Not long ago, the "China Diabetes Medical Nutritional Treatment Guidelines (2022 Edition)" was updated. What foods can and cannot be eaten by patients with diabetes? Let’s take a look at the guide.
Green light area: It is recommended to intake
Recommended to intake appropriate energy
Diabetic patients should undergo an individualized energy balance plan to achieve or maintain an ideal weight.
Table 1 Daily Energy supply for adult patients with diabetes [kJ/kg or (kcal/kg)]
Note: Standard weight reference WHO 1999 Calculation method:
Male standard weight (kg) = [height (cm)-100]×0.9;
Female standard weight (kg) = [height (cm)-100]×0.9-2.5.
According to my country's evaluation criteria for body mass index (BMI):
BMI≤18.5 kg/㎡ is too low in weight;
18.5 kg/㎡BMI24.0 kg/㎡ is normal weight;
24.0 kg/㎡≤BMI28.0 is normal weight;
24.0 kg/㎡≤BMI28.0 kg/㎡ is overweight;
BMI≥28.0 kg/㎡ is obese.
·Daily carbohydrate energy supply ratio should be 45%~60%.
1 It is recommended to replace part of refined cereal carbohydrates, which is beneficial to the control of blood sugar, triglyceride and body weight.
Common whole grains include oats, black rice , highland barley , brown rice , yellow rice , millet, buckwheat , coix seed , etc., which can be eaten interchangeably in daily life.
·Recommended daily dietary total fat energy supply accounts for 20% to 35% of the total energy.
·Direct renal function diabetic patients with protein intake should account for 15% to 20% of the total energy
Recommended intake of whey protein . Whey protein helps promote the secretion of insulin , improves sugar metabolism , maintains muscle content, and helps control weight in the short term.
1 Recommended intake of plant-derived proteins, especially soy protein , which helps to reduce blood lipids levels compared with animal protein .
Recommended supplementary dietary fiber
Guidelines suggest choosing a high dietary fiber diet (25~36g/d or 12~14g/1000 kcal), especially to ensure soluble dietary fiber intake (10~20g/d), which helps control blood sugar and reduce all-cause mortality.
11 The first choice for supplementing dietary fiber. Common foods include konjac , Jerusalem artichoke , oats, apples, grapefruits, barley, beans, carrots, citrus and other foods.
Barley, beans, carrots, citrus Fruit is rich in soluble dietary fiber, has a delicate taste, and has the effect of slowing down the digestion of food, stabilizing post-meal blood sugar and lowering blood pressure.
Recommended supplementation of Folic acid
1 1 Folic acid supplementation may be beneficial to blood sugar homeostasis and reduce insulin resistance.
Folic acid is widely found in various animal and plant foods. Animal liver and kidneys, eggs, fish, yeast , green leafy vegetables, nuts, and soy products are rich in folic acid.
Red light area: Restricted intakes
Guidelines especially state that needs to restrict the intake of the following 5 types of foods.
1. It is not recommended to add sucrose
Although the energy replacement/increase of some of the carbohydrates in the diet are sucrose (30~50 g) and does not affect blood sugar control or insulin sensitivity. However, it is not recommended to eat foods with conventional sucrose added.
2. It is not recommended to intake too much saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids
restricts the intake of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids. It is recommended that saturated fatty acid intake shall not exceed 12% of the total energy, trans fatty acids shall not exceed 2%, appropriately increase polyunsaturation and monounsaturated fatty acids replace partial saturated fatty acids.
Foods rich in saturated fatty acids include lard, butter, cream, cheese, vegetable oil includes coconut oil , cocoa oil , palm oil , etc.
1 trans fatty acids are mainly sourced for cooking oil. Some vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are prone to produce trans fat when frying at high temperature and using repeatedly. In addition, the processed snacks may contain trans fat, so you should read the nutritional content list clearly when purchasing.
Foods rich in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids include aquatic products and vegetable oils such as olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil, tea oil, etc., which can be used appropriately.
3. It is not recommended to consume large amounts of cholesterol
2 diabetes patients with cholesterol intake should not exceed 300mg/d.
Cholesterol-rich foods include Pig brain, fat intestines, Fried loin flower , bone marrow, pork liver, chicken head, Duck head , shrimp head, crab roe, caviar , etc., and excessive intake should be avoided.
4. It is not recommended to intake alcohol
alcohol is not beneficial to blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes, but drinking alcohol will increase the risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. It is not recommended to drink alcohol in patients with type 2 diabetes.
5. It is not recommended to overeat foods with high glycemic index/blood glucose load
high glycemic index/blood glucose load, which can significantly increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in healthy people.
Common foods with high glycemic index (GI70) include: Rice, glutinous rice, corn flakes (breakfast cereal), white bread , roasted potatoes, French fries, millet, soda biscuits , steamed buns and mashed potatoes, etc.
Common foods with high blood sugar load (GL ≥20) include: glutinous rice, rice noodles, noodles, fried dough sticks, sesame cakes, steamed buns, rolls, vermicelli, vermicelli, vermicelli, vermicelli, biscuits, bread, cakes, dumplings, etc. . The blood sugar load of soy products and fruits and vegetables is generally relatively low.
Department of Clinical Nutrition in Peking Union Medical College Hospital
Yukang
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