A Study on Fanzhi Buddhist Culture in Wutai Mountain (14): Inheritance of Huayan Sect with Shouning Temple as the Core in Yuan Dynasty

Shouning Temple, Nanyukou Village, Fanzhi

Huayan Zong has experienced several rises and falls since its inception in the Tang Dynasty, among which the Yuan Dynasty was an important period for the prosperity of Huayan Zong. The main ancestors of the Huayan School monks in the Yuan Dynasty recounted the thoughts of Chengguan and Zongmi, the Qingliang national teacher of the Tang Dynasty, and mainly sang the classics. In this period, the inheritance of Huayan Zong was especially in Wutai Mountain, Yuan Dadu and Jiangnan. At the northern foot of Mount Wutai Fanzhi There are several monasteries with monks promoting Huayan sect, such as Shouning Temple, Lingyan Temple , Xingshouyuan and so on. Due to space limitations, this article only makes a textual research on the inheritance of the Huayan clan in the Yuan Dynasty with the Fanzhi Dashouning Temple as the core on the basis of "Wutai Mountain Buddhism: Fanzhi".

1. Dashouning Temple in Nanyukou Village

Nanyukou Village is under the jurisdiction of Dongshan Township, Fanzhi. At its peak, there were more than 2,000 people, and now the surname Li is a big family. The village was formerly known as Baiyu Village. Because there are many cypress trees on the mountain and it is located at the mouth of the south of Baigu, it is named Nanyukou. Baigu is the valley from Nanyukou to the foot of Dongtaiding , about 20 kilometers long. In the middle of Jinghan Mountain are the ruins of the Northern Song Dynasty Baoxing Army and the ruins of the Xuankong Temple in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the west of the village are Shouning Temple and Zhenrong Temple, its lower house.

Dashouning Temple, a thousand-year-old ancient temple, takes the meaning of "Tian Shou Wan Ning". It is only 30 kilometers away from Dongtai Wanghai Peak. This is the north gate of Mount Wutai and the main passage for believers in northern my country to enter Mount Wutai for pilgrimage. On November 26 of the lunar calendar in AD 1072, the Japanese monk Chengxun, master and apprentice, visited Mount Wutai. It was here that he saw the top of Dongtai, and he was so excited that he shed tears. He recorded in "Records of Mount Wutai Mountains in Shentiantai Mountain": "When I first entered the army, I saw Dongtaiding first, and my tears fell first. After a few miles, I entered the army gate. The triple city gate is like a state city, and there is Xingguo Temple in the east.

Dashouning Temple was built during the Northern Qi Dynasty (550~577). According to the existing in the lower courtyard of Dashouning Temple, Youju Temple in Lingshou County, Hebei Province Northern Qi "Zhao Jun Wang Gao Rui Xiu Temple Monument",It was established on February 25th in the eighth year of Tianbao (557). According to the literature review, Gao Rui, the provincial governor of the Northern Qi Dynasty, was influenced by the many emperors of the Northern Qi who believed in Buddhism. With his unique royal status, "historically selected Taihang won the title and gained the sun of Zhushan". The Ling Pagoda was built, Qilin Temple was expanded (later renamed Youju Temple), and it was developed into the lower courtyard of Dashouning Temple in Wutai Mountain. From this, it can be inferred that the Dashouning Temple in Nanyukou should have been established at least in 557 in the Northern Qi Dynasty.

According to the inscriptions in the Dashouning Temple, it was rebuilt in Tang, Jin, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. During the period of the Republic of China, a fire burned down some halls. The wood was used to build the Shahe Cement Factory, and the main hall and left and right side rooms were rebuilt during the Republic of China.

There is in the temple of the Jin Dynasty "The Building of Wugong's Merit and Virtue", Yuan Dynasty Stele inscriptions on both sides, and Ming Dynasty stele inscriptions on one side, all included in the book "Wutai Mountain Buddhism: Fanzhi Jinshi Pian" .

Although the date of engraving is unknown, it can be seen from the content that it is a relic of the Jin Dynasty and is now standing in front of the main hall of the temple. The tower is in the shape of eight shuttles, with the Buddha's top Zunsheng Dharani mantras engraved on both sides, and the life stories of monk Wugong on the other two sides.

According to the inscription, Wugong is the seat of the Shouning Temple and to supervise the temple , and his status is second only to the abbot.

