The following article comes from Xusheng, author Xusheng
1946, Lin Biao and Chen Mingren lost in the first Siping match, retreated thousands of miles, threw away their armor and went north, and ran to north of Songhua River in one breath. At that time, Chiang Kai-shek was very happy and thought that Lin Biao was away from the battlefield (after the Pingxingguan Battle, he was accidentally injured by the Jin army and was recuperating). He had been rusted for too long.
, but Lin Biao made a comeback soon, three attacks on Jiangnan, four guarantees Linjiang , four seasons offensives, and a series of attacks made Chiang Kai-shek and his fans dizzy and full of stars.
The period after the first Siping Battle, which seemed to be the most down-and-out period in Lin Biao's military career, was actually the essence of his outstanding military commander.
What exactly did he do? The answer is very simple: suppress bandits, divide land, and train troops.
1: Miracle of bandit suppression
Why is the People's Liberation Army here to suppress bandit suppression in the Northeast?
In fact, many friends don’t know that after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the bandit suppression lasted for a long time, basically paralleling the resistance to U.S. aggression and aid Korea .
Since ancient times, there have been two most rampant bandits in China, the Northeast and the Southwest. However, the patterns of bandit activities in the two places are completely different. The bandits in the southwest are famous and powerful in history. They have been suppressing bandits in the southwest in .
During the period of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea, the southwest bandit suppression was in progress. Of course, from another perspective, although the bandits in the southwest are rampant, they have never become a big climate. The Northeast is another situation.
There are few mentions of bandits in Northeast China in history books, because bandits in Northeast China are too powerful. Yelu Abaoji , Wanyan Aguda , Nurhaci and those people were bandits at the beginning, but they grew too fast and grew too strong. In the history books, people only call small characters bandits. After the bandits develop into giant bandits, they will no longer be called bandits and will become kings and dominate. Don't bother with these. Putting aside these things, in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the Northeast was also rampant in bandits, and Zhang Zuolin is an outstanding representative.
, especially , North Manchuria , is even more of a bandit world. The Qing Dynasty cannot be wiped out, and Zhang Zuolin, who became a bandit, could not be wiped out; the Japanese devils could not be wiped out, and the national army did not go, so it would be difficult to go.
Lin Biao arrived north of Songhua River and faced the problem of bandit suppression that dynasty could not handle throughout the years.
The bandits at that time were called "Beards", and they were a group of people who occupied the mountains and became kings and followed the jungle rules .
You may be very curious about how a group of lawless guys are organized together?
In fact, like normal social organizations, the bandit leader is called "big cabinet", the liaison officer is called "Shangxian official", the combat department is called "General Cannon Head", the law enforcement officer is respected as "General Audition", the person who is supervising and interrogating hostages is called "Yangzifang", the intelligence officer who informs the information is called "passing the number", the military advisor who provides advice is called "rudder mover", and the minions are called "little brothers".
To put it bluntly, the bandits' world also has its own rules, but they are not accepted by normal society.
Normal social organizations pay attention to rights and obligations. The government collects taxes from the people and bears basic social responsibilities.
Bandit organizations only pay attention to cleverness and never pay attention to obligations. Because of this, troubled times are the fertile ground for bandits. Northern Manchuria is a paradise for bandits in troubled times, with high sky and far away governments.
Who is the most hateful group of people on the land of China? If you are in the ranking, warlords are very abominable and can be on the list, but warlords are somewhat responsible; hooligans are also very abominable, but they are just making small fuss. Even the giant hooligans in the beach Du Yuesheng , they care a lot about their image; Mo Kewen pranks are also very abominable, and they often describe shit as big cakes, etc.
: No one can compare to bandits.
Each bandit organization has a fixed territory (nest), called "Liuzi".
