In April 1999, in order to gain support from the United States for China's entry into the World Trade Organization, China and the United States signed the Sino-US Agricultural Cooperation Agreement.
In this agreement, China has made huge concessions. will not only remove non-tariff barriers, but also reduce the average tariff on agricultural products to 17%.
Faced with China's concessions, the United States changed its previous strong and strong opposition, and pledged to support China's accession to the WTO in 1999.
However, China has paid a huge price, and the WTO accession will soon be over. The United States takes advantage of the robbery and generally puts forward more excessive demands on China: asks China to reduce car tariffs. It should be reduced to 25% in July 2006; the average tariff on auto parts in China has been reduced from 25% to 10%.
Tong Zhiguang, China’s second WTO negotiator, once commented on the capriciousness of the United States: "Americans are like a spoiled child. It is very difficult for you to negotiate with them. They seem to have arrived. The children who shave their heads in the barbershop are always moving. You have to hold them down with a lot of force before they can sit down."
China's capriciousness took advantage of the fire and made many unreasonable demands to seek greater benefits.
China’s accession to the WTO was indeed once again blocked. In response to this stagnation, Zhu Rongji went to the negotiating table to start negotiations with the United States.
Zhu Rongji
Zhu Rongji's arrival, what results will this negotiation achieve? The process of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization,What hardships have you experienced?
On January 1, 1995, the World Trade Organization was established, abbreviated as WTO.
The World Trade Organization is hailed as "Economic United Nations" . Joining the World Trade Organization is an important measure of whether a country is connected to the world economy. Successfully joining the WTO is equivalent to getting the most important passes in the international market.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: China's development cannot be separated from the world, and it is not advisable to engage in construction behind closed doors.
As a developing country, in order to avoid falling behind and being passively beaten for a long time, China must seize the opportunity, follow the trend of economic globalization, and join the World Trade Organization as soon as possible.
China has been actively participating in the wave of economic globalization, and is actively seeking the way to enter the WTO .
In July 1995, the World Trade Organization accepted China as an observer of the WTO. In the same year, China formally applied to join the World Trade Organization and began a long journey into the "Economic United Nations".
However, this road is very difficult, and difficult cases like China's WTO accession negotiations are extremely rare in the history of world negotiations.
"Sino-U.S. Agricultural Cooperation Agreement"
In 1999, China and the United States began a see-saw negotiation on China's accession to the World Trade Organization.
Previously, the US unilaterally drafted and announced the " Sino-US joint statement " .In this statement, the United States unilaterally signed many clauses that China was completely unaware of, and all of these clauses were a huge damage to China's sovereign interests.
The United States is aware of China's urgency and unilaterally issued a statement intending to suppress China by public opinion , forcing China to recognize this completely unfair clause that breaks the bottom line of China's tolerance, allowing China to enter the WTO at a bloody price.
China did not compromise on this rogue behavior of the United States, and made a strong response to this "Sino-US Joint Statement": "Never said it, impossible!"
April 8, 1999, for negotiation Fair, just and smooth, Zhu Rongji personally visited the United States to participate in negotiations.
In the negotiation, the United States once again demonstrated their greed and rogue.
Zhu Rongji
The United States has taken advantage of China's eagerness to join the World Trade Organization and has repeatedly increased its weight to constantly test China's bottom line. The United States behaved rascal and greedy during negotiations. Once they found that China had made concessions on a certain clause, they would "rolling" to increase prices without any sincerity in the negotiations.
U.S. tariffs on , non-tariff , service industry , and many other aspects of agricultural products such as large exports to China _ _ The sky-high prices have placed very unreasonable demands on China. With China's economic strength at the time, it was impossible to meet these unreasonable conditions set forth by the United States.
In the face of the greed and rogue of the Americans, Premier Zhu Rongji has a firm attitude and decisive action, letting those who can be allowed, and those who cannot be allowed, will not retreat! Strive to reach an agreement at the least cost.
When China wanted to join the World Trade Organization, it was inevitable to pay the price and sacrifice. Chinese leaders and negotiating delegations are doing their utmost to reduce China’s losses and sacrifices.
On April 10, 1999, the Minister of China’s Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Guangsheng and the US Trade Representative reached the "Sino-US Agricultural Cooperation Agreement."
agreement agreed: China will remove the non-tariff barrier . During the transition period, the total quota for wheat, corn, rice, cotton, and soybean oil will be increased by 29.3%, and the average tariff on agricultural products will be reduced to 17% by 2005.
The most humiliating and indignant clause in this agreement is the US ’s denial of China’s market economic system .
As early as 1992, China began to establish a socialist market economic system. When the agreement was signed in 1999, China's marketization level had reached 50%.
