lewin
Kurtlewin (born September 9, 1890, died February 12, 1947) German-American psychologist, founder of topological psychology, pioneer of experimental social psychology, late representative of Gestalt psychology, and one of the founders of communication . He is the founder of modern social psychology, organizational psychology and applied psychology . He is often called the "father of social psychology" and is the first to study group dynamics and organizational development. Lewin has made great contributions to modern psychology , especially social psychology, in theory and practice. It is famous for studying human motivation and group dynamics. He tried to use the theory of group dynamics to solve practical social problems, which had a great impact on the future development of social psychology.
Character experience
Lewin was born in a middle-class Jewish family in the Mogilno countryside in Bosson, Prussia. He died of heart disease in Newtonville, Massachusetts, USA. He is the second of four children in the family, his parents run a small grocery store and outside the town they have a small farm of their own. Lewin grew up in the countryside since childhood and loved nature. In 1905, the whole family moved to Berlin. He finished his primary and secondary school courses in Berlin, and was also exposed to Greek philosophy. He planned to study medicine at the University of Freiburg, but soon he gave up on this idea. He entered the University of Freiburg in 1909 to study medicine, and at that time he planned to become a doctor. Soon after, he transferred to HD University of Munich and studied HD University of Berlin, and then to HD University of Berlin. In 1910, he began to pursue a Ph.D. in Psychology and his disciple. At that time, the three founders of GesitaHD Psychology School, M. Wertheimer, K. Kafka and W. Kohler were also students of stumf. While at the University of Berlin, in addition to studying psychology , he also studied mathematics and physics. He completed many important research on association and motivation, and began to create his field theory .
Lewin completed the compulsory course for doctoral students in 1914, when it happened that World War I broke out and did not receive his doctorate until 1916. During the war, he served in German Army as volunteer for 4 years and served as a lieutenant of the army. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his injury.
1917, he married his teacher Maria Landsberg, who had two children, and the marriage lasted for 10 years.
During his injury and recuperation in 1917, he published an article "Form of War", which first proposed the preliminary concept of field theory. After the war, he returned to the University of Berlin to work as a faculty member and research assistant in the Institute of Psychology. He is a teacher who is good at stimulating students' interest. Many students have come to his class and do research work under his guidance.
1921 He became a researcher at the Institute of Psychology at the University of Berlin, the following year he served as a lecturer, and was promoted to professor in 1927, during which he established contact with the Gestalt School of Psychology and became an active advocate of the school.
1929 he attended the International Psychologists Conference held in Yale, USA. In the same year, he married Gertrud Weiss and had two children after marriage.
1932 Lewin was invited by Polling to the United States for 6 months. After his term ended, he came to the United States from Germany to settle in 1933 for escaping persecution of Jews after the Nazi rule, and became an American citizen in 1940.
Lewin first taught at Cornell University for 2 years. In 1935, he applied for the Child Welfare Research Station of the University of Iowa and guided a series of research on experimental social psychology of children.
1942 Lewin established the Psychological Research Association for Social Issues, and this society greatly promoted research with the theme of solving social problems.
Due to his excellent results in his hard work in social psychology, he was hired to teach at MIT in 1944 and served as director of the Center for Group Dynamics Research founded by him.At the same time, he is also the director of the Social Relations Committee of the American Jewish Conference, which is engaged in social issues research.
In 1947, Lewin died of heart failure in Newtonville, Massachusetts, USA at the age of 56.
Although Lewin is the same as the three founders of gestal psychology and is closely related, his psychological thoughts are different from those of them. Lewin Institute researchers do not study the problems of perception, thinking and problem solving, but expand the concept of Gestalt psychology to social situations to study the problems of people and the environment and the relationship between people. In his psychological research, the following two aspects are the following: field theory and group dynamics.
