Zhang Zhidong During the period of being stationed in Hubei, the Westernization Movement, the new army, and the new school were hired. German instructors were hired in the new army to train soldiers in Spring. Gymnastics classes were also set up in the new school. Modern sports have since been implanted in Jingchu Ground gymnastics is the first item to be introduced.
Before the 1890s, local educational institutions in Hubei were still completely traditional, that is, primary education relied on private schools, private schools, private schools, and private schools; secondary education relied on the establishment of academies and prefectures, states, and counties The official school. In the process of receiving education, most of the readings students read during the literacy and enlightenment stage are " three-character sutra", " 百家名", " thousand-character ", "Jiaoerjing", etc., etc. On the first floor, read "Three Hundred Tang Poems", " Thousand Poems", " Ancient Wenguanzhi", " Zizhi Tongjian" and "Four Books and Five Classics". The government, prefecture, and county officials and academies are nothing more than poems and "Thirteen Classics". In short, they mainly focus on Confucian classics. Part of the time, all non-regulated books are strictly forbidden to recite. The closed nature of traditional education, the separation of learning content from reality, and the stylization of education and talents make it possible for the trained people, even those who are "rich and knowledgeable", to only play with antiques. What they are good at is only the dead knowledge in the books, and they are well-versed in art and science. It is also mostly reflected in official-style articles such as writing eight-part essays and writing "memorials".
Since the 1890s, foreign powers have continuously encroached and encroached on Chinese territory. The disastrous defeat of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 made the Qing dynasty feel that it would be difficult for China to survive without working hard to become stronger. As a senior official with a sense of responsibility, Zhang Zhidong, like many people in Westernization, believes that only the development of industry can make China prosperous.However, in the process of doing business, I always feel the extreme lack of talents who know the current affairs, and then conclude that China is not poor in wealth but poor in talents, not weaker than soldiers but weaker than ambition. The conclusion of academic inaccuracy [2] (P1397). When he took office, in order to change the situation where the disadvantages of feudal education became more and more obvious, he reformed and reformed the traditional academies and built a number of new industrial schools. Zhang Zhidong's hard work, forge ahead, capable and pragmatic has enabled Hubei's education to develop rapidly at this stage.
Zhang Zhidong’s Hubei school education mainly involves academies, schools and foreign students.
"Zhang Zhidong is committed to the restructuring of academies, and has successively made major adjustments to the courses of , Jianghan Academy, Jingxin Academy, and Lianghu Academy, each with its own emphasis on realism. "The purpose of economic time is"" Mathematical School (1891), Mining School (1892), Ziqiang School (1893), Hubei Wubei School (1897), Hubei Agricultural School (1898), Hubei Technology School (1898), Hubei Normal School (1902), Lianghu Normal School (1904), Women's Normal School (1906), etc., covering general education, military education, industrial education, teacher education, etc." "Hubei is one of the provinces with the largest number of students sent abroad in the late Qing Dynasty" with the aim of "making real materials for economic use" (paying attention to the application of the world); making major adjustments to the curriculum, each with its own emphasis; establishing a large number of new schools, Covers multiple levels; dispatched a large number of overseas students; formed a relatively complete modern education system; the long-term and continuity of the reform.
combined with what we have learned to make Wuhan the center of new-style education and an area of Chinese people's attention; strongly promoted Westernization Movement and the reform of the late Qing Dynasty (New Deal); conducive to the modernization of Chinese education; for the Wuhan area The development of modern education has laid the foundation (providing experience for reference).
to create a craft school.Courses include steam engine , lathe, drawing, bamboo, foreign grease, and glass manufacturing processes. Zhang Zhidong's reform of the academy, the Xingxuetang, and the promotion of study tours enabled the three towns of Wuhan, including Hankou, to form a relatively complete modern education system.
The traditional academy teaching is mainly based on the study of Confucian classics. Zhang Zhidong is committed to the reform of the academy. Xiang Zhang Zhidong has made major adjustments to the courses of Jianghan Academy, Jingxin Academy, and Lianghu Academy. Each has its own emphasis, with the aim of "making real materials, saving time and using". In terms of the establishment of new-style schools, he founded Mathematical School (1891), Mining School (1892), Ziqiang School (1893), Hubei Wubei School (1897), Hubei Agricultural School (1898), Hubei Craft School (1898), Hubei Normal School (1902), Lianghu Normal School (1904), Women's Normal School (1906), etc., cover general education, military education, industrial education, and normal education.
