began to adopt the calendar, unified weights and measures and text, and formulated cruel laws.
So far, the Tubo Dynasty has truly become a centralized monarchy.
During the heyday of the Tubo Dynasty, the territory includes the entire western region of China, as well as parts of Central Asia and India.
Tubo's heyday territory
Today's Nepal (30 million people), northeastern India, Bangladesh (100 million people), etc. Himalayas's densely populated areas south of its territory Within the scope, or its servant state. Even the upper reaches of the Ganges River, where India’s economy is the richest and most densely populated, is within its control.
Climate factors for the rise of the Tubo Dynasty
During the Tang Dynasty, the climate in East Asia was much warmer than it is now.
The warm climate makes the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau become humid and rainy. It is very suitable for various agricultural and animal husbandry and other production activities, and can carry the population to the highest peak in history.
is derived from the research of Zhu Kezhen, the founder of modern meteorology in China. Six hundred thousand. If the servant countries are included, the total force that can be mobilized is close to one million.
In the war between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo,I have seen many historical records of Tubo launching an army of 400,000.
After the collapse of the Tubo Dynasty, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau became increasingly uninhabitable as the climate became colder. The population of Tibetan areas has also fallen into a state of reverse growth that lasted for a thousand years, and a strong regime has never been established.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the population of Tibetan areas was about 2 million. Before liberation, the total population was less than 1.3 million.
Therefore, it is difficult for us to imagine how glorious and powerful the Tubo Empire that competed with the Tang Dynasty in Asia in history was once.
Songtsen Gambo and Li Shimin 's political and military confrontation
In the two hundred years of history of the Tubo dynasty and the western territories of the Tang Dynasty, the disputes were mainly concentrated in the Western Territory of the Tang Dynasty. area. There are two fronts in the Tang-Tibetan War: one is and Tuyuhun ; the other is the four towns of Anxi in the Western Regions.
For both Tang and Tibet, the strategic significance of Tuyuhun is very important. Whoever controls Tuyuhun is equivalent to controlling the southern road of the Silk Road.
Geographical location of Tuyuhun and Anxi four towns
Tuyuhun is the name of an ancient nation in northwest China (modern descendants are Qinghai Tu people), formerly Liaodong Xianbei 7 Murongbu branch _spanspan west Jin Dynasty Moved to Linxia Prefecture, Gansu. Later, they conquered the Qiang and Di tribes in Qinghai, Gannan, and northwestern Sichuan, and established the country.
623 AD,Tuyuhun invaded Fangzhou (now southeast of Diebu County, Gansu), and then disturbed Tao (now Lintan County, Gansu ) and Min (now Min County, Gansu).
Tang Gaozu Li Yuan sent the consort Chai Shao (the famous general of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the husband of the Princess of Pingyang) led his troops to rescue. In June of the same year, in the "Battle of Minzhou" between the Tang Dynasty and Tuyuhun, Chai Shao defeated the Tuyuhun army by tactics, beheading more than 500 ranks, and taking countless prisoners.
In August, Tuyuhun belonged to the Tang Dynasty.
Since then, the Tang Dynasty has firmly controlled the southern road of the Silk Road in its own hands.
In 629 AD, Songtsen Gampo succeeded the Tubo Zanpu at the age of a weak crown.
At this time, parts of Tubo fell apart and rebellions broke out. In the same year, Tang Taizong conquered the Turkic and began to build a powerful Tang empire step by step.
629 (Unification of the Tang Dynasty, split of the Western Turks)
Wait until 634, Songtsen Gampo eradicated the rebellion, unified Tibet Plateau , moved across Lhasa and established the 5span dynasty. North, captured Jie Li Khan of the East Turks. The surrounding minorities, such as Yanqi, Dangxiang , and other minorities, all belonged to the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty also became the "Khan of Heaven" of .
Standing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Songtsen Gampo raised his eyes to the east. Apart from the territory of the Tang Empire, all he saw were the "little brothers" of the Tang Dynasty. Tubo is like a "beast" locked in an iron cage, and can't help feeling sad.
Two emerging empires have risen and bordered at the same time. Songtsen Gampo is a generation of British lord, and Li Shimin is the emperor of the ages of "mounting to kill the enemy, dismounting to rule the country". The two do not know much about their powerful opponents. The important thing is that there is a huge conflict of interest between the two countries.
In this case, it is inevitable that a war will break out between the two countries.
634 (the founding of Tubo)
In 634 AD (the eighth year of Zhenguan), Songtsen Gambo first made a political trial to the Tang Dynasty: he sent an envoy to Chang'an and asked Li Shimin to make peace.
Songtsen Gambo proposed a marriage, not simply to solve his own marriage problem, but with a strong political purpose.
first used the prestige of the Tang Dynasty to expand Tubo's influence in neighboring countries. Secondly, by marrying Tang, you can avoid worries and quickly conquer other tribes around the Tibetan Plateau and the Western Regions with a brief peace. In addition, you can also test the Tang Dynasty's attitude towards Tubo.
