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On the morning of October 31, 2009, Mr. Qian Xuesen passed away.
, a scientist who is almost household name in China, received extremely high courtesy after his death. Not only did the guard of honor carry the coffin, but hundreds of thousands of people in the capital saw him off along the streets. Even the sky fell heavily on the next day.
How important is Qian Xuesen to China? What exactly does the words "Father of China's Aerospace" carry?
On October 8, 1955, a passenger ship from the United States gradually docked at the port of Hong Kong.
After the month of the journey, most of the passengers on the ship were exhausted. But there was a special passenger who could no longer hold back his excitement.
Hearing the sound of the boat docking, the person who was greeting him on the shore raised his heart to his throat, afraid that something would happen at this critical node.
Qian Xuesen returns to China
But fortunately, nothing unexpected happened. The special passenger on the ship was Qian Xuesen, a famous aerodynamicist who ended several years of imprisonment in the United States.
After many years of separation, Qian Xuesen, who returned to his motherland again, quickly came to Shenzhen through Hong Kong under the arrangement of the organization.
He stepped onto the mainland of the motherland again and finally felt relieved. He bid farewell to his life as a rich and prosperous life in the United States, caring his own knowledge and patriotism, and began his new life in the poor and deserted New China at that time.
At this time, after Qian Xuesen returned to China, the United States began to recover.
The Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Navy even angrily scolded the relevant personnel, saying that this was the stupidest thing they had ever done in their lives.
can make our enemies so angry. What did Qian Xuesen's return to China bring to the New China?
During World War II , in order to reverse the situation, Germany developed the V series missile . At that time, due to technical reasons, it basically failed to play any role in the battlefield.
However, after the end of World War II, the director research of the two major powers of the United States and the Soviet Union was booming. This weapon that relies on its own power is obviously much more advanced than artillery shells.
US-Soviet battle for the storm
Especially after nuclear warhead is combined, it can really kill the enemy thousands of miles away. However, due to the fact that the technology is too advanced, without theoretical foundation and industrial support, no country can develop such a killer.
Given the huge power of missiles, at the beginning of the founding of New China, some professors of Harbin Military Industry once discussed whether we should build rockets and missiles.
At that time, China was in the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. Although the volunteer army finally won the victory, the huge casualties brought to the people's soldiers by the disadvantages were deeply imprinted in the hearts of every party and military leader.
However, the new China at that time was in ruins. The Kuomintang reactionaries left a mess. The country has basically no industrial foundation. The scientific research, especially science and engineering, is very weak. Regardless of Chiang Kai-shek, , fled to Taiwan Province, China with a large number of talents and wealth.
At that time, it was difficult to produce a car in the new China. It was utterly a dream to let the missile go to the sky. Although
really wants to build missiles, he still has to respect objective laws. In desperation, the missile project has not been started.
However, after Qian Xuesen returned to China, he soon had a conversation with the central leaders. In early 1956, an opinion on the construction of my country's national defense aviation industry was drafted, laying the foundation for the creation and development of my country's rocket and missile technology.
That is, after the submission of this proposal, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission authorized Qian Xuesen to form my country's first rocket missile research institution, namely the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense.
The Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense
At that time, except for Qian Xuesen, there were basically no Rocket experts in China.my country's aerospace industry is like apart from a king, there are no good cards in its hands.
But Qian Xuesen didn't say anything. Since there is no one, then cultivate people.
As soon as the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense was established, more than 100 college students were assigned here. The college students of that era were full of gold and deserved pride in heaven.
So Qian Xuesen taught missile-related courses from scratch to these college students. The first batch of rocket missile experts in my country started to train them here.
Originally, China's missile research had helped the Soviet Union, but with the changes in the situation in China and the Soviet Union, Soviet experts withdrew. The burden of studying subsequent domestic missiles fell on the shoulders of the "local team" led by Qian Xuesen.
But Qian Xuesen did not disappoint the country and the people. If the Soviets left, then we will do it ourselves. Mr. Qian took root in the border deserts, and relied on his personal talents to lead the Chinese aerospace flight at that time.
not only successively developed Chinese missiles, space rockets, etc. The international environment was extremely harsh at that time. When some countries were terrifying naked nuclear intimidation against our country, they withstood the pressure and achieved the combination of the nuclear bomb and missiles. allows our country to have the ability to turn the tables in the international community.
In the 1970s, my country restored the legal seat of United Nations . Although this is inseparable from the support of many countries in the world. However, this is also obtained from the bloody battles of our country in North Korea and Vietnam, and it is also obtained from the strong support of our country's missiles and nuclear bombs.
Academic Mechanics, Academy of Sciences
In addition to the great achievements in the development of two bombs , Mr. Qian also actively promoted the innovative development of my country's science and technology, not only established the Institute of Mechanics, Academy of Sciences, but also participated in the twelve-year scientific planning.