Each "liuzi" has a font size and is very interesting. It can be roughly divided into several types:
ordinary type (theme of place names): "Old Shandong", "Baoshan" and so on;
courage (theme of being powerful and domineering) type: "Flying Tiger", "Raptor", etc.;
Woman (taught) type: "Big Girl", "Green Forest Woman", etc., etc. There are also called "Eighth Route Army" and "Central Beard". Their common characteristic is that they are a mother who has breasts and show their loyalty.
However, some bandits are very awesome and are equipped with heavy artillery in field battles, which is quite cool.
Bandits are not regular troops, they are wandering everywhere. From one place to another, the action is extremely hidden. Because they are most familiar with the terrain, more familiar with the local terrain than all the armies.
The officers and soldiers went to North Manchuria to suppress bandits and basically did not deserve the loss. Because the cost is too high, the cost is too high, and the efficiency is inefficient. This is a bit similar to the US military in Afghanistan that can’t handle Taliban .
Lin Biao faced not only many bandits, but also had extremely complex components. There are both authentic and authentic bandits, as well as puppet troops who surrendered to the Japanese, military police, , a small number of the remaining Japanese, the restoration of Manchu's revival, etc.
National Government only has one move against the bandits in Northeast China, which is to recruit peace. For example, if the "Song Meiren" big cabinet is the captain of a county, the recruitment order is issued, and whether or not they take office is free. Some are willing to accept reunion, while others are nostalgic for the joy of the green forest.
But regardless of whether the amnesty is accepted or not, when the government cannot control the overall situation, bandits or bandits, should they rob or rob. I do not accept the amnesty, in order to continue the robbery. Accepting reunion is more convenient just because robbery is more convenient. As for the National Government, it only issues a recruitment order, anyway, a seal is very cheap.
At that time, two-thirds of the northeastern county towns were occupied by bandits. Each of them had an order for reunion, and they swaggered over the market with the central government's signs, and accused each other of being bandits and wanted to act on behalf of the central government to wipe out the other party. Of course they would not care about how the Kuomintang Central Committee was, they just robbed under the name of the Central Committee.
After the People's Liberation Army led by Lin Biao retreated north of the Songhua River, the biggest threat was the bandits. Staff often disappear for no reason. In October 1946, bandits attacked Yilan County and Luobei County. They not only looted all the shops in the county town, but also slaughtered the county party committee and government. In , 20 people, including the county magistrate, were shot dead by bandits.
However, those arrogant and difficult-to-handle bandits in the Northeast were quickly resolved by the People's Liberation Army.
What magic does the PLA have? Of course, from a military perspective, the People's Liberation Army soldiers are all made of steel. The editor recommends that you search on WeChat and follow the official account Tiema Reading to read more exciting articles. There is no need to mention the combat power. Later, on the battlefield of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea, those PLA soldiers were also backbone elites. A group of combat heroes also appeared during the bandit suppression process. For example, Yang Zirong, who is familiar to everyone, is the representative.
The People's Liberation Army initially used large troops to suppress bandits, but the effect was not ideal. Later, bandit suppression expert He Jinnian burst into inspiration and formed a capable team, just like special forces ( special forces trained in guerrilla warfare ). He would bite the bandits when they found their whereabouts, just like hunting dog chasing rabbits, no matter they chased into the mountains or swamps, they must destroy the bandit leader.
Destroy the bandit leader, and a group of bandits scattered, and then the scattered bandits were organized into the army.
, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter, the team shuttled across the north, carrying big cakes and pickles. He Jinnian's strategy was effective, chasing all kinds of bandits and screaming. In order to kill all the bandits, He Jinnian was very enlightened and took the lead in acting as a model. His mount is a group of pure white Japanese war horses. Ma Lei lay down and died. He changed into another fierce maroon horse and continued to chase. Later, the horse rolled off the cliff and fell to death. He Jinnian was sick and did not rest. He still brought big cakes and pickles to chase the bandits in the deep mountains and forests.
