In 2020, China’s aerospace industry has experienced the impact of the epidemic and experienced two rocket launch failures in a short period of time. This is unprecedented in China’s aerospace history. However, in 2020, it is not all bad news for astronauts. As the saying goes, we will see the moon in the sky. On November 24, 2020, my country successfully launched Chang'e-5 on the front of the moon and successfully completed the sampling and return mission. The 2 kg sample was brought back to Earth.
in the field of deep space exploration, successfully launched the Tianwen-1 Mars Orbiter and Landing Patrol. They plan to complete Mars orbit, soft landing and patrol missions in 2021.
Looking back on the history of space development in the past 50 years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, we Chinese have embarked on an independent aerospace path from being poor and indifferent. From the first man-made satellite to Beidou navigation, from the first launch vehicle to the first manned spaceflight, from Tiangong-1 to Chang'e's moon landing, China has achieved world-renowned achievements and has become one of the world's largest aerospace powers. .
The starting point of China's aerospace industry can be traced back to 1956, when China established the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, which is now the predecessor of the China National Space Administration . After the reform and opening up, in order to adapt to the market economy transformation, the China National Space Administration split up two central enterprises, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, to realize the separation of government and enterprise. At the beginning of
, Qian Xuesen served as the dean of the Fifth Research Institute, which has four branches, one of which is now the China National Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation China Carrier Rocket Technology Research Institute (First Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology); The second branch is now the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Defense Technology Research Institute (the Second Academy of Aerospace Science and Industry); the third branch is now the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Aerospace Technology Research Institute (the Third Academy of Aerospace Science and Industry).
Dongfanghong satellite series: Let us watch TV, make phone calls, and surf the Internet. Chinese astronauts, at the beginning of the founding of New China, the focus of national defense technology was the development of ballistic missiles and the development of atomic bombs. They did not stop the pace of research and development. Finally, on April 24, 1970, after the Chinese atomic bomb exploded, China was at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center , Successfully launched my country’s first artificial satellite. The "Long March 1" carrier rocket is responsible for this space mission. This man-made satellite and China's first atomic bomb in 1964, the first missile with a nuclear warhead in 1966, and the first hydrogen bomb in 1967 are also called "two bombs and one satellite." The successful launch of
" Dongfanghong-1" marked China's becoming the fifth country in the world to independently launch artificial satellites after the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Japan. Although it was 13 years later than the Soviet Union’s first artificial satellite "Sputnik I", its technology surpassed the first satellite of the first four countries, and its quality exceeded the first satellite of the first four countries. Sum.
However, the symbolic meaning of this satellite is greater than the actual effect. The "Dongfanghong-1" has a designed working life of 20 days (the actual working life is 28 days). During this period, the telemetry parameters and various space exploration data were transmitted back to the ground, and it stopped working. The engineer installed a musical instrument that simulates the performance of "Dongfanghong" on this satellite. During the operation of the satellite, foreign radio enthusiasts recorded the "Dongfanghong" music broadcast by the "Dongfanghong-1" satellite. Now that half a century has passed, the Dongfanghong-1 satellite is still in orbit. The four Dongfanghong series satellites that
subsequently launched into the sky all possess the practical value of communication satellites and are mainly used for television transmission, telephone, telegraph, fax, broadcasting and data transmission. In other words, at , we cannot do without the "Dongfanghong" platform family that we watch every day, listen to the radio, make phone calls, and surf the Internet. In addition to being used by China, is also exported to Nigeria, Venezuela, and Pakistan.
In 2020, my country’s high-altitude orbit satellite with the heaviest launch weight and the highest technological content developed by China, the Shishi No.20 satellite, has been successfully located. This satellite is the first flight test star of the Dongfanghong 5 and satellite public platform.Taiwan conducts comprehensive on-orbit verification. The
Dongfanghong 5 satellite public platform has the characteristics of high load capacity, high power, high heat dissipation, long life, and expandability. It can adapt to the needs of communication and other loads. It will be China's future main large-capacity communication satellite platform.
Beidou satellite navigation system: one of the world’s four major satellite navigation systems
In addition to communication satellites, the Beidou series of navigation satellites are developed and produced by China Academy of Space Technology subordinate to China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. , And become more mature and perfect. There are three generations of Beidou system development. The first generation of Beidou system is my country's first attempt to construct a satellite navigation system. Only three satellites were launched to provide regional positioning services. From the beginning of the 21st century, it has undertaken navigation services in China. Twelve years later, the life of the last Beidou-1 satellite expired, and the Beidou satellite navigation test system ceased operation. Z1z
's subsequent Beidou 2 system construction includes a 16-satellite global satellite navigation system, mainly for users in the Asia-Pacific region, providing regional positioning services.
Now, our Beidou-3 system is composed of three different orbit satellites, including 24 earth orbit satellites (covering the world) and 3 inclined geosynchronous orbit satellites (covering most of the Asia-Pacific region) And 3 geostationary orbit satellites (covering China). On July 31, 2020, the Beidou-3 system was officially opened, marking my country’s self-developed Beidou satellite navigation system (BDS), and the United States Global Positioning System (GPS), Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) and EU Galileo Positioning System (Galileo), became the four core suppliers of global satellite navigation systems recognized by the United Nations Satellite Navigation Commission.