However, the United States has to adopt a 15-year-long “non-market economy country” dumping standard against China.
Countries such as the United States and the European Union do not recognize China's socialist market economic system, and recognize China as a non-market economy country, and use the "substitute country" price standard to determine whether there is dumping of Chinese exports.
not only that,They also used this as an excuse to bite China's status as a market economy country that is not recognized by the international community and use anti-dumping to protect their own trade.
This kind of bullying has deeply hurt China and harmed China's legitimate interests.
According to statistics, only half a year after China's accession to the WTO, foreign anti-dumping cases against China have reached more than 490, and China's export trade losses have reached tens of billions of dollars.
During the 18 years from 1995 to 2013, China suffered nearly a thousand anti-dumping lawsuits, 80% of which were developed in the United States and the European Union.
In order to join the WTO, China has shown the greatest sincerity and made the greatest sacrifices and concessions.
After receiving a series of concessions and sacrifices from China to reduce tariffs and eliminate tariff barriers, and grab enough benefits, the United States finally put aside its previous cold attitude and made a commitment to China: The United States supports China's accession in 1999 World Trade Organization.
However, history has clearly told us that China did not successfully join the WTO in 1999, but after another two years of difficulties and obstacles, it officially joined the WTO in 2001.
is so because the shameless American backtracked and repented 's promise to support China.
The hard way to "access to the WTO"
Zhu Rongji and his delegation went to the United States. After making huge concessions and sacrifices, they reached the "Sino-US Agricultural Cooperation Agreement" with the United States after difficult negotiations. After the agreement was signed, the United States also issued a joint statement publicly expressed its support for China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 1999. However, without even waiting for Zhu Rongji and the delegation to board the plane, the United States once again regretted that the agreement needed to be discussed again.
As a world power, the United States is so unbelievable that it is really infuriating. Their greed seems to be endless. After making great sacrifices in China, their appetite has grown again, and the benefits they have received before can no longer satisfy them.
In November 1999, the U.S. Trade Representative Barshevsky and his team came to China again on the issue that "the agreement needs to be discussed again" when repented, and added conditions to the "Sino-US Agricultural Cooperation Agreement" Start negotiations with China again.
Barshevsky
During the negotiations, the United States again exposed its ambitions to encroach on the Chinese communications market and the automotive industry . They demanded that China's car tariffs should be reduced to 25% from the signing of the agreement to July 2006. The average tariff on auto parts should also be reduced from 25% to 10%.
The capriciousness and greed of the United States are simply outrageous. Tong Zhiguang, China’s second WTO negotiator, once commented: "Americans are like spoiled children. It is very difficult for you to negotiate with them. Yes. They are like children who go to the barbershop to shave their heads. They are always moving. You have to hold them with a lot of force before they can sit honestly."
Tong Zhiguang (right)
China's "accession to the WTO" has once again stalled.
Since its formal application to join the World Trade Organization in 1995, China has been striving for and actively joining the WTO. However, China, which has just been reforming and opening up, is still vigorously developing and constructing, but it has not been widely recognized by the international community. China's accession to the WTO has been slow and difficult.
It wasn't until 1997 that China's "WTO accession" made a major breakthrough- China's "WTO accession" was supported by the European Union .The European Union hopes that China will join the World Trade Organization and believes that an "economic United Nations" without China is incomplete.
The reason why the EU supports China's WTO accession is naturally driven by interests.
China is a populous country, with one-fifth of the world's population back then. With its vast land and abundant resources, large population, China's huge market space and economic potential have made the EU very excited. Many of their investments in China even surpassed those of the United States, and they have made huge profits.
Business ties have deepened the cooperation between China and the EU. The EU hopes to further open up the market in China, and hopes that EU investment or enterprises in China can obtain a fair and just playing field. Therefore, the EU clearly stated its support for China's accession to the World Trade Organization.
However, the support of the European Union does not allow China to directly enter the WTO. The US stumbling block is still waiting for a big piece of meat from China with its mouth open.
Zhu Rongji went to the negotiating table in person
The repeated actions of the United States without integrity have caused the Sino-US WTO accession negotiations to be anxious. At this time, Premier Zhu Rongji stood up again and made the move with great force. The little ones.
After a see-saw negotiation between China and the United States, there are finally seven issues left with . When can no longer move forward, Zhu Rongji once again came to the front line of negotiations.
Zhu Rongji had already seen the face of the United States in the previous negotiations. Therefore, before the negotiations began, he found the chief negotiator for China’s WTO accession Long Yongtu and directly asked the most critical question: " Do the Americans want to sign a contract?" Long Yongtu gave Zhu Rongji an affirmative answer.The United States wants to sign a contract, but has been testing China's tolerance and concession limits, and wants to get China's greatest sacrifice and concession.
