For a long time, time and space travel has been an essential plot in every science fiction novel. Physicists have also argued about this for decades. Although the debate over whether time travel can travel to the past continues today, one thing has been confirmed that traveling to the future is absolutely possible.
wormhole
real life time travel occurs through a phenomenon called time expansion, which is an attribute of Einstein Special Relativity. Special Relativity is an explanation of how velocity affects mass, time, and space. Einstein was the first to realize that time is not constant, but slows down as you move faster in space. This shows that time is an illusion, and for observers, time will change . If you can travel at the speed of light, you can experience slower time than a still observer. Even astronauts in space age slowly than people on Earth. If we are going to travel time, it is important to understand how space and time work.
Time will change
Our understanding of time and causality comes from Einstein's General Relativity . Einstein re-understood space itself and created the phrase "space-time", which merged three dimensions of space and one dimension of time. Einstein believed that space is not flat and stiff, but curved, forming gravitational depressions around large celestial bodies—planets, stars and black holes—are called gravitational well . Gravity causes the cosmic structure of space-time to bend, not just near black holes, but in any gravitational field , including the Earth. This is important because the further you are from the source of gravity, the faster time passes.
gravity well
But it is also possible that other things are lurking in the universe, causing the space-time structure to bend. When Einstein and another physicist named Nathan Rosen studied black holes, they theoretically discovered that the surface of the black hole could be connected to another space as a bridge, which is called the Einstein Rosen Bridge, or the wormhole . In Einstein's general theory of relativity, creating a wormhole is very simple: you just connect a black hole and a white hole, and the result is a tunnel that travels through time and space.
Einstein and Nathan Rosen
If you have never heard of white holes before, the editor will introduce it to you. White holes are purely hypothetical objects, and astronomers are trying to figure out how and whether they will form in space. In theory, the white hole is considered a time-reversed black hole, a space-time area that erupts light and matter, rather than trapping matter and squeezing it into a singularity like a black hole. If it is exactly the opposite of a black hole, we should be able to see them through the different types of light or radiation they emit. In fact, some researchers believe that some of the black holes we found may actually be camouflaged white holes.
Black holes, singularities and white holes
wormholes are considered to be cross-dimensional portals for curved space-time structures and connect to certain distant corners of the universe in Milky Way . wormholes require extreme distortion of space and time, and strong gravity is required to exist in . That's why some astronomers say that a good place to find wormholes is to lurk near supermassive black hole in the center of galaxies, such as Sagittarius A* in our Milky Way.
Einstein and Rosen had great challenges when studying wormholes. The first challenge is that in general relativity, the gravity of normal matter when passes through a wormhole will cause this "tunnel" to close . Therefore, creating a stable, kept open wormhole would require some type of strange negative material to keep the tunnel open. The second challenge is the process required to create a wormhole, and finding the singular negative matter that stabilizes the wormhole cannot deviate too far from the current rules of physics. And negative matter seems to be unable to find in the universe, but that doesn't mean it doesn't exist.
Normal matter passes through wormhole
In order to stabilize a wormhole, travelers must balance the positive energy of the traveler through negative energy, which sounds almost impossible as time travel and wormholes themselves. But in 2017, physicists discovered a way to use quantum entanglement to open wormholes. This odd property of entanglement will provide the required singular negative substance for the stability of the wormhole. This is an interesting idea because the wormhole has never been discovered. And unfortunately, if wormholes do exist, they will be extremely unstable.
Balance positive energy through negative energy
Even if really has wormholes, they will immediately collapse , or their gravity will tear them apart at a speed exceeding the speed of light, making them almost useless as shortcuts to cross the universe. Even though the wormhole suddenly appeared around us, it quickly collapsed, and we never had the chance to find one.
Imaginary wormhole
Even if we find the wormhole, we need to remember that the universe is boundless. If you have watched the movie " Interstellar ", you will remember that unknown creatures created a wormhole near Saturn in the solar system. This wormhole that requires a lot of negative energy to maintain stability is not convenient for humans, because the fastest spacecraft will take nearly 4 years to get there. In contrast, the "New Horizons" spacecraft took nine and a half years to get to Pluto.
"New Horizons" spacecraft
If we really find a wormhole in the universe, and for some strange unknown reasons, it is stable and does not evaporate instantly, it will be difficult for us to get there in time. Suppose there is a wormhole between Earth and Mars , it will be really convenient. Assuming this wormhole really appears, we can arrive in time on a spaceship, but Can humans survive the journey through the wormhole ? No one knows the answer to this question.
Imaginary wormhole
Of course, no one knows whether traveling through a wormhole will be a one-way trip. You are likely to never come back. Even if you can come back, you will have to face the changes of the world and everything will become strange. Some physicists believe that if humans enter wormholes, they can not only survive, but also instantly reach the other end of the Milky Way , and those who do not pass through the wormholes... will never cross the Milky Way.
Travel through wormholes
But without wormholes, is time travel possible? If you specifically refer to traveling to the future, there is no problem , but this requires huge energy and speed to achieve. We mentioned the astronaut in space before, and astronaut Gennati Padalka spent 879 days in space. When he returned to Earth after spending 2.5 years in space, Padalka found himself traveling through 1/44th second . By returning to the earth, he truly traveled to the future. While 1/44th of a second doesn't shock you, it proves that time travel is possible. Currently, Padalka holds a world record of time travel.
Gennadi-Padarka
However, we must know that the astronauts had a speed of only 27,358 kilometers per hour at that time, and they were not far from the earth. But what happens if there is something that can move faster? Scientists have been using the Large Hadron Collider to send subatomic particles into the future. In fact, the particle accelerator has the ability to push protons at 99.99999% of the speed of light. At this speed, the relative time of protons is about 6900 times slower than that of human observers.
Large Hadron Collider
Back to the movie "Interstellar", remember that the protagonist experienced the expansion of time and returned to Earth to discover his daughter, an old lady lying on a hospital bed? The farther you leave the earth, the faster you will get, the slower you will get for you , but for observers on the earth, time will remain the same.For example, suppose we want to travel to Earth in 3000 AD, you just need to board a spacecraft and travel at 99.99% of the speed of light. Assuming the destination is Kepler 186f, it is about 580 light years from Earth, and it takes about 580 years to get there. Once you arrive, eat something casually, take a little rest, and then return to Earth, it will take you another 580 years. Overall, it will take 1160 years to complete a round trip.
Earth to Kepler186f
Speaking of this, you may think, " How can I live for more than 1,000 years ?" Here is a theory about the shockingly expanding time. Because you move so quickly, the time expansion of your trip is simply not a thousand years for you, as your internal clock has slowed to 1/100 of the clock on Earth. You will only age for about 10 years, but for people on Earth, it will last for more than a thousand years.
Internal clock slows down to 1/100 of the clock on Earth
so you see, time traveling to the future is possible, but now the huge engineering obstacles are not possible yet. In the visible future, we have not yet created a spacecraft that can fly at the speed of light. Of course, this has to solve one major difficulty, which is finding the amazing energy needed to push the spacecraft to the speed of light. Humans still have a long way to go when it comes to fully mastering time and gravity.
Humans still have a long way to go
Maybe one day humans will figure out how to travel at the speed of light, or one day we can detect and find a wormhole close enough to us and send astronauts through it to the other end to discover a wider world.
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