Fengyun meteorological satellite has reached the world's first-class weather forecast
In addition, my country's meteorological satellite technology level has reached the world's first-class. The meteorological information we obtain every day is obtained by analyzing the transmission information of the Fengyun series satellites developed by the Shanghai Institute of Aerospace Technology. Shanghai Academy of Aerospace Technology, referred to as the Eighth Academy of Aerospace Engineering, is one of the three general research institutes of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, and one of the backbone bases of China Aerospace. Its headquarters is located in Minhang District, Shanghai, China.
Schematic diagram of the sun-synchronous orbit
Shanghai Institute of Aerospace Technology has so far developed four generations of Fengyun meteorological satellites. The first-generation satellites were sun-synchronous orbit (commonly known as polar orbit) satellites. They are low-orbit meteorological satellites. They can be seen more clearly when they are closer. The detection instruments of the same resolution have clearer imaging and can send real-time cloud image receiving stations around the world. Satellite cloud images, but only two meteorological observations can be obtained for the same area a day, and the time interval is long, which is not yet fully satisfactory for tracking and monitoring small and medium-scale weather systems. Moreover, the first two Fengyun-1 satellites launched by our country have been greatly restricted in terms of performance and service life. Both satellites stopped working after short-term service due to malfunctions.
The third Fengyun-1 satellite C satellite has a design life span of only 2 years. In 2007, it became the "living target" of an anti-satellite missile launched by my country and was successfully destroyed.
The fourth Fengyun-1D satellite, on the basis of inheriting the successful experience and technology of the Fengyun-1C satellite, has made 14 improvements to its technical status to further improve its stability. The Fengyun-1D satellite was launched into space in 2002, and was still in orbit by 2010, overdue service for more than 6 years.
Fengyun-2 meteorological satellite model
equipped with apogee engines, in order to better serve domestic weather and broadcast more accurate and real-time weather forecasts, Shanghai Aerospace Technology Research Institute subsequently developed the Fengyun-2 satellite. This satellite is the first generation of geostationary orbit meteorological satellites developed by China. Due to the satellite and geosynchronous motion, the satellite can be fixed in the sky above the designated position of the equator, which is conducive to continuous observation of the same large area, and is particularly beneficial to Monitoring of small and medium-scale weather systems. The main task of the Fengyun-2 satellite is to observe the earth, and obtain cloud images of visible light, infrared and water vapor for earth observation once an hour.
However, the development and launch of this batch of satellites are full of many songs.Folding and suffering. The first three satellites of Fengyun-2 are all experimental satellites, with immature technology and high failure rate, and ultimately failed to achieve commercialization. Even the first satellite (Satellite 01) in the last test before launch, due to an accident, caused a fire in the plant, and the satellite equipment in the plant was destroyed. The accident also killed Chen Dequan, an assembly worker, and injured about 20 to 30 people, including Qi Fazhen, chief designer of the Shenzhou spacecraft.
in geostationary orbit, the satellite looks like
rotating with the earth. Until October 19, 2004, the first operational satellite of Fengyun 2 was launched into the sky. In addition to weather forecasts, the satellite can also monitor and predict climate, detect land and oceans, observe grassland and forest fire risks, measure wind, observe heavy fog and sandstorms, etc. After the Fengyun-2 E satellite is put into operation, it can be changed to Regional observation.
Subsequently, the Fengyun-2 satellite has been continuously upgraded. Today, the Fengyun-2 satellites E, F, and G are still our main satellites for weather forecasting.
Immediately afterwards, Shanghai Aerospace Technology Research Institute continued to enrich the diversity of weather forecasts and developed the Fengyun-3 weather satellite. It is a new generation of polar orbiting meteorological satellites developed by China, which is the solar orbiting meteorological satellite mentioned above. It is mainly used for monitoring services related to heavy fog, ice, snow cover, water conditions, and fire conditions. Z1z
Fengyun-4 meteorological satellite is my country’s second-generation geostationary meteorological satellite
. In 2016, a new generation of geostationary orbit meteorological satellite, Fengyun-4 satellite, was successfully launched and operated. Compared with the Fengyun-2 satellite, the performance will be greatly improved, and the observation accuracy, observation elements, observation efficiency, product types and quantity, and application fields will increase significantly. The geostationary orbit microwave atmosphere detection technology is the world's first. In the future, the Fengyun-4 satellite will gradually replace the meteorological service work of the Fengyun-2 satellite.
In addition to the types of satellites that are closely related to us, my country has also developed the "Resources" series of resource satellites, which are used in China's environmental monitoring, disaster prevention and mitigation, land and resources survey, urban planning, crop yield estimation, disaster monitoring, etc.; "Ocean" series Marine satellites are used to comprehensively and detailedly grasp the indicators and information of my country's marine resources.
About the development of China's satellites, that's it. The previous article talked about the US moon landing. Many readers hope to report more about our own country’s aerospace achievements. I will continue to discuss my country’s launch vehicles, manned spaceflight , lunar exploration projects, deep space exploration, etc. achievement.
