This article comes from the public account: RyoriStack (ID: RyoriStack), author: Wanwan, released by Nippon General.
Salmon must be eaten frozen? Do freshwater rainbow trout have a serious liver fluke problem? Parasites are ugly enough to explode? Really 😳? Really 😱?
In other words, the problem of parasites in Japanese food has always been a top concern for foodies.
So what awesome parasites do encounter when eating Japanese food? What kind of sashimi is safe to eat in Japan?
The author of this article, Wanwan, who looks like wheelworm , has done a little research on parasites and shared it with you (🐔 Impatient students can directly read the summary of each part).
Wheelworm is not the protagonist of this article, it only appears because the author thinks it is beautiful. via: info.edu.hc360.com
Marine fish parasites
First of all, it needs to be clear that distinguishes between parasites that are harmful to fish and those that are harmful to humans.
There are many kinds of parasites that live on fish, but most of them are harmful only to fish. These parasites are of special concern to the fish farming industry, such as Atlantic salmon fish lice , and the wheel bug that the author blindly likes. But As consumers of fish, we are more concerned about the parasites that will infect humans by eating fish, such as the energetic insects we will mention below.
via: kininattayo.com
Because of the difference in osmotic pressure,Many marine fish parasites cannot adapt to the human environment , but such parasites such as Anisakis, Schizophrenia japonica, A.
Anisakis (アニサキス, Anisakis), also known as sea beast gastric nematode, is a collective name for nematodes under the genus Anisakis. They are slender and love to travel.
Anisakis, in order to make everyone feel a little better, the author tried his best to make it beautiful, but it doesn't seem to help ┓( ´∀` )┏. via: uchitaka.blog35.fc2.com
Friends who have watched the popular popular drama "Working Cells" may also remember the super scary appearance of Anisakis when it appeared on the scene😱...
via: bilibili
theirs A typical life trajectory goes like this: Oceans - Crustaceans - Fish and Cephalopods - Marine Mammals - Humans/Ocean. So, when humans eat marine fish and cephalopods (cuttlefish and squid), they may encounter the third stage larvae of Anisakis 2-3 cm long, which are mostly hidden on the surface of the internal organs of the fish, but sometimes Also moves to fish meat.
Anisakis lifetime. via: carcadann.deviantart.com
Anisakis can enter the human body through hosts such as fish, parasitic on the stomach wall or intestinal wall of people, causing abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and allergic reactions . Although it can parasitize the human body, Anisakis cannot mature in the human body , and live a perfect life. Anisakis prefers to enter the body of marine mammals than to enter the human body.
So, when humans and Anisakis meet, humans are in a bad mood, and Anisakis is not necessarily happy. They may both want to say to each other:
↓↓
↓↓
↓↓
via: mp.itfly.net
It is not unusual to see anisakis, Anisakis has been detected in 165 species of marine products offshore Japan. The marine fish that Anisakis likes to parasitize include mackerel, horse mackerel, saury, salmon, cod, far eastern polyline, eyelid, anglerfish, bonito, Squid and so on.
Mackerel stick sushi. via: twmatome.wp.xdomain.jp
According to the sampling inspection of fish Anisakis in the local market by the Tokyo Metropolitan Public Welfare and Health Bureau, among 1718 fish of 113 fish species sampled from 2012 to 2016, the species of Anisakis was found There are 47.
Saury sushi. via: sushi2.zukan-bouz.com
Among them, anglerfish, bonito, salmon, golden eye bream , cod , yellow line pollock, sea bream, far eastern multiline fish, mahi mahi and other fish have more than 50% of individuals detected anisakis , other common fish with higher detection of anisakis are red snapper , throat black, mackerel, white-haired fish , flounder, herring , willow fish and so on. It looks like the liver trembles for a while, and the eyes are full of favorite sushi and sashimi ingredients!
Golden eye bream sashimi. via: rlx.jp
The parasites of marine fish are far more than anisakis.For example, tapeworms that look like longevity noodles (well, I don't want to eat noodles for half a year...), after they come to the human body, they parasitize in the small intestine, and the manifestations of human beings are abdominal pain and dysentery.
via: nlab.itmedia.co.jp
When eating migratory fish such as sardines, saury, mackerel, etc. ). The parasites that have a soft spot for migratory salmon and trout are Japanese sea splinter (Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense). salmon), etc.