Wu Gong, native of Xilong Town, Kou Shui Township, Yanmen County, Daizhou, is very close to Fanzhi. Father Yang De, mother Jia. "In the fifteenth year of Tianhui (1137), he was sent to become a monk at Shouning Temple in Wutai Mountain on the sixth day of the fourth lunar month, and the Bodhisattva and monk of Likou Gongjie were his teachers, and he taught the law in the name of reality. For more than 20 years, the monastery has been repaired due to the war, and a main hall with seven rooms and several west halls have been built, with a total of more than 100 temples and monasteries. It can be seen that Shouning Temple has begun to take shape during the Jin Dynasty, and there are many monks.

In 1217 AD, the Mongol army occupied Fanzhi,From the genus Yuan.

Administrative map of Dongshandi Township, Fanzhi County

2. Early Yuan Dynasty Zhengshun, the first chair of Dashouning Temple (known as Huayan Bodhisattva by the world)

The Stele" is the tombstone of Huayan Bodhisattva Zhengshun in the early Yuan Dynasty. According to the stele of the "Record of the Sect Leader's Industry" in this temple, Shi Zhengzhang came to this temple to learn Huayan from Huayan Bodhisattva when he was 22 years old. Zhengshun's life and deeds are unknown because of the inscription on the tablet. According to "Qingliang Mountain Chronicles", there is a biography of Huayan Bodhisattva in Shouning Temple in Yuan Dynasty, which may refer to the same person. You can have a general understanding of Huayan Bodhisattva Zhengshun's life-long behavior. In addition, the inscription "Huayan Shun auspicious in the Da Shou Ning Temple in Wutai Mountain" in the "Monument of the Great Yuan Dynasty's Holy Master's Enlightenment" in Youju Temple in Lingshou County, Hebei Province indicates that Zhengshun was Shouning in the early Yuan Dynasty. The first generation of the temple presided over. It also shows that Zhengshun passed away after 1302.

The Yuan Dynasty Huayan Bodhisattva, or Master Zhengshun, is the son of Weizhou Gao. He was born with talent and intelligence, quite spiritual understanding, willing to break away from the filthy world and enter the mountains to cultivate Taoism. Afterwards, Master Shouming of Wutai Mountain was shaved under his seat. The master wears the "Huayan Sutra", and no matter whether he walks or lives, he does not dare to violate the decree of Huayan. Therefore, the world calls him "Huayan Bodhisattva". Zhengshun practiced diligently, read and recited a thousand volumes of the Eighty Huayan. Later, a huge pavilion was built on the south slope of Shouning Temple in Nanyukou Village, and a pool was built in the top of the pavilion. There was a huge lotus flower in the pool, and on the lotus was the statue of Vairocana Buddha . Every time he entered the contemplation in front of the Buddha statue, he would not come out of the contemplation until five or seven days.

Yuan Chengzong Hearing the reputation of the master, he invited Master Zhengshun three times to come to Beijing, but the master declined three times. Yuan Chengzong had no choice, and decided to grant him the post of General Manager of the Five Routes, but he still refused to accept it, and Yuan Chengzong finally had to give up.

When Zhengshun Honghua was about to come to an end, when he was about to enter silence, the disciples begged again, saying, "There is no place to live in the calamity.On the day of solitude, Long Rui appeared on the tables he had written on, and multicolored rays of light shone in the courtyard. After three days of silence, he burned himself on fire. The disciples under the sect picked up countless relics and built a pagoda for storage.

"The Stele of Huayan Dao Xing" is now standing on the stele (place name) 200 meters east of Dashouning Temple in Nanyukou Village. In 1958, the monument was laid in a canal. A few years later, the residents next to the monument often had accidents, thinking that moving the monument would be unfavorable to the family, so the monument was re-established from the fruit. When re-standing, the front and rear of the tablet were upside down (originally it should be facing north and facing south, now it is facing south and facing north), and the head of the tablet was upside down again. The front of the stele was washed into a concave by water, there is no text, and the date of the engraving is unknown.

"The Stele of Huayan Daoxing" has a head height of 70 cm, a width of 75 cm, a thickness of 20 cm, and a meter. .

