Xianbei is a minority nationality that was active in northern China from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the Yongjia Rebellion, the various ministries of Xianbei set off a nation-building climax in the north. From 337 to 420, a total of seven countries were established, including Qianyan, Houyan, Xiyan, Nanyan, Nanliang, Western Qin, and Northern Wei. This period was a period of great transformation of Chinese civilization. It was a history in which the pluralistic and integrated Chinese nation and Chinese culture were basically fixed and formed. It directly laid the foundation stone for the rise of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the reconstruction of the great unity of China.
This article is the third in the series "Xianbei Times".
Between 50 BC and 5 AD, that is, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xianbei moved south to the Hulun Lake area and lived here for about 200 years. During this period, Xianbei merged with the surrounding ethnic groups such as the Huns, Dingling, Gaoche, Wuhuan, and Han nationalities, and thus achieved considerable development. The economic form developed from hunting to nomadic animal husbandry with hunting as a supplement, and the production tools transitioned from stone tools to metal tools, and the level of civilization has been greatly improved.
Hulun Lake is located in Hulunbuir City, in the northeast of the Mongolian Plateau, longitude 117°00'10''～117°41'40'' east, latitude 48°30'40''～49°20'40 north '', a brackish lake of tectonic origin. It belongs to the northern temperate semi-arid zone, with a cold and dry climate, long winters and short summers, and a lot of wind and sand. The lake was frozen from the beginning of November to the beginning of May of the following year. The ice layer can reach more than 1m thick. It is a lake with a long freezing period in China. The average annual precipitation in the Hulun Lake area is 200mm～300mm, and its northern part is the vast uninhabited area of the central and western parts of the country. The 400mm isoprecipitation line is the dividing line between animal husbandry and farming, and the 200mm isoprecipitation line is the dividing line between desert and grassland, which is the dividing line of human survival. If there is no beautiful Hulun Lake, there is basically an area unsuitable for human survival.
Sometimes a god and man said in the country: "This land is deserted,It is not enough to build a capital city, it is suitable for relocation. "... Over the years. I first lived in the former place of the Huns.
"Book of Wei"
Therefore, finding a more suitable living space has become a major problem for Xianbei's failure to develop. At this time, the ruler of the grassland. The Huns are declining. The Huns’ native place has naturally become the fat in Xianbei’s eyes!
A game between the Han and the Huns
During the Han Dynasty, the Han and the Huns had a tug of war that lasted for hundreds of years. The Wuhuan, Xianbei and other ethnic minorities between the Han and Hungarians became the pawns for both sides to win, control, and attack each other.
When Xianbei first arrived at Hulun Lake, he was still a subordinate of the Huns. In the early period of the Han and Hungarian wars, the Xianbei tribe was subordinate to To the Xiongnu, assist the Huns to attack the Han.
When it was, the Huns, Xianbei and Chishan Wuhuanlians were strong and prosperous, and they entered the block to kill a few officials.... The three captives were in peace, and the pawns were the side victims.
"Book·Xianbei Biography"
In the 21st year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (45 years), the Xianbei tribe had more than 10,000 riders in Liaodong, the prefect of Liaodong led thousands of people to fight against it.
Beheaded more than three thousand levels and won horse Thousands of horses. Since Hou Xianbei is horrified, I dare not look at it again.
"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Sacrifice"
In view of the joint battle between the Xiongnu and Xianbei, the strength of the Han Dynasty is strong. Adopting a strategy of division and disintegration, in the 25th year of Jianwu (49 years), the Eastern Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Xianbei tribe to show money and lure the Xianbei tribe into surrender.
In the 21st year of Jianwu, Xianbei and the Xiongnu entered In the eastern part of Liaoning, the prefect of the eastern part of the Liaoning province defeated it, and all the gains were exhausted,..., it was terrified. And Nandan Yufu Han,The northern captives were lonely and weak, and Xianbei began to communicate with postmen for 25 years.
"The Book of the Later Han·Xianbei Biography"
What kind of sacrificial sacrificial deeds to protect the Pian and seek self-effects, because of the order to strike the Northern Huns Zuoyi Yuzi Department, beheaded more than two thousand ranks. After that, He even sent troops to attack the northern captives, and even held the first-level Liaodong to be rewarded. …So all the Xianbei masters came back, and Liaodong was rewarded. Qing and Xuzhou gave money to 270 million years old.
"The History of Xianbei"
The main purpose of the Xianbei tribe’s southern invasion was to obtain the wealth of the Central Plains, so the Eastern Han government used huge profits to impress the leaders of Xianbei. So Xianbei changed his position and assisted the Han to attack Hungarians, and began to attack the Northern Huns year after year.