The Japanese sea slender tapeworm that has been weakly beautified. via: kahaku.go.jp
Life of the Sea of Japan Tapeworm. via: kahaku.go.jp
and the spinner worm (Spiruria), which is soft and agile. They like to parasitize in the internal organs of firefly squid, squid, cod and thunderfish (Japanese fork-tooth fish), and especially like blingbling firefly squid. The performance of human beings is abdominal pain and dysentery.
Beautified spinach worm. via: matome.naver.jp
The collective glow of firefly squid makes the sea at night even more fantastic. via: galapagos
But I think the most beautiful marine fish parasite is the Kudoa (Kudoa) discovered in recent years, which is a type of myxosporidium,Although invisible to the naked eye, it is really beautiful. Among them, Kudoa septempunctata likes to live in the flesh of flounder, and Kudoa hexapunctata likes young bluefin tuna . Symptoms in humans are abdominal pain, vomiting, and ileus .
Unbeautified Kudao worms under microscope~~via: nria.fra.affrc.go.jp
Freshwater fish parasites
Freshwater fish parasites The world is very colorful. Due to the small difference in osmotic pressure, they are easier to adapt to the human environment and bring more misfortune to humans . One of the most important ones is the flukes, such as liver flukes, postgonitium yokokawa, and so on.
Metagonimus yokogawai (Metagonimus yokogawai), likes to parasitize in freshwater fish such as sweetfish , white fish, crucian carp, and rockfish. After they come to the human body, they will be parasitic in the small intestine, and the manifestations of human beings are abdominal pain and dysentery. Among the fish parasitic food poisoning cases in Japan, ranked the first culprit was Anisakis, and the second culprit was Metagonimiasis Yokogawa.
The beauty of Yokogawa's Mesogonidum seems to be a bit good looking. via: atlas.or.kr
Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis), also called Clonorchis sinensis . In Japan, they like to parasitize in freshwater fish such as carp , crucian carp, and Zhuzi ( ). After coming to the human body, it will be parasitic in the bile duct, and it can survive for more than 20 years, which may lead to liver cirrhosis and cholangitis .
Unbeautified liver fluke. via: trematode.net
You must know Before the Muromachi period , carp was the fish with the highest status in Japan, and carp soup was a common dish at banquets, so it was really sweaty for the ancient Japanese . Now carp is not as popular as it used to be, and although carp sashimi still appears in some restaurants, it is by no means the mainstream variety in the sashimi world. In recent years, the number of liver fluke food poisoning cases in Japan has been decreasing.
In addition to these two flukes, the parasites of Japanese freshwater fish also include Acanthops , Heteromorpha and so on. Paragonimiasis is a common parasite of freshwater crabs.
A stunned carp...turned into sashimi. via: ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com
Compared with Japan, the problem of liver flukes in my country is more serious , especially in Guangdong and Guangxi (Cantonese and even Fujianese eat it, so what is raw fish...) Among freshwater carps , such as white carp (grass carp), black carp (herring), bream, big head carp, dace and carp, etc.Small wild fish such as and also small fish such as minnow have been associated with the transmission of clonorchiasis in children. Before
, the media used "the fish host of liver flukes is widespread" to demonstrate that "the liver fluke problem of rainbow trout is very serious", but due to the author's limited exploration ability, no data or records of related cases have been found in the literature.
Come to a bowl of seafood bowls and balance the impact of various insects (although it doesn't seem to be of much use)
Splintered Tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum), also known as Diphyllobothrium latum, and The Japanese sea schizophrenia is very similar in appearance. S. japonica, a heterospecies of S. broadsegment, was not considered a separate species until 1986.
Beautified S. broad-segmented tapeworm, the author has tried his best... via:needjoy.net
Due to the difficulty in distinguishing the two at the morphological level, the most accurate way to distinguish between the two is mitochondrial Cox1 and Nad3 gene sequencing, etc. Detection at the DNA level. Therefore, in the data and literature with a long history and no DNA level detection, there will be cases where the two are not distinguished and are collectively referred to as Schizophrenia. In the case of DNA retesting, the conclusions will be adjusted. (Why do you say these difficult things? Because I will use it when I mention the situation of raising rainbow trout in Japan below...)