Main theory
Lewin's psychological dynamic field theory
Psychological environment
Like other Gestalt psychologists, Lewin also regards behavior as the research object of psychology. The behavior formula he proposed is B=f(PE). In this formula, B represents behavior, f refers to functional relationship (also called a law), P refers to a specific person, and E refers to the entire environment. To explain this formula in words, it means that behavior changes with the changes of the two factors of human and environment, that is, different people will have different behaviors for the same environmental conditions, and the same person will have different behaviors for different environmental conditions, or even the same person, if the situation conditions change, different behaviors for the same environment. Lewin's description is obviously more in line with objective actual conditions.
Psychological Dynamic Field
Psychological Field is one of the most important concepts in the Lewin psychological system and is also the core of its theory. The concept of field was borrowed from physics by Lewin. Lewin believes that the psychological field is a sum composed of a person's past and present life events and future thoughts and wishes. That is, the psychological field includes all the life of a person and his expectations for future life. Lewin also believes that the past, present and future components of each person's psychological field are not constant and will continue to enrich and expand in quantity and type as individuals age and experience accumulate. At the same time, the expansion and enrichment of each person's psychological field have their own individual differences in speed and scope. However, in general, the richer a person's life experience, the larger the scope and more levels of his psychological field. Judging from Lewin's analysis of psychological fields, the concept of psychological fields is somewhat similar to what we usually call cognitive structure. However, in Lewin's psychology, Lewin mainly uses psychological fields to study a person's psychological dynamic elements such as needs, tension, and will (this is different from what we usually call cognitive structure). Therefore, we often call Lewin's psychological field psychological dynamic field.
Behavioral dynamics
In order to make a specific statement about the movement of individual psychological events in the living space, Lewin first analyzed the motivation for movement of psychological events. He borrowed the concept of topology to state the movement of psychological facts in the psychological living space. However, topology lacks the concept of direction, so Lewin then uses the concept of vector analysis in mathematics to state the dynamic relationship and direction of psychological facts. Lewin spent a lot of energy throughout his life to study the movement of psychological facts in the living space and the dynamic system of moving. In this way, Lewin proposed his motivational system powered by needs, which mainly includes six basic concepts: need, tension, valence, vectors, obstacles and balance.
psychological life space and vector effect
life space
psychological life space, also known as life space. It refers to the overall of various facts that affect behavior at a certain moment. It includes people and their environment. If B represents behavior, P represents person, E represents environment, and LS represents living space, then B=f(PE)=f(LS), which means that behavior changes with changes in people and their environment, and behavior changes with changes in living space. There are three types of facts in the living space, namely quasi-physical facts, quasi-social facts, and quasi-conceptual facts."Certain" means that although the degree is not enough, it can be regarded as something. Compared with objective facts, the facts that are perceived by individuals may not be consistent with the real facts, so they can only be called "quasi-facts". At the same time, the living space can be divided into several areas, with boundary barriers between each area. Individual development always moves from one area to another in a certain psychological living space with the goal.
VehicleVerification
Vehicle was originally a noun in chemistry. Lewin used it here to indicate the degree to which an individual likes or hates an object. If the object can meet the individual's needs or is attractive to the individual, then the object has a positive value; on the contrary, if the object poses a threat to the individual or is disgusted with others, the object has a negative value. Here we must realize that the object does not really have the meaning of "valence" as mentioned in the chemical concept. Lewin's so-called valence actually refers to a subjective emotional experience that a person has about the object in a certain situation.
vector expression of dynamics
vector mathematically refers to a directed straight line. Lewin uses this concept to represent the direction or intensity of the object's attraction. In other words, vectors (sometimes also called vectors) in Lewin's psychology refers to the directional attraction or repulsion generated between a person and a certain object. Attraction will make people tend toward the target, and repulsion will make people deviate from the target.
Memory effect and alternative experiments
Tsaiganik effect
Tsaiganik effect refers to the phenomenon that memory of unfinished work is better than memory of completed work. When people accept a job, a quasi-need to complete the job, and completing the job means relieving psychological tension or meeting the quasi-need; if the work is not completed, the tension continues to exist, and the quasi-need to be realized. This is the famous "Zeganik Effect" in the history of psychology - the motivation to complete tasks prompts people to be obsessed with unfinished tasks and also develop the desire to complete them.