In 49 years, the leader of Xianbei belonged to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was ordered to attack the Iyuzi tribe of the Northern Huns and beheaded more than two thousand. After that, Xianbei attacked the North Huns for years, and exchanged the head of the Huns for the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In 54 years, the leader of Xianbei Mantou, and Yu Qiuben led his tribe to Luoyang to celebrate him, and he was made a prince in the Eastern Han Dynasty, under the jurisdiction of Xianbei and Wuhuan tribes. Since then, Xianbei has completely freed himself from the control of the Huns.
In 1985, Xianbei united with Wuhuan, Dingling, Southern Huns and other countries in the Western Regions to defeat the Northern Huns, making them "lead away", and the Northern Huns became weaker ever since.
In 1987, Xianbei attacked the North Huns and broke them. The Huns who killed Youliu Shanyu, took the Huns and returned them, and the North Huns fell into chaos.
To sum up, in 49 AD Xianbei and the Eastern Han Dynasty "Shi Tongyishi". This was the period when the Huns were fiercely fighting, with natural disasters, split into the north and south, and then attacked each other, which quickly declined. During this period, due to the political and economic support of the Central Plains dynasty, coupled with the incorporation of the Wuhuan and other ethnic populations outside of the Great Wall, Xianbei quickly emerged.
In 54 AD, Xianbei defeated Wuhuan, and the leaders Mantou and Yu Qiuben were crowned kings in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They completely got rid of the control of the Huns. They stepped onto the historical stage as an independent grassland tribe and became an important part of the Han-Hungarian War. Weights. In 85 AD, the Northern Huns decayed, "Xianbei hit the left." In 87 AD, Xianbei went to the left and hit Beinu again, broke it, cut the superior and left the list.Take the Xiongnu skin and return it, the Beiting is in great chaos.” It can be seen that Xianbei’s power was already quite strong at this time, and they were already attracting attention on the desert grassland.
and Emperor Yongyuan, General Dou Xian sent Captain Right Geng Kui defeated the Xiongnu, Beidan fled, and Xianbei moved to take possession of his land. There are still more than a hundred thousand remaining Huns, all of whom are named Xianbei, and Xianbei gradually prospered.
"Hanshu·Xianbei Biography"
After Beidan Yu Yuandan in AD 9l, more than 100,000 Huns, who lived in the desert for many years, voluntarily merged into Xianbei and called themselves their names. Hundreds of thousands of northern Huns were taken in and Xianbei forces. It began to flourish, replaced the Xiongnu, and became the overlord of the Monan grassland, “being home to the homeland of the Xiongnu.”
Another important reason for the prosperity of Xianbei was the support of the Eastern Han Dynasty government in terms of politics and economy. Politically, it was blocked. The chiefs were kings and princes, and the financial rewards were huge. It can be seen how great the strength of the Eastern Han dynasty to support Xianbei at that time. Not only did it replace the Huns as the main ethnic group in northern China, but also began to neighbor the northern border county of the Eastern Han Dynasty and began to have a closer relationship with the Han Dynasty. At this time, the relationship between Xianbei and the Han Dynasty was sometimes surrendered and sometimes warped.
In the 9th year of the Emperor (97), Xianbei in Liaodong attacked Feiru County and Liaoxi County;
thirteen years (101), Xianbei in Liaodong, Kouyou Beiping, because of entering Yuyang;
Yanping first year (106
In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (115 years) of Emperor Xianbei, Liaodong Xianbei, encircled Wulu County, attacked and supported Liying, killed the chief officials;
, the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (117 years), Xianbei in western Liaoning continued to rest and burned the gate, the common people, and the frontier fortress in the western part of Liaoning.
In the sixth year of Xiping (177 years), the Han sent Xia to raise tall willows (now Yanggao, Shanxi), Tian Yan came out of the clouds, Zang Min came out of Yanmen, More than 10,000 riders in each rate, three-way out of the jam to attack Xianbei,It was defeated. Xianbei is more prosperous when plundering Hanbian.
……
According to statistics, from the 9th year of Hedi Yongyuan (97) to the time of Chongdi, there were 18 wars of varying scales between it and the Eastern Han Dynasty. Among them, Xianbei initiated 15 wars, and the Eastern Han Dynasty initiated 3 active offensives. While there were many military conflicts between Xianbei and the Eastern Han Dynasty, its leaders Yanliyang, Wulun, and Qizhilan also entered the dynasty in the early years of Andi Yong and the first year of Yongning.