In the process of unifying Tibet, Tubo invaded and occupied part of the territory of Dangxiang, Tuyuhun and other countries, and they were all younger brothers of the Tang Dynasty. If their eldest brother is willing to marry him now, it actually means that the part of the territory he invaded and got the acquiescence of the Tang Dynasty.
At this time, in the Chang'an city , Emperor Taizong of Tang heard the request of the Tubo envoys to make peace. In addition to ordering the envoys to be treated preferentially,There is no indication.
Step-by-step diagram (Tang Taizong met with Tubo envoy Lu Dongzan)
Actually, the truth is very simple. After the eradication of the East Turks, the Great Tang Empire came to the world. The Tang Dynasty generally married the neighboring countries to strengthen their relations after expressing their surrender to them. Princess Honghua married to Tuyuhun is a typical one.
However, Tubo did not express its attachment to the Tang Dynasty. At this time, the gift of marriage had no other meaning besides detriment to the prestige of the Tang Dynasty.
Secondly, before the Tubo envoys proposed peace, the Tang Dynasty had heard about what Tubo had done from Tuyuhun and other younger brothers. If not only does not call the shots for the younger brothers, but instead marries Tubo, what is the prestige of Datang? How to convince the public in the future?
Ancient Capital Chang'an
The reason that Emperor Taizong did not spare his hands to deal with Tubo was because at this time, there were three major rivals of Goguryeo, Xue Yantuo, and Western Turks to the east and north of the Tang Empire. .
Songtsen Gampo waited in Lhasa for more than half a year, and what he waited was the symbolic reward of the Tang Dynasty, and King Tuyuhun's lawsuit in front of Li Shimin, and the Tang Dynasty's support of pro-Tang forces in Tuyuhun, Dangxiang and other countries News.
At this time, he finally put away his unrealistic illusions. Since the goal cannot be achieved with political skills, let's meet each other!
In 638 AD, Songtsen Gampo made an excuse for his failure to marry him, and it was Tuyuhun and other countries that made trouble. Leading an army of 200,000, quickly defeated Tuyuhun and occupied the vast grassland south of Qinghai Lake ,Later, they defeated the Tuyuhun ally Dangxiang, Bailan Zhuqiang, and stationed the soldiers Songzhou (now Sichuan Songpan ) border, and the soldiers pointed directly at the hinterland of the Tang Dynasty.
Songzhou governor Han Wei led his army to fight, and was defeated by Songtsan Gambo. Kuozhou (now north of Huangshengguan in Songpan County) and Nuozhou (located in the north of Songpan County) belonged to Tubo. In western Sichuan, southern Gansu, and Qinghai Lake, the Qiang tribe rebelled at the sight of the wind, rebelled, and lured the Tubo to invade the Tang Dynasty.
Songtsen Gambo did not continue to advance, but continued to send messengers to Chang'an, and once again asked to marry the princess of the Tang Dynasty, and at the same time shouted to the Tang Dynasty: "The princess is not here, I will go deeper."
Songtsen Gambo's second political card to the Tang Dynasty.
Although Songtsen Gambo led an army of 200,000 on the expedition, he did not intend to fight the Tang Dynasty desperately. After occupying the lands of Tuyuhun, Dangxiang, Bailan Zhuqiang, his military goals have been achieved.
The reason why the army stationed in Songzhou was to test the strength of Datang, and at the same time, it wanted to use military threats as a means to gain an advantage in political negotiations with the Tang Dynasty.
If the Tang Dynasty was frightened by the military strength of Tubo and agreed to Songtsen Gambo's request for peace, it would undoubtedly be a great blow to the prestige of the Tang Dynasty. The surrounding small countries and tribes attached to the Tang Dynasty are bound to leave the Tang Dynasty one after another, thereby weakening the strength of the Tang Dynasty.
In August, news of Songzhou’s defeat was introduced to Chang’an, and Tang Taizong sternly rejected the proposal of the prime minister and Wei Zheng .Decided to attack Tubo heavily. He transferred back the elite of the Tang army who fought against the Western Turks in the Western Regions and made military deployment:
For Bailan Road, General Niu Jinda from Zuo Wuwei is Kuoshuidao, General Liu Lan from the left is the commander of Taohe Road marching, and he is in charge of 50,000 strikes."
Among them, Hou Junji is one of the twenty-four heroes of Lingyan Pavilion. First, all the famous generals, such as Zhishili and Niu Jinda, show that Emperor Taizong of Tang has attached great importance to Tubo.
The 50,000 troops of the Tang Dynasty faced off with 200,000 troops of Tubo. Why did it show that the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to Tubo?
Because of the Tang Dynasty's expedition, it basically swept the world with less battles and more. Winning more with less battles has become the self-confidence of Tang Dynasty monarchs and ministers.
