Era background - The influence of the unified empire on creation design
After Qin unified the six countries, it absorbed the excellent cultures of the other five countries and formed a major source of ancient Chinese culture. The skilled craftsmen of the Qin and Han dynasties created many exquisite production and life tools, making significant contributions to promoting social progress and developing production.
Scientific Instruments
In Han Dynasty , copper was used to make various living vessels, but also to make various scientific instruments. Such as astronomical instruments leak-bottle , guibei , armillary sphere , seismometer , guide truck, etc.
Simulation wind seismometer
Armpitable sphere
Armpitable sphere operation restoration diagram
Eastern Han Bronze armillary sphere designed and produced by Zhang Heng can demonstrate the astronomical phenomena and manufacture the world's first Simulation wind seismometer. Zhang Heng has achieved high accuracy and reliability by using mechanical principles, especially in the application of gear technology. Not only has a delicate and scientific structure, but also the "Duzhu" and "Eight" in the middle can be divided into three periods.
Western Han Copper Sleeper
Guangdong Structure
Guibiao is an astronomical instrument invented by ancient Chinese scientists to measure the length of sun shadow. Guibiao has two parts, namely "gui" and "gui". The so-called "gui" is a benchmark standing upright on the ground, used to measure the sun shadow on the ground; and "gui" refers to a stereotype, used to measure the length of sun shadow projected by the table.
Agricultural tools
Qin Dynasty is an era when iron farm tools are connected to the past and the future. A large number of iron farm tools , hand tools and daily necessities were unearthed from Qin's tombs. Qin's iron plow has a smaller angle than the "V" shape plow of the Warring States Period , and the plow surface is raised, saving time and effort.
In the early Han Dynasty, the rapid development of the iron smelting industry replaced copper, stone and wood. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the iron smelting industry entered its second major development, and the quantity and quality of steel production increased greatly. The types of iron smelting tools increased sharply, including 8 types of land preparation farm tools such as plows, hoes, plows, plows, tills, and tills; 5 types of farm tools such as tills, tills, and tills: 4 types of farm tools such as pestle, mortar, tills, and tills; irrigation farm tools such as oranges, etc. , In addition, there are nearly 30 types of rollover, wheels, (fixed pulley type wheel), fan , mill, wing, wall, wall, etc. Unearthed cultural relics and related materials have proved that iron agricultural tools from the Han Dynasty were not only widely promoted in the Central Plains, but also widely used in many remote areas.
iron agricultural tools in the Han Dynasty Unearthed in Sanmenxia City, Henan Province in 1974, Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
Han Dynasty iron farm tools
(华) [nòu] Qin Dynasty. (Farm tools for weeding)
keel water truck Started in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms improved the mechanical facilities for drainage and irrigation
比[chā]南国国国国国
sowing 比国
In the Warring States Period, had a cart. When Emperor Wu of Han, he designed and invented a three-legged cart based on one and two-legged carts, which greatly improved the seeding efficiency. It is the prototype of the modern seeding machine .
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Wooden plow Used for farming or dry land
In the Han Dynasty, two-ox lifting type plows were widely used, and plow walls were specially installed on the plow for turning and crushing soil. This important invention did not appear in Europe until the 11th century, and my country had the plow wall device in the Han Dynasty, nearly 1,000 years earlier than Europe.
Eastern Han Taojing Bars were unearthed for a long time in Xichang
Xinmang copper caliper National Museum collection
The world's earliest vernier caliper
Western Han Dynasty bronze gilt knight caliper Dadu, New York The Society Museum 分
chariot and horse
chariot and horse have occupied an important position in Chinese life for thousands of years. Whether it is labor production or war, they are indispensable and important tools and equipment. The amount of quantity and quality of their quality often become an important criterion for measuring the social development and backwardness, the strength and weakness of the country in a certain period. Since the pre-Qin period, single-wheeled vans and double-wheeled vans have been the main means of transportation. The single-wheeled vans and double-wheeled vans in the Qin and Han dynasties have been innovative in the vehicle system and have increased their uses. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the double-shaft chariot basically replaced the single-shaft chariot. The structure of the double shaft car, except for the shaft becoming two, the other parts are basically the same as the single auxiliary car.
Upright and Installment Car Recovery Picture
Upright
Upright
December 1980 Two copper cars unearthed from the burial pit on the west side of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum on Lintong, Shaanxi Province, more realistically reflect the design and manufacturing of the Qin Dynasty vehicles. One of the cars is a "stand-up car", also known as a small car and a car, and is the most important model in the Zhou and Qin dynasties. The mount is a double-wheeled single shaft, and the weapons on the mount are bound by welding, clamping, and binding. This car may be a chariot for ceremonial wars. The umbrella cover on the erected car is designed to be movable and can be removed or installed as needed. The umbrella cover of the erecting car has 22 bows. Due to different uses, the hood is not completely fixed to the car. The handle of the vertical car cover is inserted on a high-handle copper seat for easy loading and unloading.