To put it bluntly, the People's Liberation Army used special operations to suppress bandits.In other words, the PLA soldiers of that era were all honed on the battlefield, and their field combat qualities were similar to those of special forces.
Of course, the People's Liberation Army can deal with the bandits of North Manchuria in a short period of time. In addition to military literacy, it also has its unique skills - points of land.
2: Miraculous effect of dividing land
Lin Biao's secret to making a big comeback in Northeast China is actually dividing land.
Of course, land policy is the unique skill of the CCP’s revolution, and Lin Biao was just re-implementing it in the Northeast.
The reason why bandits in Northeast China cannot handle it is that the bandits are cunning and complex, and on the other hand, the survival of the people is not guaranteed.
The people’s requirements are very simple, that is, survival and life.
Survival in a narrow sense is very simple: food, clothing, housing and transportation have a solution, and give birth to children and support the elderly. Based on this simple life, if possible, pursue taste, mood, realm, etc.
However, it is a pity that the Chinese people of that era rarely survived with peace of mind. In fact, China has fertile land, beautiful mountains, rivers, and vast grasslands, which is enough for the Chinese to survive. However, the living environment of Chinese people is not good. In the final analysis, it is still a problem of social resource allocation.
China was different at that time and nothing could be produced. For the poor, if you want to have a meal of dumplings, you have to wait for the New Year.
Farmers are like weeds. They can take root when they fall to the ground and survive and reproduce. Farmers can grow grains and cereals on the land, which is a survival weapon passed down from the era of Shennong . As long as the grains are there, the Chinese are there.
As long as every Chinese has land on his hands, then the Chinese are invincible.
According to traditional China, a few landlords own most of the land, which is equivalent to a few people occupying most of the wealth.
The situation in the northeast is more complicated. Originally, the locals occupied most of the land. After the Japanese occupied the Northeast, they immigrated widely and established the so-called Northeast Development Group. In fact, it is to steal the Chinese people's land and drive the Chinese away, just as the Europeans robbed the land of the American New World in . The Japanese have been in the Northeast for so long, objectively speaking, leaving a considerable industrial foundation for the Northeast. Farmers can go to the city to work or go to the farm to work as employees, of course, the premise is that the following identities are exploited.
In this way, what kind of group will the farmers in Northeast China become? In the cities and the Japanese farms, they are treated as cattle and horses, and in the landlords, they are treated as cattle and horses, and in the eyes of bandits, they are treated as cattle and horses.
They are silent and cold, but they are the majority. Under their silent and indifferent appearance is anger and tenacity, because of the innate dignity of human beings, and the tenacity of enduring humiliation and burdens for survival.
Once an organization awakens their spiritual will, they will become an unstoppable force.
When the warlords, the Japanese, and the Kuomintang were in the Northeast, they said a lot of nice things, but there was no substantial action. The Communist Party also said a lot of nice things to the Northeast; but at the same time, the Communist Party also threw its arms around the people and did what they said. Whether it is the Central Committee members Peng Zhen, Chen Yun, Gao Gang, Li Lisan, or the soldiers below, they all wear coarse cloth clothes and walk around the streets. They measure the land in a simple way and then distribute it to the silent crowd in a simple way.
So the crowd was in full swing.
Everyone has land, and the bandits have no hiding place. Suppressing bandits will achieve twice the result with half the effort.
Therefore, the bandits in Northeast China that have been rampant for many years have completely become waterless fish after experiencing the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zuolin era, and the Japanese era.
The Communist Party won the farmers through its land policy. Farmers occupy the vast majority of China. No matter when and where, any organization can win, they can win as long as they can win the support of the vast majority. The reason is so simple.
After the Japanese devils retreated, the Communist Party ran to the northeast barefoot, in fact, just to take the lead in implementing the land policy. With land policy, there is the Northeast.
With the Northeast, there is a place for the Communist Party to establish itself.