Substitute to satisfy the experiment
Theory of personality dynamics
Founded by Freud 3. It is believed that personality is a whole composed of three parts: It's, the self and the superego. Yit, also known as the id, is the most primitive part of the personality structure, which includes all instinctive impulses that govern actions with the "privacy principle". The self is the real Yit, the main part of the personality structure. It is a part of the differentiation from Yit under the cultivation of reality. It is active according to the "reality principle" to make the original instinctive impulses meet the conditions of reality and ideal requirements. The superego is the highest part of the personality structure, a moralized self, including "conscience" and "ideal self". It carries out activities according to "ideal principles" to guide the self to limit Yit's impulses and make self-behaviors meet moral standards. The motivation generated by the interaction of the three parts of the personality structure dominates all individual behaviors.
Theoretical practice
Lewin's group dynamics and its development
Group dynamics is the result of Lewin's early application of his theory of psychological dynamics field or living space for individual behavior to study social problems. It aims to study group life dynamics, mainly studying the atmosphere of the group, the relationship between members within the group, the group's leadership style , etc. Group dynamics combined group research with empirical experimental methods, which made great contributions to the later development of social psychology.
Lewin believes that the group is a driving whole, and this whole is not equal to the sum of each part. Changes in any part of the whole will inevitably lead to changes in other parts within the whole and ultimately affect the nature of the whole. A group is not composed of some members with common traits or similar traits. Similar traits and same goals are not prerequisites for the existence of a group. The essence of a group lies in the interdependence between its members, and this mutual dependence determines the characteristics of the group.Lewin believed that groups are real, not mysterious, just like individuals. Therefore, Lewin directly brought the method of studying individual psychology , believing that the concept of living space must also be adapted to the study of groups. Lewin pointed out that the individual and his situation constitute the psychological field, and like this, the situation of the group and the group constitute the social field; the individual's behavior is mainly determined by the mutual relationship between the regions in their living space, and the behavior of the group is also mainly determined by the mutual relationship between the regions in the social field of the group.
Team cohesion
A student from Lewin designed an experiment to allow subjects to cooperate in pairs to complete a set of pictures. Through this experiment, Baker concluded that the cohesion of a group is formed by the following three foundations: First, individuals love the group because of their love for other group members; second, group members love the group because the group membership can give members a certain reputation; third, group members love the group because the group is a means to achieve personal goals. At the same time, Baker also found that no matter the reason why members in the group attract each other, the closer the person is, the more consistent the person is, and the closer the person is, the more affected the group discussion.
Changes in groups and their behaviors
Lewin also conducted a systematic study on the impact of groups on changes in their members' behaviors. In the study, he found that group decisions had a longer lasting effect on individuals in the group than decisions made individuals. Lewin concluded based on the experiment: whether it is training leaders, changing dietary habits, etc., if the social group to which the individual belongs first changes accordingly, and then changes the individual's behavior through the group, the effect of doing so is much better than directly changing specific individuals. Conversely, as long as the value of the group does not change, the individual will resist external changes more strongly, and the individual's behavior will not be easily changed. This is actually the concrete manifestation of the idea that the Gestalt as a whole is more important than the part. Inspired by this experimental research, Lewin began to widely apply this method to various aspects of society to transform. He proposed three stages of changing society: the first stage is called "thaw", that is, to minimize or eliminate the association with the group's past standards as much as possible; the second stage introduces or formulates a new standard; and the third stage is "refreeze", which is a kind of reconstruction based on the new standard. In all three stages, individuals are involved in the group's decisions, which is much better than just asking for changes to each individual.
Social evaluation
Psychological field is one of the most important concepts in the Lewin psychological system and is also the core of its theory. The concept of field was borrowed by Lewin from physics. Lewin believes that the psychological field is a sum composed of a person's life event experience and future ideological desires. As the individual grows older and accumulates experience, it continues to enrich and expand in quantity and type. At the same time, each person's psychological field has its own individual differences, but in general, the richer a person's life experience, the larger the scope and more levels of his psychological field.
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