In the first year of the Yongchu period (107 years), Xianbei master Yanliyang, the dynasty congratulations to Wang Yinsui, Juningcheng, and Tonghu City;
Yongning first year (120 years), Liaoxi Xianbei master Wulun, The key to it is Deng Zunjiang, who is entrusted to lead all kings, and leads all lords;
In the second year of Yongjian (127 years), Liaodong Xianbei Kou Liaodong Xuan Mushroom, defeated and begged, led all 30,000 people to plant Liaodong begging to Liao Liao. .
Although there were leaders of Xianbei who entered the dynasty, in general the Eastern Han Dynasty fought more and less Xianbei, and Xianbei was on the offensive and the Eastern Han was on the defensive. This shows that at this stage, the power of Xianbei has replaced the Xiongnu as one of the major side troubles of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The primary reason for this phenomenon was the decline in the national power of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the only defensive strategy could be adopted against Xianbei.
In the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, the government faced a difficult situation. It is not uncommon for eunuchs in the DPRK and foreign relatives to intervene in politics. National guidelines are abolished. Officials' personal political literacy and level are uneven. The burden on the people is heavy. Rebellion in border areas is not uncommon.
The Qiang rebellion broke out in Liangzhou in the fourth year of Yongchu;
In the fifth year of Yuanding, the first zero Qiang and the feuding, prison sister species to resolve their enemies and alliances, and the Xiongnu, more than 100,000 troops, a total of more than 100,000 soldiers In the first five years of Yuan Dynasty (118 years), in the fifth year of Yuan Dynasty (118), due to the accumulation of riches and riches, Juanyi and Da Niu were sealed off in rebellion.
According to statistics,During the fifty years from the Eastern Han Dynasty to Emperor Shun, there were 20 locust plagues, 24 droughts, 22 floods, earthquakes, wind disasters, hail disasters, cold and frost disasters, and epidemics. From this, it can be found that the continuous natural disasters may cause the displacement of the people, damage the financial income of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was founded on agriculture, and then affect its national strength, and the corresponding border defense forces will also be weakened. Frequent counter-insurgency wars have produced a huge amount of military expenditure, which greatly consumes the country's economic strength.
Natural disasters coupled with man-made disasters, the Eastern Han Dynasty was in most cases unable to actively initiate foreign wars, which allowed Xianbei to take advantage of the void and continue to advance to the Eastern Han Frontier County.
Secondly, although the Eastern Han regime has realized that the Xianbei power will grow and take certain precautions against it, it is clear that its understanding of Xianbei is still insufficient, and certain mistakes have occurred in the frontier policy.
The Xiongnu rushed to the Longhan, and the Xiqiang rushed to ZTE. Between Lingxian and Lingxian, the two captives and Shihuai rode fiercely, and there was nothing but a single place, stumbling fiercely, and taking possession of the land of western Liaoning.
"The Book of the Later Han·Xianbei Biography"
It can be seen that in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty did not regard Xianbei as its primary opponent, but believed that the primary problem of the frontier was Xiqiang. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were as many as five large-scale Qiang uprisings, while small-scale uprisings continued one after another. The Qiang rebellion in the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty made the Eastern Han Dynasty focus on the western Qiang people, while Xianbei naturally fell to a secondary position.
Therefore, during this period, the Eastern Han government adopted a policy of comforting Xianbei first, defense seconded, and occasional military deterrence.
Qifen Guoren
occupied the homeland of the Huns,Accepting the rest of the Huns, and with the help of a series of mistakes in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xianbei thrived in the homeland of the Huns. This kind of prosperity is not only the growth of population, but the all-round prosperity of politics, economy, society and so on.
In the past, Xianbei realized a mode of governance called the adult system, "the brave and capable of dueling litigants, promoted as adults, and have no career in succession." This is a clan management system based on election. During the early establishment of relations between Xianbei and the Eastern Han government, there were occasions when the Xianbei masters were attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty. This fully shows that the various leaders are independent of the ministry as a unit. Similarly, the Eastern Han government did not treat Xianbei as a whole, but treated them separately on the basis of tribes. The adult system is obviously no longer suitable for the needs of Xianbei's development.
As a result, a major event in Xianbei's history came into being, and it planted a "curse" for the independent development of Xianbei's ministries hundreds of years later. This is-Qifen Chinese.
