The development of human society is a complex process, which allows human beings to gradually transition from feudal superstitious thinking to a scientific civilized society.
Nowadays, when we are plagued by diseases, we no longer consider superstitious behaviors such as exorcising evil spirits and worshiping gods, but will choose to go to major hospitals for treatment. The example of
actually reflects well that the status of science in the consciousness of the whole people has become increasingly important, and scientific theory has gradually risen to the level of the world outlook of the whole people.
However, under this background, a "dissonant voice" has begun to appear in society:
"The end of science is actually metaphysics."
Is this true? Let's start with metaphysics itself.
Metaphysics: It started in Spring and Autumn , and became popular in Wei and Jin
According to existing classics, the origin of the word " Metaphysics " can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period.
At that time, when various theories were blooming, not only did the mainstream theories of Confucianism, Law and Taoism appear, but also developed "sub-mainstream" schools such as Mohist , Yin and Yang , and vertical and horizontal .
Among them, , the founder of the Taoist theory, , Li Er , was also called , and later generations, Laozi , and created a philosophical work that collects the essence of Taoism------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the first chapter of this classic, I wrote this sentence:
"It is so mysterious, the door to all wonders."
The "mysterious" in this sentence represents a state of nothingness and magic, which makes people elusive but has strange operating rules.
The reason why I left such a passage is actually explaining: the world has many operating rules, that is, "Tao". These Taos are unpredictable, but they all have their own advantages. This is a very wonderful thing.
Therefore, under such an explanation, some supporters of Taoist theory began to study "mystery", and metaphysics came into being.
However, perhaps it is the Taoist idea of "governing by doing nothing", which is contrary to the rule of the princes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which has kept the research of metaphysics within a small range, and the audience is very limited. To describe it today's vocabulary, it is extremely "niche".
Such an embarrassing situation did not change until Han Dynasty was established.
Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu , ending the world's disputes, but looking at the devastated rivers and mountains, Liu Bang realized that the new dynasty needed to focus on rest and recuperation.
Under this understanding, the Han Dynasty in my country decided to focus on the peaceful and conducive to rule of Confucianism , and create a very innovative concept of governing the country---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Confucianism outside and law inside. As the name suggests, it means using the inclusive idea of Confucian to embellish the stability of the Han Dynasty's regime, but at the same time, it is necessary to use the Legalist 's harsh punishment and law to maintain the rule of the entire dynasty. A school combination like
sounds extremely reasonable, but once implemented, it will be a great test for Confucianism that is widely promoted.
Because Confucianism needs to have broad school thinking to explain all the political policies implemented by the Han Dynasty. In order to expand the Confucian theory, Dong Zhongshu, the leader of the Confucianism, founded the Han Dynasty Confucianism.
This is a theory that absorbs the essence of a hundred schools of thought in the spring and autumn, including Taoist metaphysics. As a result, metaphysics theory was carried forward to a certain extent in the Han Dynasty.
However, with the decline of Eastern Han , the world gradually moved towards disputes, and the rule of Confucian inclusive theory was shaken, which caused many Confucian scholars to fight, but in the face of the situation where the burial was about to collapse, the criticism of literati was destined to be ineffective.
Therefore, metaphysics, a study of "Tao" methods and a thinking full of inaction, began to emerge in the subsequent Wei and Jin dynasties.
After all, when many people cannot change the current situation, they can only infer the direction of the entire chaotic world from a metaphysical perspective and from a hidden world.
During this period, metaphysics began to achieve great success, especially the "three mysteries" composed of "Laozi", "Zhuangzi" and " Yijing ", which began to shine in the field of metaphysics.
After reading the "Three Mysteries", many bachelors learned to use metaphysical theories to judge the direction of troubled times, which gave them a certain sense of participation in the times.
This may sound a bit absurd, but it is undeniable that in the theory of metaphysics, there are indeed laws of the development of society and even the world.
