According to Pascal , a man is just a reed, the most fragile thing in nature. It does not require the entire universe to take up weapons to destroy him. One breath or a drop of water is enough to kill him. However, man is a reed that can think. Even if the universe destroys him, man is still much nobler than what causes him to die, because he knows that he is going to die and the advantage the universe has over him, and the universe knows nothing about it.
The clever idealistic philosopher, that is, the greatest contribution of philosophical essay is not idealistic worldview , but under the idealist system, the important role of the spirit of people who are despised by mechanical materialism and vulgar materialism . It distributed a license for humans to explore the complex spiritual world, and vulgar materialism that believes that the brain secretes thoughts like the liver secretes bile, blocks the pathway for humans to understand the spiritual world.
Engels once mercilessly criticized Hegel 's absolute concept of creation theory, pointing out that creation theory is often much more complicated and ridiculous in philosophers than in Christianity. Because God's creation theory belongs to religion, and the absolute concept of creating the world is more absurd and unbelievable than God's creation of the world. But this did not prevent Engels from affirming Hegel's philosophical achievements within the framework of the idealist movement of absolute conceptual self. Because idealism reminds us that whether in the fields of ontology, epistemology, , or in terms of outlook on life and values, we should pay attention to the active role of human spirit and consciousness. No matter what activity is, as long as someone participates, the human spirit must play an important role. This is why Pascal's statement that "people are reeds that can understand thoughts" can ascend to the throne of thought.
In the relationship between man and the world, the world exists as the object of human activity. It is not only an object but also an object, but an object of human activity. We can turn an environment that is not suitable for people to live and live into a suitable environment. This is not a gift from God, but the result of human efforts. Since the emergence of human beings, humans have gradually accelerated their participation in the evolution of nature, especially with the advancement of science and technology, this degree of intervention has become increasingly greater and more significant. However, nature has its own laws, and the consequence of violating the laws of nature can only be double revenge by nature. From the repeated revenge, human beings have come to an understanding: to transform nature, we must first understand nature and obey nature. Facing the real world, we will not find a pure natural world where no one participates. Wang Guowei distinguishes between the realm of self and the realm of self in "Human Ci Talk". This distinction is only aesthetic; for "humanization into nature", this distinction does not exist. Engels said: "Only people can make their mark on nature, because they not only migrate plants, but also change the appearance and climate of their place of residence, and even change the animals and plants themselves, so that the result of their activities can only disappear with the general demise of the earth."
Where idealism transcends mechanical materialism and vulgar materialism is that it greatly expands the research field of human cognition, including the relationship between existence and thinking, the relationship between experience and rationality, etc., guiding people to pay full attention to the role of human will, ideals, beliefs and cultivation. It is impossible to study epistemology, outlook on life, and values without the study of human concepts and spiritual effects. Idealism emphasizes the rationality of the role of concepts and spirit. Facing the same object, the same experience, the same characters and events, there will be different understandings, different attitudes to life and different value evaluations. It is impossible to understand without considering the subject's will, cultivation and existing pre-knowledge.
In Chinese philosophy research, many scholars are tired of the distinction between materialism and idealism, as well as the emphasis on the basic problem of philosophy . They are unwilling to admit that the propositions of Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang Xinxue contain idealist components.Because according to traditional view, a philosophy is branded as idealism, which is tantamount to declaring it to be wrong. This is certainly an extremely simplistic view. From the perspective of ontology , the ontology of mind that advocates irrationality outside the mind and nothing outside the mind does belong to idealism. However, if it is limited to the field of ethics and morality and to the field of human cultivation and nature cultivation, then it is still valuable to emphasize human moral cultivation and recognize that human beings have Buddha nature. The popular passion for mind learning emphasizes self-cultivation and has its advantages from the perspective of moral cultivation. Contemporary people have too much material desire and despise moral cultivation, so they can promote , study , and make up for their mistakes. It is in this sense that General Secretary Xi Jinping calls the Communist Party’s party spirit cultivation the “mind learning” of the Communists, emphasizing the unity of knowledge and action, and opposing the disconnection between knowledge and action. But this is different from Wang Yangming's emphasis on using inward force and finding conscience and ability from the heart of a person. The unity of knowledge and action among Communists is the unity of theory and practice, and the unity of communism's ideals and beliefs and the great practice of seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the opening ceremony of the training class for young and middle-aged cadres of the Central Party School (National School of Administration) on March 1, 2019, "The vast majority of cadres, especially young cadres, should strengthen their theoretical cultivation through constant learning and innovation, strengthen their ideals and beliefs through true learning and true belief, keep in mind their original aspirations and missions through learning, thinking and practice, constantly cultivate themselves through careful consideration and practice, take the initiative to take responsibility and act in unity of knowledge and action, maintain loyalty to the Party, gratitude to the people, enterprising spirit for the cause, and awe of the law and discipline, and be firm in belief, strong politics, high ability and strong style."
The assumption that people have conscience at birth is just an ethical metaphysical is unproven. Human concepts are formed after birth. In a sense, people can be said to be receivers and reservoirs. From birth, people will continue to accept various impressions and thoughts through contact and interaction with the outside world, including good and bad. No matter whether it is good or bad, as long as it is accepted, it will become a cognitive storage in the mind, or it is called pre-knowledge. Human cognitive storage may be a hodgepodge, with varying quality. This shows the importance of education. In the process of human understanding, people not only have previous knowledge, but also constantly transform the information obtained from the outside world to make it new information. The complex intersection, acceptance, or recombination of the previous consciousness and the later consciousness is the real understanding of people.
China has no state religion, nor does it have an authoritative religion like Western Christianity dominate people's thoughts. In China, the most authoritative one is still the heaven. The law of nature is a tradition that has been widely accepted by the Chinese since ancient times. In terms of morality and nature cultivation, theory or mind study emphasizes conscience and nature, and emphasizes the role of cultivating the mind, so it can play a role in cleaning up people's psychological and moral accumulation. Whether it is science or psychology, it is actually the moral dirt accumulated by the human inner world. Fictionally speaking, the principles of nature, conscience, and ability are everywhere in the streets. The statements such as the nature of human hearts are actually doing cleaning work. The so-called self-cultivation and other cultivation efforts are also done cleaning work. This kind of work is necessary within the scope of moral cultivation. But before cleaning up, you must understand where the ideological garbage that needs to be cleaned comes from? If you don’t understand historical materialism and don’t understand the importance of practice, you can’t clean up the garbage by just sitting in meditation.
Pascal says that people are reeds that know how to think. I can add one sentence: People armed by different ideas are not the same reeds. Some are great, some are small, some are good, and some are evil. People armed with correct ideas can clear the way through mountains and build bridges across water to overcome all difficulties; on the contrary, if brainwashed by wrong ideas, it will be endless. Thoughts are important, correct ideas are even more important. This is why Communist Party of China emphasizes scientific beliefs.
(The author is an honorary first-level professor at Renmin University of China)
Source: China Social Science Network-China Social Sciences Journal Author: Chen Xianda
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