explores a way of communication beyond language in Susanne Langer's book The Practice of Philosophy, which she calls the "sixth sense."
SusanneLanger describes the attributes of the "sixth sense": a methodical reasoning of external information by five sensory systems. However, unlike language expression, it only transmits information through the unique characteristics of some symbols. Behind this unique feature,
is a symbolic system in which content depends on form. The most complex thing in this symbolic system is not the form that expresses content, but what kind of perceptual experience this form can evoke. This symbolic form comes from myth, and music is its most advanced way of expression.
Schopenhauer believes that music has a special status in art because it does not rely on "textual explanation". Art often requires the viewer's attention to a special theme. Music can always convey information smoothly and accurately.
Langer regards music as a pure symbolic representation, and he feels that the ultimate goal of music expression seems to be to induce the general emotional experience of the individual endlessly. Since the Greek period, people have discovered the relationship between music and emotions. As we all know, music not only expresses emotions, but also evokes the listener's emotional experience.
The importance of emotions to human life is self-evident. It affects individuals' evaluation of external things and their behavioral patterns in dealing with external things.
Nowadays, research in the field of emotions generally defines emotions as a physical and mental complex pattern of change, including physiological arousal, sensory, cognitive processes and behavioral responses, which is an adaptive response of an individual to the external environment. The relationship between emotions and executive function in
has also become a hot topic in research in recent years. Through research on patients with anxiety disorders and depression, people found that emotions will affect individuals' working memory, updates, and transformation abilities. Although existing studies in
have done a lot of research on the impact of emotions on executive function, few studies have conducted in-depth discussions on the relationship between music-induced emotional experience and cognitive control.
This study explores the changes in individual cognitive control flexibility and retention in the context of induced positive emotional music, induced negative emotional music background, and music without music.
Empirical study on the influence of emotion on cognitive control
Negative emotions under normal standards have little effect on executive function, and the study found that negative emotions have no effect on updates, planning and conversion. To date, there has been only one study on the outsourcing population of students, the elderly, and the results show that negative emotions have a negative impact on the ability to plan.
In addition to this, the regulatory effect of most negative emotions is very and short-lived. For example, in an experiment on a prospective memory task, it was found that the effect of negative emotions only occurred in the first 5 minutes after the start of the task and disappeared afterwards.
This research result suggests that in the study of the impact of negative emotions on task execution, the impact of time course should be taken into account in the analysis of task execution.
A large number of empirical studies have found that positive emotions can weaken updates, planning, and transformations. These research results seem to overturn Isen's theoretical assumption that positive emotional states promote the carefulness of cognitive processing. However, these research results support the theory of cognitive resource and the theory that tends to heuristic processing in positive emotional states.
However, positive emotional states will improve the fluency of completing tasks, especially those that require creativity. Dreisbach Goschke's study found that positive emotional states weaken the transition of familiar information, but promote the transition of new stimuli. Positive emotional states can weaken task transitions, but improve the search ability of new information.
study selected ten music songs, of which five music predictions can induce positive emotions, and the other five music predictions can induce negative emotions. Ten subjects were asked to evaluate the pleasure, arousal, and types of emotions that induced by 10 music.
scores high in pleasure and the music differentiation type is happy as the music material that induces positive emotions; the music material that induces negative emotions is low in pleasure and the music differentiation type is sad as the music material that induces negative emotions. The two music selected ended up scored similarly in terms of awakening.
The effect of music inducing emotions
In the music materials that induce emotions, the pleasure degree and awakening degree are scored from 0 to 8, and finally a music with a pleasure degree of 4.9, a awakening degree of 5.5, and a differentiated emotions as happy as happy as music material that induces positive emotions.
chooses a music with a pleasantness of 2.0, a wake-up degree of 5.6, and a differentiated emotions into sadness as musical material for inducing negative emotions.
Liu Ya used the 9-point scoring method of 1 to 9 when studying the induction of emotions by pictures. The positive emotional pleasure induced by pictures was 6.18 and the awakening was 5.75. The emotional pleasure induced by music is slightly lower than that of the picture, while the arousal is slightly higher than that of the picture, but the difference is not obvious.
This shows that music can induce an individual's emotional experience, and the effect of music inducing emotions is similar to that of pictures inducing emotions. In addition, when selecting materials in this experiment, five music that can induce negative emotions were selected based on previous research, and five music that can induce positive emotions.