The upper right corner of the stele yin has peeled off due to weathering, and there is no writing, about 40 characters (more than ten monks' names) are missing. The inscriptions are arranged from right to left, top to bottom. In the first and second columns, there are about 25 disciples of Zhizi, the third, fourth, and fifth columns have 46 disciples and grandchildren, and the sixth column has 8 great-grandchildren, and finally they are in other places. There are 35 apprentices, apprentices, grandchildren and Wei Na, and the total number of apprentices is 114. Yuan Dynasty Linji sect, all inheriting from the Qingliang National Master Chengguan of the Tang Dynasty, Huayan Bodhisattva has been propagating the Dharma in Dashouning Temple for several years, the stream of Dharma has multiplied, and there are many descendants. There are: Hebei Zhaozhou, Henan Kaifeng Baoen Temple, Beijing Juxianfang Berlin Temple, Qianfo Temple, etc., which shows that "Huayan Bodhisattva" has nine levels of voice and Taoism all over the world.

Yuan Dynasty Huayan Bodhisattva Zhengshun Inscription

3. The second chairperson of Dashouning Temple in the early Yuan Dynasty, Zhengcong, and the third chairperson Zhengzhang (given the title Buddha Yenrong Eloquent Master)

The second presiding officer of Dashouning Temple is the great monk Dongyuan Zhengcong, who lectures on sutras and laws, preaches Mahayana precepts, bestows Jin Shamen, and is a master of Puji Guanghui Hongjiao. His life and deeds are unknown. When Zhengzhang was appointed to serve as the presiding officer of the temple, you can learn about his life history with the help of the tablet "Songzhu Xingzhi".

Shi Zhengzhang (1272~1349), surnamed Guo, was a native of Baiguli, Jianzhou (now Nanyukou Village, Dongshan Township, Fanzhi County). According to the inscription, Zhengzhang's father is Guo Xiu and his mother Bai is a scholar and believes in Buddhism. "Since the teacher was born, he suffered from many illnesses. At the age of three, he suddenly died of sores and diseases. His parents prayed to the Three Treasures, wishing that the child would return to life and give up the order to become a monk. Bless you and find life." At the age of 10, Shi Zhengzhang became a monk at Dashouning Temple in Wutai Mountain. Master Liwentong became his teacher and began to study the classics. At the age of 22, he learned Huayan Prajna from the Huayan Bodhisattva Zhengshun in this temple. "I have no time to look at the mantras and mantras of Huayan Prajna." Time is short, very serious. At the age of 25 (Ding You, Yuan Da De, 1297), he was promoted to the governor of Wutai Mountain Senglu Division by the order of the Empress Dowager of the Yuan Dynasty.

Dashouning Temple and Youju Temple are 300 li apart Jointly deal with the dispute over the property of the lower courtyard of Dashouning Temple and the garden estate of Youju Temple in Lingshou County, Zhengding Prefecture, Hebei Province, and rebuild Youju Temple.

According to the existing research data on Youju Temple in Lingshou County, Hebei Province, Youju Temple, formerly known as Qilin Temple, was founded in Northern Qi and is the lower courtyard of Dashouning Temple. After Qi was destroyed, the temple was also abandoned. During the period, Youju Temple experienced war and broke away from Shouning Temple for a time. The property of the temple was either owned by local tyrants, or owned by the monk Puji who was in charge of the property of Zhuangtian Temple in Qilinyuan Temple in Shouning Temple. In the twenty-fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (1287), the monks Zhao Fuju and Wang Zhengding, who lived in secluded temples, took over the property of the temple in general and the temple was deserted. In the first year of Yuan Chengzong's Dade (1297), Yuan Chengzong announced the imperial decree, the Empress Dowager Tianyuan announced the decree, and sent Guan Dun from the Xuanzheng Yuan to hold the decree and read it to the Youju Temple to re-define the Youju Temple. Returning to Shouning Temple as the lower temple,And detailed planning of the four places of the temple and village, listing the content of the temple's properties, and declaring that the secluded temple belonging to the lower courtyard of Shouning Temple, no one may occupy the property by force. These circumstances are in line with the inscription in the inscription of the "Sect Master's Journey" in this temple: "On the tenth day of the eleventh month of the first year of the first year of Dade, according to the decree of the Empress Dowager, an official of the Xuanzheng Yuan was dispatched, and I would like to rush to the road and complete the property of the Youju Temple of the Girin Courtyard. The Shouning Temple is still the main branch, and later the abbot of Huayan Bodhisattva was specially given to guard the gate of the mountain.”