Zhang Zhidong’s Daxing Industry was derived from his idea of saving the ‘country’: middle school as the body, western learning for use. Originally started in Guangzhou, which has a thousand-year history of commerce and trade, Galeries Lafayette ordered Zhang to be transferred to Wuhan as the governor of and Huguang . As a last resort, all the facilities were moved to Wuhan. Today, the industrial foundation of the three towns in Wuhan was built under the leadership of Zhang. The focus of industrial construction is military, weaving and transportation. Not only that, these industrial achievements also led to capital investment by private landlords and merchants, and new social forms were gradually fermented. This industrial construction is completely different from the industrial revolution in the West, but he established the material foundation for Wuchang Shouyi . In order to cater to the talents needed for industrial construction, Zhang opened various schools. In just three years, Hubei has established hundreds of schools, leading the country. Zhang sets himself apart with his own knowledge and has founded many characteristic schools, especially the Ziqiang School and Wubei School. On the one hand, it sent a lot of talents studying abroad who were prepared to build the Qing Dynasty, and on the other hand, they trained many military talents for the preparation of the Qing Dynasty.It is ridiculous that all these efforts of Zhang were prepared for the Revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty, which Zhang never expected. From a historical perspective, since the late Qing Dynasty, every time the backbone of the army is strong, history will be changed. Zeng Xiang Army who eradicated the Heavenly Kingdom, Li Huai Army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Yuan Lianbing who overthrew the Qing court, Wuchang Zhangwu Academy for the First Uprising, the Whampoa Military Academy for the Second Revolution, and the Yanan Anti-Japanese War for the construction of New China. Zhang's Wubei Academy is quite special. It was built in the era of the great wave of studying abroad in the late Qing Dynasty. They are different from the soldiers of Yuan Shikai . Yuan Shikai's soldier is called Amao Agou and he can join as long as he has some skills. Zhang is a scholar. The students he wants are people who have a strong desire to study. They are eager to study abroad, eager to see the outside world. Many people only see the shortcomings of this country after studying abroad. This phenomenon can also be applied to Chinese people. As long as they go abroad, they will especially want to return to their country. On the one hand, they are somewhat dissatisfied abroad and miss their hometown. On the other hand, they immediately think that their country is so backward and ignorant compared with Western powers. , Ignorance and desolation. Therefore, although these early scholars with lofty ideals who studied abroad were politically ideological for the Qing Dynasty to save the country, they soon got inspiration from the Western democratic revolution movement and determined to overthrow the Qing Empire, and then the first thing they did when they returned to China was to rebel. Qing anti-feudal anti-dynasty.
From the abolition of the imperial examination to the establishment of a school, Zhang is the first contributor. The first government-run university also started from Zhang. In 1905, Zhang Zou asked to stop the imperial examination. Beginning in 2006, all rural and general examinations have ended. I don’t have exact data on the number of international students sent by Zhang, but the number of international students sent by Zhang in the name of Zhang is the first in the country to be Hubei and Hunan. Hunan Tang Caichang was selected by Zhang from the Lianghu Academy. Before he went to Japan, he hesitated to establish a constitutional relationship with the emperor. After returning to Japan, he immediately established an Independence Association and organized a military armed force called Independence Army. Because he was too radical, he was later by Zhang Zhi. Hole hunting. Huang Xing and Li Shucheng are also recommended by Zhang,There is also Chen Tianhua and so on. Wu Luzhen was also selected by Zhang, but from Hubei Wu School. And Song Jiaoren , Cai E , etc. have a certain relationship with Zhang's cultivation. As of the eve of the Revolution of 1911, more than 2,000 of Zhang’s 10,000 Hubei New Army joined the Wuchang Revolutionary Army, some of which later became anti-Qing National Government General, Zhang Zhidong saw all this in his eyes, and he was very regretful. Cixi No one in the world dared to provoke Zhang Zhidong, because Cixi likes such a knowledgeable and obedient loyal minister. As soon as Cixi left, Zhang fell out of favor, and the surrounding princes and ministers actually knew these three things Zhang did. The event became the gravedigger of the Qing Dynasty, but with the glory of Lafayette during his lifetime, no one dared to touch him. I think this ‘skill’ is Zheng Xiaoxu’s original intention. Regarding Zhang Zhidong's contribution, Sun Yat-sen's point of view is the most direct, calling Zhang Zhidong a "revolutionary who does not speak of revolution." What is clear is that he studies and writes and writes poetry all day long, but what is secret is that he has trained so many revolutionary soldiers. Isn't it a great revolutionist who doesn't talk about revolution?
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