At the beginning, An Emperor ruled the country, and the tribes had ninety-nine surnames. At the time of Emperor Xiandi, the people of the country were divided by seven, so that the brothers each took the lead, and it was divided into his clan. ...Xiandi took his brother as the Hegu clan, and later changed it to the Hu clan. The second brother was Platts and later changed to Zhou. The second brother was the Tuoba family and later changed to the Changsun family. The younger brother was Da Xi, and later changed to Xi. The second brother was Yilu's, and later changed to Yi's. The second brother was Qiu Dun's, and later changed to Qiu's. The second brother was Hou's, and later changed to Hai's. The prosperity of the seven races has started since then.
He named his uncle's Yin as the Yijan clan, and later changed to the Shusun clan. He also ordered the genus to be called Chekun's family, and later changed to Che's family. Everyone has ten surnames with the imperial family, and will never intermarry forever. He also ordered his uncle's Yin to call the Yijan clan, which was later changed to the Shusun clan.
"The Book of the Wei Guanshi"
Here are two things to point out in particular:
①. Tuoba's on the stage of history began with the people of Qifen, although the history of Xianbei was included in the "Book of Wei". The leaders on the above are all named Tuoba’s surname, but in the context of the adult system, it is unknown whether these leaders are surnamed Tuoba.
②, among Qifen people, some surnames are obviously not Xianbei surnames. According to textual research, Pu Clan is the Xiongnu surname, Hegu and Yiyan are Gaoche people; later in history, the famous Xianbei Dugu clan is also a Huns .
"Seven people of the country", the brothers were named as the tribes of the original tribe to rule the tribes, so that the original tribes that may have no blood relationship and the Tuoba main tribe formed a patriarchal relationship, which strengthened the cohesion of the tribal alliance and greatly Weakened the independence and decentralization of tribal organizations. Through the "seven divisions of the nation", Xianbei formed a patriarchal relationship with the imperial family and ten surnames as the core within the alliance, avoiding the weakness of the loose rule of the adult system, and not only changing the situation where the alliance ended with the death of the ruler, but also maintained It has long-term stable development and finally laid the foundation for the establishment of Xianbei government.
The eight tribes of Xianbei formed after the "Qifen people", that is, eight large tribes, constituted the core power of Xianbei and became the origin of the "Xianbei Eight Kingdoms" for later generations.
Before the Taihe, the funeral ceremonies of the country, non-ten tribes must not be involved...
"Wei Shu·Guan Shi Zhi"
The imperial family's ten surnames have a very high status, and the Xianbei eight tribes have assistants and elected leaders. Special qualifications. After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, this core force had a profound influence on the establishment of the Tuoba Wei regime. Mr. Ma Changshou believes that in the family of Emperor Xiaowen’s surname, “Xunchen’s eight surnames are just a new kind of “eight surnames” established by imitating the eight surnames and eight surnames”; and the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties integrated the Guanlong Group The Bazhu Kingdom at the core of the military system in the Guanzhong area is still the model of the Babu system. The eight-part system created by Gein's "seven-part Chinese" has unique advantages in the creation of political power in terms of condensing tribes and strengthening ruling power. The Xianbei forces can last for hundreds of years in the complex environment of the nation and the Xianbei eight-ethnic core group The composition is closely related.
Xianbei’s occupation of the Hun’s homeland is closely related to the Han-Hungarian war. The transformation of the Han-Hungarian power is a prerequisite for them to go south. The decline of the Huns’ power allowed the Xianbei tribe to get rid of its slavery and seek their own development space.
The Hetao Yinshan area where the hometown of the Xiongnu is located is a place with suitable climate and abundant water and grass, suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry.It is an ideal pasture. The Xianbei people have achieved a leap in productivity here, the economic model has undergone substantial changes, and the development of animal husbandry and agriculture has shown an upward trend.
Emperor Shengwu tasted tens of thousands of riding fields in Shanze. ...
"Preface to the Book of the Wei Dynasty"
Here, "land" should mean farming and reclamation, and there are tens of thousands of soldiers engaged in agricultural reclamation. Take the average of five, that is, one fighter will be made out of five people. The total population of Xianbei is at least 250,000. By the time Liwei made his fortune, the population of Xianbei had risen to about one million. In ancient societies, population size was one of the manifestations of economic development. This historical document proves that after Xianbei occupied the former land of the Huns, he attached great importance to the development of agriculture, and that agriculture and animal husbandry were in a good development stage. The development of production provides material guarantee for the survival of the rapidly growing population.
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Preface:
One of the Xianbei era: Gaxian Cave, how did Xianbei "longxing" here
Xianbei era 2: Migrating south, how did Xianbei move from the forest to the grassland
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