So, under the leadership of Zhengshun and Zhengzhang, the monks of Youju Temple "rebuilt the main hall of Ci's family, Longwangtang, east and west halls of Mawangtang and other buildings, increased more than 50 monastic houses, and saved more than 100 monks", Dade In the sixth year (1302), the Youju Temple of the Yilinyuan presided over Zhengshun auspicious and obeyed the imperial decree of Yuan Chengzong, the decree of the Empress Dowager of Tianyuan, and the decree of the Queen of Bruhan, and the decree of the Emperor Qilas Bagan Festival. The ownership of the temple property is inscribed on the inscription. "Written from Wutai Mountain on April 28th in the fifth year of Niu'er Dade (1301). On the eighth day of the second lunar month in the sixth year of Hu'er Dade (1302), he presided over the Huayan Monk Standing Stone".

Youju Temple's "Monument of the Great Yuan Dynasty's imperial decree of grace and care" and "Qilinyuan imperial decree", remember the process of rebuilding the temple, and reflect the attention paid to the Youju Temple by the emperors and queens of the Yuan Dynasty. Rare physical evidence for monastery management and monastery economy.

Judging from the mutual confirmation of the inscriptions of the two temples, in the past six years, Zhengzhang has traveled back and forth between Dashouning Temple in Shanxi and Youju Temple in Hebei for more than 600 miles. Together, the Youju Temple has been restored to a Dharma Huayan Dojo that accommodates more than 100 monks within a few years. After Zhengzhang passed away in 1349, the abbot of Mount Wutai Bodhisattva Dingzhenrong Hospital, Jing Huijian, Tongmingguangguang Dajixiang, wrote an article "The Record of the Sect Leader's Industry". In addition to many people, there are also three people: the governor, vice president, and the temple owner of the lower house Youju Temple, and the governor of the lower house Xingshou Temple and the lower house Shouning Temple. It can be seen that Zhengzhang's virtue is superb, which is admired by the local monks.

North Qi Pagoda of Youju Temple, Lingshou County, Hebei Province

Regarding the calendar of Zhengzhang's abbot Dashouning Temple in the Yuan Dynasty, "The Record of the Sect Master's Industry" also records: "In the middle of ten years, serving Manjushri cool halloween parade,The queens, queens, and officials of the court mission, each year in the summer and the moon, build a large restaurant in Taishan to serve monks and lay people, and they have never been slack in their respect and diligence, and all the attendees are delighted.”

Dashouning Temple is located on the main road between Beijing and Wutai Mountain. In the ten years after the reconstruction of the secluded temple in the lower courtyard, Zhengzhang mainly received the princes, nobles, concubines and ministers of the Yuan Dynasty. He held the Taishan Thousand Sengzhai Conference every year, and gave alms to the monks and lay people. I was very happy. So I was promoted from the governor of Wutai Mountain to the governor of Jinning Road.

According to the "Record of the Sect Master's Industry": Zhengzhang was the abbot of this temple at the age of sixty-one. Ten days, in the first year of Yuantong Guiyou (1333), the abbot of Benlan was retained, and a shop in the north of Shibenli Street was established as a permanent property of the temple. Afterwards, the emperor granted the empress dowager's decree and the emperor's teacher's decree, and more than ten abbots In this year, the temple will be prosperous and prosperous”.

In the first ten years of his tenure as abbot, Zhengzhang mainly assisted the former abbot Cong Gong and Monk in rebuilding the main hall, Prince Pavilion, Huayan Hall, Sanmen Diaoshe, etc. Huayan Hall is painted with Shancai boy fifty-three sees seven large-scale murals of the Jiuhui in seven places Ordinary people can do it. He also gave up his bag to paint the statue of the Bodhisattva and the Dragon in the main hall, lectured on the scriptures for more than ten times, built the Huayan Conference for ten days and nights, and ordered the monks in the temple to study the scriptures and the "Tripitaka Sutra" every day. Although Zhang lived on Jinning Road (governing one mansion, nine prefectures and six counties), he held an important position as the highest monk and official, but he was very strict with himself. Be prepared, put all your heart and soul into the cultivation of Huayan Lecturer, and take precautions.