In the case of Schizophrenia broad-segmented tapeworm discovered in my country from 1927 to 2014, it was originally identified based on morphology , After re-testing of DNA, many cases were changed to S. Japanese sea. via: Molecular Identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense from 3 Human Cases in Heilongjiang Province with a Brief Literature Review in China
but is different from the Japanese sea schizophrenia,The second host of S. broadheaded tapeworm is freshwater fish, such as perch, pike, and freshwater salmon and trout. After they come to the human body, they parasitize in the small intestine, and the manifestations of human beings are abdominal pain and dysentery.
Floral perch... via: takuyamorihisa.com
In addition, there are Gnathostoma (Gnathostoma), such as the Acanthostomatous nematodes that may be encountered when eating freshwater fish such as loach and catfish (Gnathostoma spinigerum). Nematode larvae are free souls. After entering the human body, they will wander around, causing symptoms such as low-grade fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Beautified jaw-mouth nematode. via: medicine.cmu.ac.th
Summary :
a. When you eat sashimi in Japan, you usually eat sea fish , so the parasites you may encounter are Anisakis, Taenia grandis, Schizophrenia japonica, Spinach nematode, Kudao worm, etc. Among them, Anisakis is the most popular;
b. In some places in Japan that are close to mountains and rivers, River fish Sashimi may also be Appeared in front of you, then theoretically the parasites you should be careful of are Mesogonidum yokokawa, Schizophrenia lata, liver fluke, Acanthostomia, Heteromorpha, Jaw-stomach nematodes, etc.;
c, live in seawater Experienced salmon, trout (including migratory wild salmon, trout and marine farmed salmon, trout), such as cherry trout, bet trout, Atlantic salmon, salmon trout (mariculture rainbow trout), common parasites are Sharp nematodes, Schizophrenia japonica (mainly in Japan and other places),While freshwater salmon and trout , such as freshwater rainbow trout, the common parasite is S. broadheaded tapeworm (but the case of freshwater rainbow trout is mainly in South America).
Kill those worms...
So, after getting to know the worms, you will realize that eating raw freshwater fish is very dangerous, and eating raw seawater fish is not safe. What to do, what to do, so anxious Depression is getting better soon...
After a lot of popular science in the media, we now know:
-
Salt, vinegar, wine, soy sauce, and wasabi can't be used Kills parasites quickly, so relying on seasonings to save the world is not a reliable choice;
-
Freezing for a certain period of time can kill most parasites (to ensure the taste of raw fish, rapid freezing should be used );
-
Heating for a certain period of time can kill all parasites, but since we are going to eat raw fish, let's not talk about heating.
Heating and freezing fish are two methods of killing parasites, but freezing is only effective because of the parasites. via:pro.saraya.com
Many articles on the Internet have excerpts from Europe and the United States and other countries for freezing and removing parasites in raw fish, but not much is written comprehensively. A few more words here:
USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance 4th Edition:
Freeze and store below -20°C for more than 7 days ;
or freeze below -35°C until completely hardened,Then store at this temperature for more than 15 hours;
or below -35°C freeze until completely hard, then store at -20°C for more than 24 hours;
But this rule does not apply to large fish with a thickness of more than 6 inches fish.
That is, when freezing large fish such as tuna, the freezing temperature or time needs to be adjusted.
A chunk of tuna meat. via: maguro.tv
EU REGULATION (EC) No 853/2004:
Parasites other than flukes can be killed by:
Freeze at -20°C for 24 hours Above;
or below -35°C Freeze for more than 15 hours.
This means that the above freezing method is not suitable for flukes. The fluke is more resistant to freezing than the nematode, the tapeworm . It has been shown (Ref. 14) that even freezing at -20°C for 7 days does not completely kill liver flukes. Although the response to flukes is not specified in this document, in a 2010 study (Ref. 18), the recommendation for liver flukes given by the European Union Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is to eat them with heat.
Japan The Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Welfare and Health and other departments have given slightly different operation suggestions for different parasites:
Anisakis, Japanese sea schizophrenia: Freeze below -20℃24
Kudaurus: Freeze below -20°C for more than 4 hours;
Helicobacter: Freeze below -30°C for more than 4 days;
Freshwater parasites such as Liver flukes, G. Yokogawa, etc.: No freezing recommendation .