For example, in his book " Luheng ", a famous metaphysical supporter in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he mentioned:
"Biogens are born from this species, turtles are born from turtles, and dragons are born from dragons." What is explained in the sentence
is actually the earliest genetics , that is, the characteristics of ancestors will definitely be passed on to future generations. This is the law of the development of species and the "Tao" in it.
However, due to the lack of research conditions, Wang Chong can only call this law that cannot be touched but exists in the world "mysterious".
However, Wang Chong's behavior also made modern people have endless imaginations.
Is the end of science metaphysics?
You should know that the earliest genetic research at the scientific level can be traced back to the Mendel theory in 1865. The time difference between the two has reached an astonishing 1,700 years.
Based on this fact, many people have come to a conclusion: it took more than a thousand years for the field of science to finally prove the metaphysical conclusions of that year, so the end of science is metaphysics.
It is worth mentioning that there are still a large number of supporting examples in real life for this theory. For example, the "Tao Te Ching" once recorded:
"If you cannot see it, it is called Yi; if you cannot hear it, it is called Xi; if you cannot fight, it is called Wei."
From this sentence, we can know that there is a substance called "Yi" in the world, which itself can be seen, but it does not appear at all times.
also has a substance called "Xi", which is a magical substance that can be heard, but not always heard; there is also a substance called "micro", which can be touched, but if you feel it carefully, it is another wonderful existence of nothingness.
, the three of them may have been a kind of metaphysics in the past, but according to the arguments of modern science, the description of Yi is not exactly infrared rays and ultraviolet rays. They can be seen, but they require specific conditions.
and "Xi" means ultrasonic waves and infrasonic waves . People can receive them, but it does not mean they can perceive them, that is, they may not be able to really "hear".
As for "micro", it is even more magical. It is actually the general term for atom and molecules. People can clearly touch it, but they cannot perceive it specifically.
In addition, as scientific pioneers, scientists also show some "mysterious" meaning.
For example, the founder of classical mechanics and a master of physics, Isaac Newton should have been a staunch scientific advocate after a series of scientific research.
But in his later years, he became a theological researcher, and he was still quite fanatical, which shocked the world for a time. As for the transformation of Newton , the reason is that he wants to find the "driver of the world".
It turns out that according to Newton's theory, force will not disappear. It will only be constantly transformed and maintained in different ways. But there is a question: Who gave the original force of the earth?
This problem has troubled Newton for a long time, so in his later years, he began to believe that it was the "God" who gave the earth the impetus, which allowed all things to operate.
is a unique way. Yang Zhenning, a physics master known as the "particle physics ceiling", also admitted in public that there is a "creator" in the world.
However, it should be noted that Yang Zhenning emphasized that this "creator" is not a god in any religious sense, but a law that cannot be touched by nothingness.
can be understood as human research in the physics community is like an exam. A group of scientists have brainstormed and inferred one answer after another on the test questions. On this basis, they learned from one example and introduced more theories.
However, the settings of the test paper questions need to be reasonable in themselves, otherwise the inferred answers will be contrary to the actual rules, resulting in various unusable paradoxes.
This leads to a terrifying question: "Who" did this test paper come out, that is, how the laws of the world are formed.
From this judgment, we will find that once science enters this level of thinking, its essence is no different from the metaphysical thinking back then.
Note that the natural metaphysics school represented by Wang Chong also adheres to "atheism". The work "Lunheng" mentioned in the aforementioned article completely denies theology while expounding metaphysical thinking.
Therefore, from this perspective, the end of science is likely to be metaphysics, but definitely not theology.
Reference:
"Why do some people always say that the end of science is metaphysics? You may really not figure it out"----------Science Punk (Baijiahao)
"Why is it said that the end of science is metaphysics? Subvert cognition! 》------- Zhihu
"Solve doubts: Einstein Why did he believe in the existence of God in his later years? Why did he say that the end of science is theology?"------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Why do these great scientists believe in God? 》------------Zhihu
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