February 18, 2021, NASA The new generation of Mars Rover Perseverance successfully landed on Mars. This is the most advanced rover to date. This month, the UAV Jizhi carried by Perseverance will also fly for the first time on Mars.
Perseverance Mars rover and Wit UAV | NASA/JPL-Caltech/PIA23962
I have been writing the first flight of Wit some time ago, writing and writing, the first flight was postponed and postponed... Alas, anyway, this week I can’t fly [1]. Let’s briefly talk about interesting topics that I saw when I checked the information.
How much did the rover and drone cost? How to spend it?
Let me talk about the rover first.
Perseverance mission has a total budget of US$2.725 billion . ) And 300 million U.S. dollars in operating expenses for the first phase of the mission (2 years). Because Perseverance uses nuclear batteries, which have higher requirements for the launch environment and safety, the launch fee is also more expensive.
Perseverance budget allocation table | TPS [2]
However, The money is not spent at one time 1span 1span for at least ten years The total cost of the task (Life-Cycle Cost,Referred to as LCC).
The whole Perseverance project started in 2013, and money has been spent since then.
Then it will enter the implementation (Mars rover construction) phase in 2016. It will be shipped from the Jet Power Laboratory (JPL) in February 2020. It will be launched from the Earth in July 2020 and will land on Mars in February 2021. An exploration mission for four Earth years.
Perseverance Project Expenses/Budget for each fiscal year | TPS [2]
From 2013-2023, which is the end of the first phase of Perseverance, this 11-year flower The sales/budgets are:
2013: 78 million
2014: 85 million
2015: 111 million
2016: 347 million
2017: 425 million
2018: 537 million
2019: 5.15 100 million
2020: 353 million (launch year)
2021: 168 million (arrival year)
2022: 101 million
2023: 35 million (year when the first phase of the mission ends)
-it has been spent from the beginning of the mission to the present Nearly 2.5 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 0.0075% of total U.S. government expenditures.
What is the concept of this money? Here are some reference numbers.
1) How much is US$2.7 billion?
Planetary Society gave some approximate equivalents [2]:
-the cost of approximately 33 hours of operation by the US Department of Defense
-slightly less than 1 day of US social security expenditure
-NASA's Son of Space Launch System (SLS) ) One-year expenditure
Space Launch System (SLS) of various designs and models | NASA/MSFC
-Google's 6-day money
-Americans spend on pets every 10 days钱
-Disney's "Avengers 4" global box office
movie "Avengers 4: Endgame" poster
2) Perseverance flagship mission flower of the same level How much does it cost/plan to spend?
As we said before,NASA's deep space exploration missions can be roughly divided into three levels according to the cost: discovery level, Xinjiang boundary level, and flagship level . The Perseverance is a proper flagship project _strong20 span _strong20 .
In addition to the deep space exploration project, the flagship level also has exploration missions in other fields such as astronomy, but the Xinjiang and discovery-level missions only have deep space exploration projects
. : _Span3span
-Mars orbiter + patrol Pirate 1 & 2: USD 3.5 billion each (inflation-equivalent to 2020, the same below)
1976 and twin Pirate 1 The landers in Mission 2 successively landed on Mars, becoming the first two Martian landers for humans | NASA
- Jupiter and the lunar probe Galileo: US$3.6 billion
Voyager The only probe that has probed Jupiter's moons in depth after that | NASA
-Saturn and Saturn probe Cassini: $4.6 billion
The king of the Saturn system for 13 years | NASA
-Curiosity Rover: $3.2 billion (after including deferred operating expenses and inflation, Curiosity has exceeded the cost of Perseverance, which I did not expect... )
Curiosity, the direct predecessor of Perseverance, is still working today | NASA/JPL-JPL-Caltech/JPL-JPL
-Europa Clippers (not yet launched): US$4.2 billion
If it goes well, it will launch in 2024 and arrive in Jupiter's orbit in 2030 | NASA
just...the capital of flowers Quite a few, only has the over-standard and more over-standard .
However, the of Perseverance’s $2.7 billion budget does not include the various overheads of the Wit UAV .
The first drone on Mars | NASA/JPL-Caltech
Gizwits R&D and construction costs 80 million US dollars, 30-day operating costs 5 million US dollars Another price~
As for whether it is expensive,I’m so poor and I don’t have a concept. Let’s talk about it~
References
[1] NASA | Mars Helicopter Flight Delayed to No Earlier than April 14
p0 mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/291/mars-helicopter-flight-delayed-to-no-earlier-than-april-14/[2] TPS | Casey Dreier-The Cost of Perseverance , in Context
https://www.planetary.org/articles/cost-of-perseverance-in-context
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