So in the first Siping Battle, Mao Zedong asked Lin Biao to defend Siping at all costs, in fact, in the hope of getting a breathing time north of Siping and implementing a land policy. On the one hand, he negotiated with the National Government, and on the other hand, he wanted to take root in the Northeast.
Lin Biao took the initiative to give up Siping and run north, so that the mechanized troops of the New First Army and the New Sixth Army could not catch up. In fact, he just ran to the north, took root, and then went south.
Although Mao Zedong and Lin Biao have different choices, they are essentially the same, that is, they must take root. However, Mao Zedong was far away from , Yan'an , who was remotely controlled and commanded the map, and did not understand the situation at that time, so he proposed to " transform Siping into Madrid "; Lin Biao was on the front line and knew that he wanted to take root in the Northeast, so he didn't necessarily have to defend Siping.
So there is such a phenomenon: The Kuomintang and the Communist Party have started to compete for the world in the Northeast.
Lin Biao became the biggest bargaining chip in the Northeast. Lin Biao's success in the Northeast began with the land reform in North Manchuria.
The big men on the northeast land were originally bullied by warlords, Japanese devils and landlords. The Communist Party is here and everyone has land. Many people can't believe that they will own land at all. When they wake up in the middle of the night, they will walk around the several acres of land they have allocated to make sure they are not dreaming.
When they are sure that everything is true, they are willing to pay every price to defend those lands. Because land is life, with land, there is life root.
The land reform was successful, the bandits were gone, and they became soldiers. The people are alive and have a steady stream of soldiers. Then the Communist Party counterattacked with the peasants armed from spirit to body.
So in 1946, Lin Biao ran north from Siping, in an unprecedented embarrassment. Just a year later, Lin Biao was ambitiously advancing south.
History has been proven countless times and will continue to prove that the farmers who defend the countryside are the most reliable soldiers . At the beginning, Qi Jiguang went to the southeast to suppress the Japanese, and took out all his skills to train troops. After practicing for a long time, I felt that it was almost done. I went to the battlefield to fight against the Japanese pirates. As a result, the old men ran back before they even fought, almost making Qi Jiguang a martyr. It’s not that Qi Jiguang is incompetent, but because those people are soldiers themselves and have the same virtue as those recruited by the National Army. Later, the Qi family army was very awesome. It was not that Qi Jiguang learned the magical magic overnight, but that he found the source of troops, Yiwu farmers. At that time, the farmers in Yiwu were forced to take up hoes and fight against the villains. Qi Jiguang used the same training method to train them into the Qi family army.
This shows how powerful it is when farmers turn over and get land and then form an army.
The success of land and bandit suppression was just the beginning of the test for Lin Biao. The conversation between Han Xin and Liu Bang two thousand years ago is still in my ears. The most basic thing to test a commander is the ability to command troops. Some people can only bring 100,000 people, and give them 200,000, and they will be in chaos.
Lin Biao's military essence lies in the fact that under the premise of successful land reform and bandit suppression, hundreds of thousands or even millions of troops were effectively organized and a powerful combat power was formed. Then on the other side of Yalu River , the group of farmers with land could withstand the most violent artillery fire in the world. A very important factor is the organizational method.
3: Great military training skills
In a short period of time, there were so many more soldiers at once, and something might happen. These did not stump Lin Biao. He completed it very beautifully, better than any battle. The so-called Han Xin’s soldiers are more good, to put it more bluntly, it should be that the first-class commander and generals are more good.
The more you have, the better, how can you interpret the word "good"?
To put it bluntly, it is how to organize those soldiers. In history, every team with super combat power has its own organization. For example, Yue Family Army , for example, Qi Family Army. A little broader view, take a look at Macedonian square arch in the ancient Greek era and roman in the Roman era.
In the era of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party’s civil war, Lin Biao trained Northeast Field Army , the combat effectiveness was very strong. However, the Northeast Field Army is different from the famous combat legion in history. For example, the Qi family army or the Liaodong cavalry, or the Macedonian phalanx and the Roman legion were ahead of their opponents in terms of weapons and equipment in their respective eras.