Anche
The Qin and Han dynasties were an important development period in the design of transportation tools. Archaeologists excavated two Qin Dynasty copper chariots and horses on the west side of of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. One of these two copper chariots is an upright car, which is an upright car; the other is an upright car, which is an upright car. The Anche wheels are multi-spoke dual wheels, driven by four horses, and can withstand heavy weight. The design characteristics of the Anche are mainly lies in the car box, which is a vehicle for the Qin Dynasty princes and nobles and elderly people. The car box is divided into two rooms, front and rear. The front room is used by the emperor, and the rear room is the residence of the car owner. The car box has windows and doors. It is cool when it is opened and warm when it is closed. It can be turned on and switched at any time according to different weather and different environments. Therefore, it is commonly known as "Carrier".
Guide car (restoration model)
There is a wooden man standing in the middle on the car. Before starting, the wooden man is right-handed and pointed to the south. Due to the role of the gear system, regardless of the direction and speed of the car are changed, the direction pointed by the wooden man will not change. By function, the guide car should actually be called a directional car. It will always point the original direction no matter which direction the wooden man's arm is pointed in advance. As can be seen from the internal structure diagram of the guide car, the guide car uses pulleys, rattan wires and two sets of differential gears. Unlike compass, etc., which use geomagnetic effects to oriented, it relies on mechanical precision transmission to transmit the rotation input movement of the left and right wheels to the output rod - the wooden man to achieve the purpose of orientation.
Guide truck working principle diagram
Guide truck is a mechanical device used to indicate directions in ancient China. Unlike the compass, which is famous for using the geomagnetic effect, the compass car uses the principle of differential gears and the direction is indicated by the wooden man on the car according to the rotation of the wheels. No matter where the car turns, the wooden man's hand always points to the south.The world-renowned scientific and technological historian and sinologist Joseph Needham praised it as "the world's first adaptive system."
Jili drum cart in Han Dynasty murals
Jili drum cart work diagram
Jili drum cart recording function is completed by the gear train. There is a set of reduction gear trains in the car that always rotates at the same time as the wheels. The last gear shaft rotates around for a mile. The wooden man on the upper floor of the car is moved by the cam and pulls the wooden man up with the rope to beat the drum once to show the mileage.
Jili Drum Cart (Restoration)
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Boat ship
The shipbuilding industry in the Qin and Han dynasties was one of the three major development periods of ancient my country's shipbuilding industry, which was related to the economy and large-scale military operations at that time. Qin Shihuang once attacked " Baiyue " with an army of 500,000, which lasted for 3 years. Water and land transportation was very developed in the Han Dynasty, and inland water transportation was very busy. The range of sea shipping was even larger. From the Sea of Japan in the north, to the Malacca Strait in the south, to the Bay of Bengal in the west, and to the Bay of Bengal in the west, and there were all Chinese fleets. At that time, there was a relatively complete naval army system, which shows that the shipbuilding industry is extraordinary. The ship that Emperor Wu of Han was riding was known as "can carry ten thousand people and get up to the palace", which is a symbol of the initial maturity of shipbuilding design and technology.
Han Dynasty Floor Ship Model
The main feature of the rise of the Han Dynasty is that it has multi-story superstructure. According to ancient books, the first floor is called cabin, the second floor is called hulu, the third floor is called Feilu, and the highest floor is Jue Room, which is the current command platform. It is tall and majestic, and it is the command ship for navy combat.
Han Dynasty pottery ship Unearthed in the suburbs of Guangzhou in 1954
Ming-style pottery ship unearthed in the tomb. The height is 16 cm and the length is 54 cm. This is an inland boat. The bow and stern are narrow, the middle wide, and the bottom is flat. The upper floor is divided into three cabins, front, middle and rear, all with tent covers. There are walkways with pole-suspended walkways on both sides. bow hanging anchor.
The Eastern Han Dynasty building cabin-style pottery ship
The floor ship was flourished in the Han Dynasty and could reach dozens of meters high. The first floor is called Lu (housing); the second floor is called Feilu because it lies above; the upper floor is called Que Room, which is the watchtower on the ship, where soldiers can be sent to observe and alert. The hull is tall and large, and has deterrent power. It is generally used as a command ship, but because its movements are not flexible enough, in water warfare, other warships must cooperate with each other.
Walking boat is a lightweight and fast warship in the late Han Dynasty. Its ship has low walls on the side of the ship, which helps with defense during combat. There are many oars on both sides, so the boat speed is fast.
Boat A ship that appeared in the Han Dynasty for fun, banquets and water views. Some of them were merged by two ships, called Boat Boat, also known as "Ark". The buildings imitated by boats appeared in the buildings of later generations, and the buildings built on the water surface of the garden are like rippling in the water.
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