Go away, parasite!
Summary:
a, Anisakis and several other common parasites in marine fish can be killed by freezing for a certain period of time , so the risk of parasites in marine fish that have been properly frozen is less (in order to ensure that The taste of raw fish should be quick-frozen);
b, P. ykokawa, liver fluke, mandible nematode, etc. It is recommended to kill the common parasites of freshwater fish by sufficient heating , it is possible to eat wild freshwater fish raw. At risk of parasites;
c, The common parasites of sea salmon and trout are Anisakis, Japanese sea schizophrenia, they can be killed by freezing for a certain period of time, so after proper freezing Treated marine salmon and trout have a lower risk of parasites.
Do farmed fish have to be frozen?
The fish parasites mentioned above are all based on the wild environment, so in the breeding environment, can the parasite problem be avoided?
A bear who doesn't care much about parasites. via:BBC
No matter how pessimistic you are about the parasite problem, EU authorities are very confident about the parasite problem in farmed fish . In the document "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1276/2011" issued by the European Union in 2011,Corrected the 2004 REGULATION (EC) No 853/2004 we mentioned above about freezing to kill parasites in fish, thinking:
cultured fish , if starting from embryos Just entering the breeding process, the special food eaten by fish does not contain live parasites that pose health risks to humans, and if one of the following conditions is met, can be used for raw food without freezing treatment:
( i) Farmed in an environment free of live parasites;
(ii) Through procedures recognized by authoritative bodies, relevant food industry practitioners can demonstrate that there are no health risks posed by live parasites in these fish products.
The amendments to this regulation are based on the 2010 EFSA report on the parasite risk assessment of fish products (Ref. 18). The regulation specifically emphasizes that the European Food Safety Authority considers that the parasite risk of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is negligible under the relevant conditions .
Atlantic salmon flesh. via: butlerandbentley.com.au
Since then, In the EU, farmed Atlantic salmon that meet the above conditions can be eaten raw without freezing . Therefore, although everyone has been telling each other recently: salmon must be frozen, but the relevant EU agencies do not think so.
Raising salmon in Norway
Now that the EU is so comfortable with farming Atlantic salmon,We have to find out how Atlantic salmon are raised in the EU.
Hi everyone, I'm pretending to be a salmon breeder.
via: store.shopping.yahoo.co.jp
When it comes to Atlantic salmon, everyone will think of Norway's Atlantic salmon, or Norwegian salmon, so let's talk about Norway's Atlantic salmon first.
Norway started the Atlantic salmon farming industry in the 1970s, and now Norway's Atlantic salmon production accounts for more than 60% of the world's , which is the absolute number one in the world.
An Atlantic salmon farm in Norway. via: kyst-norge.no
Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming Including 4 stages : eggs (onshore hatching equipment) → fry (freshwater, October-16) → small fish (sea water, April-22) → Adult fish up to 4-6 kg (into the processing plant, see Atlantic Salmon God).
Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming process. via:fromnorway.com
As we mentioned above, Atlantic salmon and other marine fish are infected with Anisakis due to feeding on marine crustaceans. In a farmed environment, the main diet of Atlantic salmon is the heat-treated fish feed that looks like cat food, not fresh fish and shrimp (in order to make the fish meat of farmed salmon look like wild shrimp that eat shrimp). Atlantic salmon are as bright red, and their diets have natural pigments such as astaxanthin added to their feed. Therefore, it is generally believed that the entry of Anisakis into farmed Atlantic salmon can be effectively controlled in the food link.
Fish feed for Atlantic salmon.via: scottishsalmon.co.uk
Based on nematode inspections of 4184 farmed Atlantic salmon from 37 Atlantic salmon farms across Norway in 2014-2015 by the Norwegian National Institute for Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), used all Anisakis was not detected in farmed Atlantic salmon. But on a farm in southern Norway, anisakis was found in stunted Atlantic salmon (runt/loser fish) that had been culled during farming.
Normal farmed Atlantic salmon [top] and stunted farmed Atlantic salmon [bottom].
via: rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org
In addition to Norway, 's research in other countries in the past 30 years has repeatedly proved that Anisakis is very rare in farmed salmon , such as North America (Marty, 2008), Scotland (Wootten et al 2010), Chile (Sepulveda et al 2004), etc.
via：Norwegian Seafood Council/J. Wildhagen
Of course, farming salmon is not a perfect picture , the parasitic problems that affect salmon itself, such as fish lice in the farming process, the animal welfare and Mental state issues (some scientific studies suggest that some stunted salmon are depressed...), the differences in fat and nutrition between farmed and wild salmon... are all discussed repeatedly by many people, but they are not within the scope of this article.