Lin Biao trained the Northeast Field Army differently. Judging from the weapons and equipment, it is incomparable to the American equipment of the Expeditionary Force , which returned from Myanmar .
The so-called military training is to organize soldiers in some way and then teach soldiers combat skills within the organizational framework. Lin Biao can win the fear of his opponents, the respect of his colleagues, and the support of lower-level generals, rely not on slogans, but on those organizational methods.
As we all know, Lin Biao rarely speaks and rarely interacts with others. He looks at the map when he is idle; but when it comes to tactical issues, he has a loud nickname, , mother-in-law, . This nickname doesn't need to be introduced.
So why did Lin Biao, who has always cherished his thoughts, turn into his mother-in-law’s mouth? The answer is very simple, which is to repeatedly emphasize the content of large-scale military training, that is, the tactics of the People's Liberation Army.
01Three-three system : Organization cornerstone
In general, people think that the smallest unit of the team is the class. In fact, most teams do use squads as combat units. But it can be more detailed, and the class can be divided more closely, which is the three-three system.
divides a class into three (and four) groups, each with three (or four) people, and then selects highly qualified people to serve as group leaders. The team leader serves as the core of the battle. When fighting, it can be dispersed or concentrated according to the situation needs, but the squad leader should be the core and must not exceed the command scope of the squad leader. This division of labor is more meticulous, more reasonable than the squad leader who commands the whole class, and more flexible in marching or fighting. Therefore, when the Communist Army fought, it rushed forward all over the mountains and fields, as if it was as messy as weeds, but its combat effectiveness was not lost at all. The layman thought that it was a human-sea tactic, but there were also many people who couldn't play with the national army on the battlefield, which was the most basic tactical issue.
Three-three system ensures that the Communist army charges, or even retreats, and can ensure that the body is dispersed and the spirit is gathered, just like a clever essay.
02 One and two sides: the cornerstone of the battle
The so-called point means that we must concentrate superior forces on the main attack points and oppose the division of forces at each point.
The so-called two sides means that the method of brave siege must be adopted to prevent the enemy from breaking through and escaping. Two sides refer to at least two sides, and when there are many troops, they can also be three sides and four sides.
The spirit of a little bit is to ensure that the enemy will definitely be defeated, and the whole spirit is to prevent the defeated enemy from running away. What does
mean? To analyze it, it is about breaking through and encircling and annihilation of the enemy. The fundamental key to attack lies in breakthroughs. In the era of cold weapons, the best cavalry generals were always good at finding breakthroughs. Napoleon uses artillery, and there is also a principle, which is to concentrate firepower to break through the breakthrough, and then defeat the opponent from the breakthrough. The armored torrent in modern warfare is actually the steel cavalry, and its main function is to open up breakthroughs. The Nazi blitzkrieg is a breakthrough that relies on steel armor to quickly cut open the opponent's position. These common points are breakthroughs.
Only through breakthrough can the opponent be killed. Lin Biao’s point is breakthrough. This is the common point of all first-class commanders. The so-called two sides means that after the breakthrough, it will give full play to its numerical advantage and eliminate the enemy's vitality as much as possible.
If you have enough manpower, you can also have a little N side.
"three-three systems" and "one-one-two-sided" are the most basic. Among them, the former belongs to the basic organization, the latter is a tactical offense, and the most important thing is the "point" breakthrough. If you can't break through, it's useless to have two sides, three sides or ten sides.
At this point, how to achieve key breakthroughs is crucial.
To break through, it takes the courage of soldiers. Farmers who have turned over and obtained the land are not lacking in courage to protect the land they have obtained. How to show courage is another set of tactics, the three-strong tactics.
03 Three-strength tactics: fight hard, rush hard, chase hard
The so-called fierce attack means appropriately configuring various weapons and equipment and firing violently at the right place at the right time. As for when is the right time and where is the right place, that is the job of famous generals.