However, the final evaluation result is not every music that induces corresponding emotional experience. This shows that each subject's emotional arousal degree is different. The music selected in previous studies induced strong emotional experiences in their experimental subjects, while the same music did not cause similar emotional experiences in the selected subjects in this experiment.
Lenton and Martin used music to induce emotions, and asked subjects to report that they were immersed in a certain emotion psychological process and strategy. One-third of the 64 subjects recalled past events, 20% sang, hum or shook their feet, 9% remained still or moved, and 14% imagined that they had nothing to do with themselves. The result of
can be inferred that emotions seem to be induced by music. In fact, emotions are induced by some psychological processes that are not related to music, and these psychological processes are triggered by music. The psychological process of music triggering individuals is different, so the effects of inducing emotions are also different.
Carret and others compared the traditional music-induced emotional program with the modified music-induced emotional program. They compared all the same music listened to with all the subjects choosing their favorite music. It turned out that the subjects chose their favorite music to induce a stronger emotional experience.
However, the main purpose of this study is to explore the impact of music-induced emotions on cognitive control. In order to control additional variables, it was chosen to let all subjects listen to the same music. Therefore, the music-induced emotions discussed in this study did not exclude individual differences.
The mechanism of music-induced positive emotions affecting cognitive control
Under positive emotions conditions, the BX response increased, but the AY response was not found to be shortened. This is very likely because this experiment uses music-induced emotions, because the durability and intensity of music-induced emotions are not as good as those of pictures.
Therefore, in this experiment, the subjects completed the experiment while listening to music, which may cause the occupation of cognitive resources by listening to music, and interfere with the task's test of individual cognitive flexibility. The modified AX-CPT task was used in the
experiment. Three distraction stimuli were added between the clue stimuli and the detection stimuli. The distraction stimuli were English letters except A, B, X, and Y.
clue stimulation and detection stimulation are presented in red, and distraction stimulation is presented in black, to increase task retention and flexibility requirements. It is found that the AY response is shortened under the conditions of music-induced positive emotions, which proves that positive emotions can promote the flexibility of individual cognitive control.
The positive emotions induced by music will affect the retention and flexibility of cognitive control. Retention and flexibility are often said to be antagonistic processing processes, and working memory retention is weakened when flexibility increases in positive emotions, an animal study supports this hypothesis.
GesineDreisbach uses pictures to induce emotions to explore the impact of emotions on maintaining cognitive processing.
results show that when the time interval between crawler stimulation and detection stimulation is 1250ms, under positive emotional conditions, the AY response is reduced and the BX and BY responses are prolonged. Therefore, it is concluded that positive emotions will promote the flexibility of cognitive processing and weaken the retention of cognitive processing.
has studied the use of functional neuroimaging methods to discover the interaction between emotion and advanced cognition. Yamasaki et al. used the oddball experimental paradigm and emotional disperses (positive emotion pictures, negative emotion pictures, neutral emotion pictures).
results found that the target stimulus activates the central frontal gyrus, but emotional disperses will inhibit the activity of this area. However, opposite activation and inhibition patterns will be found in the lateral frontal gyrus. This study shows that there is an interactive effect between emotions and the activity of certain areas of the brain.
Ashby et al. and Valentin et al. proposed a detailed neuropsychological theory about positive emotions. They believed that the neurotransmitter dopamine is an intermediate variable that positive emotions affect cognitive control. To be more precise, in the view of scholars, cognitive flexibility under positive emotions is regulated by dopamine released on the ventral anterior cingulum.
However, the mechanism of influence of dopamine on cognitive flexibility is very complex. At present, it can basically determine the dopamine dose, task characteristics, and differences in individual working memory capacity, which may be regulated variables that dopamine affect cognitive flexibility.
In the past, a large number of studies have focused on the influence of emotions inducing emotions on cognitive control such as pictures and short films. Few studies have explored the impact of emotions inducing emotions on cognitive control, which is mainly because music-induced emotions are not easy to operate. Compared with pictures, short films, etc., music is more used in psychotherapy, and the effect of music psychotherapy is also very good.
study found that music-induced positive emotions also stimulate the flexibility of individual cognitive control and weaken the retention of individual cognitive control. This shows that music-induced positive emotions may improve the fixation of thinking, which also provides a basis and direction for the application of music in improving individual executive functions.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-