Fat content difference between farmed salmon [left] and wild salmon [right]. via: davidwolfe.com
Raising a rainbow trout in Japan
Then turn to Japan,Check out Japan's freshwater farmed rainbow trout . In the previous article, we mentioned that Japan introduced rainbow trout (Nijimasu, nijimasu, Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the United States in 1877, Nagano Prefecture began to develop rainbow trout farming in 1926, and now Japanese rainbow trout is mainly farmed goods, Wild rainbow trout is relatively rare .
Shinshu salmon sashimi. via: travel.rakuten.co.jp
Among Japan's farmed rainbow trout, famous brands include: Shinshu Salmon in Nagano Prefecture (Shinshu サーモン) in Nagano Prefecture, Kurumi Salmon in Aichi Prefecture (绢姫サーモン), Tochigi Yashio trout (ヤシオマス) from prefecture, Uonuma Miyuki trout (Uonuma Miyuki マス) from Niigata prefecture, Ginko (ギンヒカリ) from Gunma Prefecture, Kafei salmon from Yamanashi , Aomori The county's strait salmon (strait サーモン) and so on. The farmed rainbow trout with the brand name "xx salmon" has obvious marketing intentions for the raw food market, but the fact that the fish is farmed rainbow trout is stated in the product introduction.
Western cuisine made with Yashio trout from Tochigi Prefecture. via: epinard.jp
Since the breeding of rainbow trout in Japan started in Nagano Prefecture, let's talk about the famous Shinshu salmon, which has a large output. Nagano Prefecture has had a tradition of raising rainbow trout since 1926 , and once achieved the largest production in the country. In the 1960s, rainbow trout from Nagano Prefecture began to be exported to the United States. However, in the 1980s, with the upgrading and popularization of refrigeration equipment, Japanese-made marine fish and imported frozen fish were favored by more and more people, and raw imported salmon began to rise.The demand for farmed rainbow trout for grilled fish has decreased.
The promotional materials for Shinshu salmon are a bit magical. via: nekokick3.com
Nagano Aquatic Products Experiment Center started research and development in 1994, and finally launched Shinshu salmon in 2005. This is , a triploid rainbow trout for the raw food market , the baby is a rainbow trout and the baby is a salmon trout. The triploid fertilized eggs are cultivated at the Nagano Aquatic Products Experiment Field in November every year, hatching is completed in mid-December, and the fry grow to about 5 cm around June of the following year, and then enter the breeding farms in Nagano Prefecture.
The principle of breeding triploid rainbow trout in Shinshu salmon. via: chukeiren.or.jp
The staff of the Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Site are catching adult fish to retrieve eggs. via: fcaj.or.jp
It is best to choose a farm in a place with clear water and good fluidity. It is raised separately in different growth stages of rainbow trout. It also uses heat-treated fish feed, which is also added like Atlantic salmon. Astaxanthin is added to make the fish look more beautiful and more like salmon that can be eaten raw. In this way, after 2-3 years, it can be listed when it grows to about 2 kg.
A Shinshu salmon farm in Nagano Prefecture.
via: sinanoyasalmon.blog27.fc2.com
monitoring of parasites In terms of parasite monitoring, the Nagano Fisheries Experiment Center will conduct sampling inspections on Shinshu salmon for Schizophrenia japonica and P. There are 60 samples per year (not too many), but none were detected. After 2010, the parasites that were sampled on Shinshu salmon every year included Ichthyopodium, Platyhelminthes, Hexoflagellate, and other parasites. As of 2016,There was only one case of "other parasites" detected in juvenile fish in 2012, but because there is no clear parasite species, it is impossible to judge whether it is a parasite that can parasitize in the human body.
The results of the 2012 investigation of parasites in Shinshu salmon and other farmed fish by the Nagano Fisheries Experiment Site, and other parasites were detected in one case of juvenile fish. via: pref.nagano.lg.jp
Japan National Trout Breeding Promotion Association gave their Japanese freshwater farmed salmon and trout parasite survey results on their website and promotional materials. The fish is tapeworm free and safe to eat raw .