The so-called fierce rush means that after a fierce attack, taking advantage of the enemy's absent-mindedness, he suddenly launched an attack. It is reflected in the Communist Army, which is to take grenade and throw it up, pick up a big knife and chop it, or wield your fists to hit him.
The so-called fierce pursuit is just to understand it according to the literal meaning.
But the team with only courage is a reckless man. Teams with strong combat effectiveness are brave and resourceful. The San Meng tactics interpret the courage of the team, so how can we be brave and resourceful? Please see below.
04 Three situations, three ways of playing
The two armies face off. After a fierce attack and rushing, there will be roughly three situations:
One, if the enemy retreats, then chase them hard, there is nothing to say.
Secondly, if the enemy wants to retreat but does not retreat, there is a sign of retreat. If you are ready, then fight, and the enemy will run away; if you are not prepared, the effect will not be good. At this time, you should first surround the enemy, surround it without attacking, or surround it with a small attack, use part of it to fight them, grab him so that he cannot escape, and then be ready to fight again.
Third, the enemy continues to hold on and is not defeated. In this case, we must reorganize the offensive force and mobilize firepower to continue, so that they can shake it.
Three situations and three ways of playing emphasize breakthrough and attack on both sides.
So how should we act before and after the battle? There is another set of tactics, saying, four fast and one slow.
05 4 fast one slow
find the target, approach the target, one fast.
catch up with the enemy, be able to measure the terrain, deploy battles, two fast.
expands the results of the battle, three quick.
The enemy fled, chasing for the rest of their lives, four fast. What is
slow? Just keep calm, prepare to fight again, and choose the opportunity without being reckless. To summarize
, it means four fast and one slow.
So how should we support each other when the troops are operating? There is also the last set of tactics, , four groups, one team, .
Four groups: firepower group, assault group, blasting group, support group. When
is in action, four groups support each other, so it is called one team. This set was summarized by Liu Yalou and is considered a supplement to Lin Biao's tactics.
站期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口期口� If it were replaced by the Soviet or US military combat regulations, the same meaning would be a lot of abstract words.
These simple and clear combat words constitute the military essence of Lin Biao. Of course, this essence is not original to Lin Biao, but has been practiced in combat since the Red Army era.
To be precise, these military essences first came from Mao Zedong, but Lin Biao carried it forward when he was training troops in the Northeast. From a military perspective, Lin Biao and Su Yu were Mao Zedong's best students.
When Lin Biao was silent, he must have thought a lot of military things. Because he was born for war, basically did not consider mundane things, and even rarely spoke to his subordinates. The most excessive thing he did to his subordinates was nothing more than being upset when he retreated and lifted Li Zuopeng's drinking table.
Under normal circumstances, Lin Biao has been meditating and meditating, just like an ascetic. When he focused on thinking, he was unwilling to grab it even if a lice crawled over his forehead. He thought a lot, most of which were related to military affairs. But there are not many things to say, just a few simple ones. This is what Lin Biao is amazing. Through careful consideration, he can simplify a series of combat ideas so that every soldier can easily master it.
People often say that war is an esoteric art.
As for Lin Biao's realm, it is to simplify the complex and allow all soldiers to fully master the battlefield skills. That is a first-class realm. In that realm, can apply the old saying, Lin Biao uses military force, the more he will be better.
No matter how many soldiers are, they can be arranged according to the three-three system, they can fight according to one point and two sides, they can use the three-strong tactics to attack, and they can operate through four fast and one slow. Under those simple rules, the more people, the stronger the combat power.
Because of this, in 1946, Lin Biao fled north with a group of remnants. In a blink of an eye, the troops could go south in a long time. Two years later, it developed into a million troops, sweeping across thousands of troops like a sweeping mat. The root cause is that the land reform won the soldiers, and Lin Biao's great training trained those hard-working farmers into invincible soldiers.
