When a group of people are studying the genetic mechanisms of human genes, some of them will say it is a "fairy tale". Others think it's "too crazy".

In the field of biology, there is a theory called "gene trap". When a group of people are studying the genetic mechanisms of human genes, some of them will say it is a "fairy tale". Others think it's "too crazy". What is a "gene trap"? What theory is it?

• 1. Why does human genes "mutate"? Every member of the
• gene is following certain rules, which is the "land-family effect". But this does not mean that other cells in the human body follow the same rules. If some genes are mutated, some changes will occur suddenly in the originally stable gene. These changes make other cells unable to adapt, which affects the normal functioning of the human body. These changes will also cause normal life to be lost, so we humans themselves will also suffer a great blow in the "law of unstable genetics."
• 1, instability and mutation
• Our current genomics research has been established, and many research results have been achieved. We already know that more than 70% of a person's genes are constantly changing, so you can understand why some people's genetic information suddenly changes. On the other hand, there are also "genomic effect" and "land-family effect" in genomics. For a person, he may have a certain health condition, a certain lifestyle, but it is not easy for others to see such a fact. Therefore, people usually regard mutations and instability as the same type of things, which means that these mutations may be the result of the mixture of genetic mutations and non-genetic mutations.
• 2, the influence of "stable genetic law"
• However, in real life, the impact of "stable genetic law" is very great. If a member of a family develops a disease, then other members may not be able to survive normally and cannot treat the disease. This phenomenon also leads to various speculations about diseases. At present, scientists have also discovered some links between diseases.
• 3. Variation of human genes is closely related to the "law of unstable genetics"
• This is because normal human metabolism needs to be completed by enzymes, and instability of enzymes leads to mutation. When enzymes are lacking, the active protein in the human body is difficult to synthesize and generate heat, which leads to weakening or stopping of life activities. Like all things in nature, man has its own laws of survival and development. These will gradually disappear over time or appear suddenly for some reason, or cause certain defects in the body. Therefore, when humans encounter this situation, the body will react to affect their normal work and life.
• 2. What is the theoretical basis of "gene trap"?
• Through research, people have found that due to the molecular mechanism of genes, they will be affected by the environment, other factors, and their own factors. These environmental factors include chemical factors (such as heavy metals in the environment, chemical pollution, etc.), biological factors (such as insect eggs and larvae), and social factors (such as politics, religion, etc.). These factors largely determine the relationship between gene expression and disease. Therefore, biologists use gene expression to create traps. This trap is sometimes like a poisonous arrow, injecting genetic material into the organism to achieve its purpose.
• 1, BiochemistryPrinciple
• Generally speaking, biochemistry principle refers to the binding of certain specific components in the organism to specific DNA of specific organism cells (i.e. tissues) to produce a molecule. When this molecule enters the cell through a certain mechanism, it will be captured by proteins similar to natural proteins in the cell. Therefore, biologists will be able to introduce foreign genes into cells.In animal experiments, what will happen if foreign DNA is introduced into animals?
• 2. Physical principles
• In physics, when molecules exist, they will attract and repel each other, forming a "closed cycle". So if someone tries to inject genetic material into an organism, they will react chemically with other environmental factors needed in that organism. For example, when heavy metals exist in the environment, if heavy metals penetrate into the organism, it will cause various inflammatory reactions and lead to cell apoptosis. In these reactions, corresponding chemicals will be produced. And if a person is not affected by this chemical environment, then the organism will not have such reactions. That is to say, if these two chemical reactions interact to form a new chemical reaction, then the person will die at this time (of course, some side effects will occur).
• 3, chemical effect
• Although organisms cannot draw nutrients from the environment like animals, animals can obtain energy through their own metabolism. Therefore, if the animal cannot obtain enough nutrients in its body, it will not be able to survive and develop in the external environment. If nutrition is not obtained in time, the animal will also become sick. Therefore, environmental pollution and reduced biodiversity in may affect gene expression in vivo.
• 4, genetic effect .
• The so-called genetic effect refers to the evidence in animal experiments that this effect is more obvious during the disease. Genetic effects are usually manifested as: sick carriers can relieve the condition or recover through drug treatment, while carriers rarely give up treatment because they are sick. Therefore, even if some carriers are "naturally born carriers of pathogens" (such as cancer or heart disease, etc.), the probability of genetic effects occurring when the doctor uses drug treatment to alleviate the condition is very low. For example: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses gene editing technology to control a person to carry an gene editing tool called "X" (that is, there is no type X hemoglobin in one region of the X genome). It blocks DNA repair enzymes binding to hemoglobin type X by artificially changing the arrangement of specific gene regions. When the disturbed gene interacts with the X-carrying gene, it will cause interdisciplinary rupture of the gene and protein degradation.
• 3. Theoretical model of gene traps
• First, let’s take a look at the theoretical model of “gene traps”. This theoretical model gives two specific models. The first is the "gene trap" model: this model is a "strong system theory", which describes an important mechanism in biological systems. What is its basic principle? We can see two problems from the figure: one is the gene in the system that is "induced" by the "detective" mechanism. Has there a trap formed, and the other is the gene induced by the "detective" mechanism? The second model is the "gene trap" model: there is a system in a biological system that designs itself to be affected by the "deception" mechanism, or it is a mechanistically flawed molecule, because this is the culprit that causes damage to the biological system. So to avoid this, the system will expose itself to genes that may trigger its "deception" mechanism by design.
• 1. Gene selection
• First of all, when a gene can induce a "deception" mechanism within a certain range, it will be selected. Generally speaking, choosing a suitable gene as a deception tool is a mechanism that must exist in normal evolution; secondly, among the genes that "induced" or "infected" this mechanism must have a family of molecules that may trigger the mechanism to damage the biological system; finally, when some molecular families reach a certain critical point within a certain range (such as the most common protein family), they can be selected as this deception tool.But one thing to note: if you choose this type of gene, it will become an important factor affecting the evolution process of biological systems, but this choice does not mean that it must be the best choice.
• 2, deception mechanism
• induction mechanism is to treat a certain gene or cell as a deception gene designed. The deception mechanism treats such molecules or cells as a target, such as attacking mitochondrial as the target protein. Normally, this target will not attack other cells or target proteins. But when mitochondria are injured or have problems, being broken down will lead to mitochondria death. Such damage may cause damage or death of other cells, target proteins.
• 3, Trap
• Although the "deception" mechanism will not affect the biological system under normal circumstances, it will also affect the performance of the biological system under certain special circumstances. For example, when a mutation occurs, its effect on the mutated cell will also decrease, so when it appears, other mutated cells in the cell will also change accordingly. At this time, the system will fall into a trap designed by the "deception" mechanism. For example, the "mutant cell effect" we mentioned earlier. There is evidence that special cells in certain parts of our body can mutation when they are infected with a certain disease. ---(2019) published in the journal Nature.
• 4, false signal
• When a certain abnormality occurs, such as a mutation in a specific gene or a mutation in the transcription factor , this triggers this mechanism. The reaction at this time cannot be the same as the previous reaction, but will continue to maintain the original effective response. For example, in the occurrence of a disease, the signaling pathway will release some signal substances into the environment. So this process is called "false signal".