Until his later years, Mr. Qian's scientific ideas were not outdated. He was still planning and predicting the future development of my country's science and technology, such as "new energy vehicles" and " virtual reality ".
These technologies that have gradually become reality today, Mr. Qian made many forward-looking suggestions and plans in his early years. After his death, such a scientist who can be called a great man, the guard of honor of the three armies carried coffins, hundreds of thousands of people sent them to him, mourned the whole country, and heavy snow fell from the sky. These are all the treatment Mr. Qian deserved.
How did Mr. Qian go from a student from a poor country to a great man from a big country? In Mr. Qian's opinion, this has a lot to do with his father.
Qian Xuesen and his father Qian Junfu
Someone once asked about Qian's education enlightenment, but Qian's answer was somewhat unexpected.
Although he studied under a great scientist like von Karmen , Mr. Qian believes that the one who has the greatest influence on him was his first teacher, his father Qian Junfu.
Qian Junfu was born in 1880. At that time, China lost the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and its modern national destiny was interrupted. The domestic situation was in dire straits and foreign powers were eyeing it.
In 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China. This broken family and country made Qian Junfu want to serve his country after learning.
Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China
1902, with the support of the academy, Qian Junfu went to Japan to study in public for public expenses, and after tutoring Japanese. In 1904, Qian Junfu was admitted to Tokyo Higher Normal School .
After graduating from four years of graduation, Qian Junfu did not rush to return to China, but instead inspected modern education. During his days in Tokyo, he met Lu Xun, who abandoned medical treatment and came to Tokyo from Sendai, and developed a deep friendship between the two.
During the seven years of studying in Japan, Qian Junfu seemed to have found the educational foundation for Japan to defeat China in 1895 1894-1895 . His thoughts have matured during this period. He wanted to contribute to the country from an educational perspective.
1908, after the half-year inspection trip, the governor of Zhejiang was preparing to build a two-level normal school in Zhejiang, which is now Hangzhou Normal University, and Qian Junfu returned to China to serve as a teacher in the Department of History and Geography.
Zhejiang two-level normal school
After 1 Revolution , Qian Junfu was reused by the Ministry of Education, and the family went to Beijing. From 1914 to 1928, during his 15 years in Beijing, Qian Junfu not only worked tirelessly for the education in his mind, but also had an important impact on his son's education.
In order to enable his son to become a talent, Qian Junfu has asked Qian Xuesen to attend a modern education school since elementary school. The new education has cultivated Qian Xuesen's innovative thinking and good thinking habits.
Under the influence of his father, Qian Xuesen also developed the idea of serving the country through learning. In his opinion, the purpose of learning is to the country.
However, Qian Xuesen did not choose his father's path of education to prosper the country, but chose the aerospace major, which was inseparable from the international environment at that time and his father's teachings.
Qian Junfu brought back to China not only modern educational ideas, but also modern majors.
Qian Junfu proposed that those advanced countries have begun to study aerospace. Once this emerging discipline falls behind, it will be difficult for us to catch up in the future.
Because the domestic scientific research environment was very harsh and there was no research basis, Qian Junfu's call did not respond much, but Qian Xuesen studied aerospace under the influence of his father.
Moreover, at that time, the Japanese invaded China. During the Battle of Shanghai, the Japanese aircraft and other advanced equipment caused huge damage to our country, which made Qian Xuesen develop the desire to learn advanced technology and return to China to serve.
Songhu Battle
Qian Junfu's education is successful. As the "second-generation official", Qian Xuesen is very successful. In 1934, he was admitted to the United States for Tsinghua University Boxer Prison.
Qian Xuesen began his journey of studying. His achievements in the United States far exceeded his own expectations, but he did not expect that it was these great achievements that almost prevented him from returning to his motherland.
935, Qian Xuesen, who had finished his home affairs, embarked on the road to studying in the United States. Studying at the California Institute of Technology in the United States, his teacher is the famous aerodynamics expert Von Karmen.
Although Qian Xuesen studied railway-related majors during his college years, after arriving in the United States, with the guidance of good teachers and personal efforts, Qian Xuesen quickly became a favorite student of Von Carmen, and had already made some famous in the American academic circle.
During World War II, although Qian Xuesen was Chinese, he was still approved by the United States to join the confidential research in the United States.
Although Americans want Qian Xuesen to become American nationality, Qian Xuesen knows why he goes out to study, so he did not give up his Chinese identity.
In 1949, Qian Xuesen had become a professor at California Polytechnic, and at the beginning of the year, he creatively proposed new concepts such as intercontinental transport rockets and rocket manned rockets, which set a precedent for the manned space industry in the United States later.