Take a look at the other achievements of Datang:
Weiguo Gong "shen" Li Jing , 3,000 riders over 100,000 East Turks.
British male Li Ji , six thousand horses and horses, broke Xue Yantuo 100,000 cavalry, and captured more than 50,000 people.
Xing Guogong Su Dingfang
Lecheng County Gong Liu Rengui , 13,000 naval forces, wiped out 48,000 people from the Japanese and Baekje coalition forces.
Tang Taizong personally conquered Goguryeo. One hundred thousand Tang army broke 250,000 enemy troops and killed 140,000 captives. It was a so-called "failure" just because there was no one war to destroy the country.
, especially the elite heavy cavalry of the "Xuanjia Army" of the Tang Dynasty, coming and going like the wind and invincible, making neighboring countries frightened. It is one of the most powerful and iron-blooded troops in the history of the world's cold weapon war.
Heavy cavalry
Back to Battle of Songzhou .
After Zuo Wuwei's general Niu Jinda led the Tang army vanguard to Songzhou, he attacked the Tubo army by surprise at night and defeated it, beheading more than a thousand ranks.
Next, Tubo failed to win a series of battles on the border.
Tang Jun's fighting strength is so powerful that Songtsan Gambo's heart is terrified. He finally decided to withdraw his troops and withdraw from the occupied Tuyuhun, Dangxiang, and Bailanqiang areas, and sent envoys to apologize.
The reason why Tubo took the initiative to retreat, the night attack that lost thousands of people was only a superficial reason.
The more important reason is that the Tubo and Datang war broke out at this time, which has completely different meanings for the two countries. Even if Tubo wins this war, the Tang Dynasty can still make a comeback, but once Songtsen Gambo loses, the country will be destroyed.
Because Tubo was not stable at this time, the separatist forces just moved from the light to the dark. As long as the 200,000 army of Songtsen Gampo is defeated at the front line, there will be a rebellion in Tubo again, leading to the collapse of the dynasty.
Songtsen Gampo, as a generation of British lord,I must understand this deeply. On the other hand, because of the death of Songtsen Gambo’s son, the internal regime has become unstable, and his army needs to withdraw in time to consolidate its rule.
The subsequent impact of the Battle of Songzhou on the two countries:
Before the Battle of Songzhou, Tubo succeeded in defeating Tuyuhun and plundered a large amount of human and financial kinship from Tubo. And pro-Tang two camps.
After the Battle of Songzhou, Songtsen Gampo once again asked for peace with the Tang Dynasty, obtained permission from Emperor Taizong of Tang, and finally married Princess Wencheng of .
Princess Wencheng entered Tibet at the age of 16 and married 25-year-old Songtsan Gampo. Both before and after death, they have an extremely lofty status in Tibetan areas. She has made great contributions to the development of Tubo's economy and culture, and its influence has continued to this day.
Through peace with Tubo, the Tang Dynasty eased the tensions on some borders, and can focus more on the battles with Goguryeo and Western Turks.
In 640 AD, Hou Jun set off Gao Changguo , Megatron Western Turks. The Tang Dynasty established the Anxi Duhufu to manage the Western Regions, and built the famous " Anxi four towns " to guard the border, thus completely controlling the Western Regions.
In 657 (the Tang Dynasty extinguished Xue Yantuo)
In 645 AD, Emperor Taizong of the Tang expedition to Goguryeo, and later carried out two more expeditions.
In 657 AD, Xue Yantuo destroyed the country, and the Tang Dynasty established the Yanran Protectorate here. "The lonely smoke in the desert, the sunset over the long river" became a unique scenery in the Tang Dynasty.
In 668 AD, Goguryeo destroyed the country.
Since the founding of the Tang Dynasty in 618, in the next 50 years, the Datang Empire has been like an autumn wind sweeping the fallen leaves, almost defeating all opponents except Tubo, and it is completely invincible.
AD 668 (the demise of Goguryeo)
After the Battle of Songzhou, Songtsan Gambo was impressed by the prosperity of the Datang Empire. Since then, he has always treated Datang with the "gift of son-in-law". Throughout his life, he never had any military conflicts with the Tang Dynasty.
Twelve years after Songtsen Gampo's death, Lu Dongzan (the Tubo envoy who sent Songtsen Gampo to Chang'an to make peace) once again provoked disputes between the Tubo and Tang dynasties due to Tuyuhun and the Western Regions.
The magnificent and magnificent one-hundred-year Tang-Tibet war kicked off.
A five-rank petty official who exterminated the country, the Tubo God of War who was forced to commit suicide, the Datang sister and brother Lianyuyu, the Tubo iron-blooded queen...
Countless legends, in the long river of history, have played their own roles. Different legendary lives.
(In a future article, Zhuoma will continue to tell you the story of two hundred years of history based on important figures and major wars between Tang and Tibet.)
— — To be continued —
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