Long Yongtu
After getting the affirmative answer, Zhu Rongji repeated the detailed situation encountered in the previous negotiations, analyzed the psychology and behavior of the United States, adhered to the principles of this negotiation, and used resoluteness again The attitude and decisive action stood at the negotiating table with the United States.
After the representative of the United States made a request, Zhu Rongji nodded and agreed.
After making the second request, Zhu Rongji still nodded: "Yes." After
put forward the third request, Zhu Rongji still replied firmly: "I agree."
Three consecutive agreements, Zhu Rongji on the three articles proposed by the United States on the Agriculture Agreement, the General Agreement on Clothing Trade, and the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing They all agreed.
The US delegation was a little confused. They didn't expect that the negotiation would go so smoothly, and they couldn't believe that it went so smoothly. After all, the terms they put forward are really harsh and unreasonable.
The heart of the Chinese delegation hangs in its throat all the time. Watching Zhu Rongji agree to each clause without hesitation, Long Yongtu anxiously handed him a piece of paper with his Panic- "not authorized by the State Council" .
Zhu Rongji
He promised three clauses in a row, and the papers were handed to Zhu Rongji one by one, getting more and more anxious. Zhu Rongji took up several consecutive pictures, looked at them, and put them down, continuing to negotiate with the United States in earnest.
When Zhu Rongji nodded and agreed to the third clause, Long Yongtu's note was handed over again. This time, he didn't read it again. He slapped the table and said solemnly: "Long Yongtu, you don't need to submit the note again NS.
As the voice fell, the Americans over there could not wait to raise their fourth question to Zhu Rongji. At this time, Zhu Rongji did not nod like the previous three times in agreement, but changed the conversation and said to the U.S. representative: "We have agreed to the first three items, now, it's your turn to make concessions. ”
Zhu Rongji knew that to deal with greedy Americans, he could not play his cards according to common sense, let alone follow the pace of American negotiations. Therefore, Zhu Rongji made a decisive choice and turned to offense after agreeing to the first three clauses. With a tough and decisive attitude, the strategy of courtesy first and soldiers later, simply and neatly pulled the stagnant negotiations to the final stage.
Long Yongtu and other Chinese representatives finally breathed a sigh of relief when they saw this. However, the next moment they raised their hearts again— — Will the greedy America agree to make concessions?
Long Yongtu
The Americans were stunned, but they did not expect things to develop like this. Zhu Rongji firmly stated: At this point, China has made the last If the U.S. agrees, then China and the U.S. can complete the contract. If the U.S. disagrees, let it go.
Faced with such a tough attitude by Zhu Rongji, after weighing and thinking by the U.S. negotiators, agreed to Zhu Rongji’s Proposal. Sino-US negotiations are finalized and the two sides reached a final agreement on China’s accession to the WTO.
At this point, China’s journey to join the World Trade Organization has once again taken a big step.
On November 10, 2001, China officially Joining the WTO.
After joining the WTO, China immediately began to fulfill its commitments when it joined.Revising and perfecting market economy laws and regulations, lowering tariffs, reducing non-tariff barriers, opening markets, and continuously reducing various restrictive measures have gradually become the main force promoting world economic growth.
Since November 1986, China requested the restoration of the membership of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and formally joined the World Trade Organization on November 11, 2001. has experienced 15 years from the "resumption of customs" to "accession to the WTO." hardships.
Signing Ceremony for China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
Risking the huge risk of the local market industry being impacted, making huge sacrifices and concessions, why does China have to join the WTO? does it worth?
The answer is yes.
Joining the WTO means that China has once again stepped onto the stage of the world economy. China's construction and development have entered a new journey and joined the wave of economic globalization.
The significance of China's successful accession to the WTO for China's development can even be said to have experienced the "second reform and opening up" .
Joining the WTO, China will hold the economic initiative , occupying a favorable position in the international international trade war, and the achievements of economic globalization will also have a positive and far-reaching impression on China.
Joining the WTO, promoted market competition , stimulated economic vitality, removed trade barriers, realized economic globalization , and promoted the liberalization of investment.
After joining the WTO, China's Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises, and foreign-owned enterprises have grown rapidly, which has greatly stimulated the economic and trade development of China and the world.
China’s accession to the WTO will not only bring many benefits to the Chinese economy,The impact on politics is also very far-reaching. The common integration of the world economy deepens the bond between countries, and the deep economic integration also prevents countries from launching heat weapons wars easily.
Since joining the World Trade Organization, China has always been adhering to the concept of economic integration and promotion, actively implementing world free trade, opening markets to the world, and mutually beneficial and win-win results with all countries. It has not only realized the rapid development of China's economy, but also demonstrated its responsibility as a world power!
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