But a few months later, Qian Xuesen received a letter from the motherland. It was this letter that changed his second half of his life.
1949 Before, China was under the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, and domestic wars were raging, and Qian Xuesen's return to China could not play any role.
However, in May 1949, the War of Liberation was victorious, and even Nanjing had been liberated, and a brand new country was about to appear in the land of China.
At that time, the War of Liberation was about to be won, and the construction of New China urgently needed talents like Qian Xuesen. So Professor of the University of Hong Kong Cao Richang wrote a letter to his friend Qian Xuesen.
Cao Richang was already a member of the Communist Party of China at that time. In his letter, he introduced the Communist Party of China and the new China that was about to be born.
Cao Richang
This letter touched Qian Xuesen's heart. When I left home to the United States more than ten years ago, my wish to serve the country was touched. The memories of the Japanese army's domineering and domineering land in China were awakened by relying on advanced weapons and equipment.
He immediately found his wife Jiang Ying and discussed the matter of returning to China.Not long after, Qian Junfu, his father who was far away in China, also wrote him a letter.
In the letter, Qian Junfu was sincere in every word, and Qian Xuesen was moved. In fact, Qian Xuesen doesn’t want to stay in the United States for the rest of his life, and he also wants to return to China. I've just been waiting for an opportunity.
On October 1, 1949, New China was founded. Qian Xuesen, who learned the news on TV, knew that his chance to return to China had come. But this seemingly simple road back to China is full of hardships.
After putting forward the idea of returning to China, teacher Von Karmen expressed support. However, because of Qian Xuesen's strength, it means that relying solely on the teacher's permission is not enough.
Soon, on June 6, 1950, FBI came to the door. They not only revoked Mr. Qian's confidentiality certificate and kicked him out of the relevant research team, but also asked him many times whether he was a Communist. This treatment of
has made him more determined to return to China.
But at this moment, Korean War broke out. Although China did not participate in the war at the first time, China and the United States have almost stood opposite the war.
Korean War
On September 7 of that year, Qian Xuesen was arrested as a spy. In just fifteen days of life in prison, Mr. Qian suffered inhuman torture.
Treat scientists who have made great contributions to the United States, prison guards even wake up Mr. Qian every quarter of an hour, so that he cannot rest well. In half a month, Mr. Qian lost 30 pounds.
After being released on bail, the Qian family was under strict supervision. These inhuman treatments were quickly passed back to China.
Week, Prime Minister protested to the United States through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs many times, believing that it should not hinder a Chinese citizen's choice to return to China. Since 1950, Qian Xuesen has been working hard to return to China, but there has been no progress at all.
Time came in 1954, and the Geneva meeting was held, and China and the United States had the opportunity to contact at high levels.
Through the intermediary of the British ambassador to China, China and the United States began negotiations on some core issues. One was a US pilot prisoner of war during the Korean War, and the other was a scientist studying in the United States like Qian Xuesen.
The United States is shouting that he will welcome prisoners of war back, so the United States proposes that as long as Qian Xuesen wants to return, he will return. But behind the scenes, they blocked some channels for Mr. Qian to speak out, making his idea of returning to China unreleased.
Until June 1955, Qian Xuesen saw a photo of my country celebrating Labor Day. He saw his father's friend Chen Shutong.
Chen Shutong
At that time, Chen Shutong was appointed Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. So Mr. Qian used a trick to replace the post and replaced a letter written by Jiang Ying with a letter he wanted to return to China, and sent it to Jiang Hua, the sister of Jiang Ying, who was far away in Belgium .
After some twists and turns, the letter came to Chen Shutong. When Premier Zhou took the letter to question the United States, the United States could no longer say anything.
Seeing that the US side was a little shaken, our representative proposed to skip the originally scheduled trial and directly release 11 American pilots in order to get Qian Xuesen back to China.
This condition is quite attractive, and the Americans who had no choice but to agree. Just three days after the peace talks, the U.S. Immigration Bureau restriction order was lifted, and Qian Xuesen also took his wife and children to the passenger ship back to China a month later.
When the Americans released the people, they had been betting Qian Lao for five years. They believed that Qian Lao's theory and technology had lagged behind.
New China is so backward. Even if Qian Xuesen returns, the knowledge and secrets he has mastered can no longer pose any threat. In contrast, 11 pilots have real interests, so they are willing to let Mr. Qian go.
But they didn't expect that talents would shine everywhere. After Mr. Qian returned to China, my country's missile and rocket industries made rapid progress, and related discipline systems were also built. Today, my country's Dongfeng series missiles are no longer inferior, and are even partially stronger than the United States.
I don’t know what the Americans who thought that Mr. Qian was already behind back then would feel after knowing this.