Japan's National Trout Breeding Association's investigation into the problem of parasites in farmed freshwater fish concluded that raw food is safe. via: zenmasu.com
The author found the parasite survey in 2007-2008 mentioned in the above picture (Reference 11), which is Japanese sea crack for a variety of salmonid freshwater aquaculture fish in 15 prefectures in Japan The investigation of head tapeworms and metagonites , including a large number of freshwater aquaculture rainbow trout samples, 2187 cultured fish have no parasites detected (this investigation has been equipped with parasite DNA testing technology).
Japan's National Trout Breeding Promotion Association also stated in its promotional materials that Japanese sea schizophrenia is a marine fish parasite , so it does not appear in farmed freshwater fish. The author is a little strange. In this case, why not investigate the cousin of S. broadsegmentation, S. broadsegmentation, which is clearly a freshwater fish parasite. In this regard, the Japan National Trout Breeding Association said: In this pair of tapeworm sister flowers, S. japonica is very common in Japan, but S. broadsegment is very uncommon in Japan.
The authors then checked some Japanese cases of tapeworm (References 12 and 13), In the case of parasite DNA testing, no case of Japanese S. broadsegment has been found . But whether there will be fish that slip through the net, no one can be sure. Even if it does not exist now, and whether it will exist in the future, no one can be sure. After all, the S. broadheaded tapeworm found in freshwater fish in South America was not native to the region, but was brought in by tourists and immigrants from North America.
Hold my Shinshu salmon tight. via:n-design.co.jp
In conclusion, the attitude of Japanese industry associations and the media is positive regarding the safety of raw food for freshwater aquaculture fish. Judging from the existing sampling data, it is also more optimistic. However, the data sample is limited, and it is unknown whether it can explain the whole picture.
In the first half of the article, when we wrote about S. broad-segmented tapeworm, we mentioned that There are a few cases of S. broad-segmented tapeworm in my country . Therefore, compared to Japan, we should pay more attention to S. broadsegment.
A salmon that is a little more cheerful. via: giphy.com
A final summary:
a. For wild fish, marine fish can usually be properly frozen to remove parasite dangers, and freshwater fish are recommended to be heated for consumption. For farmed fish, it is generally believed that the parasite problem is more controllable than that of wild fish, but it also varies depending on the parasite situation, fish species, breeding environment, and management level in the area. attitudes are also different.
For example, S. broadsegmentation has many cases in Asia and northern Europe, but it is rare in Japan, where S. japonica is prevalent. And, for the same rainbow trout species, there are different species of parasites that may breed in marine-farmed salmon trout and freshwater-farmed rainbow trout.Breeding management methods are also different. For another example, the European Union allows unfrozen farmed fish that meet certain conditions to be used for raw food, and freshwater farmed fish from Japan will also appear in sashimi, but other countries may not agree.
b. The interesting thing about Japanese food is that Japanese high-end sushi restaurants often like to use unfrozen fish, and wild fish is better. And cheap sushi restaurants are more likely to use farmed and frozen fish 😓.
If you follow the standards in a, wouldn't you have to stay away from high-end sushi restaurants? However, food safety issues are a comprehensive consideration of various issues such as parasites, bacteria, fishery drug residues, and heavy metals. A high-end sushi restaurant's consideration in the selection of sources and the careful handling and preservation of ingredients will obviously help to remove visible parasites and control the risk of bacterial growth in the ingredients. Of course, no one can guarantee that there will be no parasite risk.
Born as a human, standing at the top of the food chain, looking at the parasites struggling at the bottom, it seems full of control, but in fact every choice is not easy, the more you understand, the more confusion, the more you feel, the more entangled many. What do you think about Japanese food?
Writing here, Wan Wan, who looks like a wheel bug, suddenly remembered that he is just a simple Japanese food author, so he decided to stop writing and go eat some Japanese food to be shocked...
Reference:
1. Kazuo Ogawa, Research on parasitic diseases of fishes, Journal of the Japanese Fisheries Society, 2010, No. 76, No. 4, P 586-598
2. Zhan Ximei, Human Parasitology, People's Health Publishing House, 2001
3. Tomoo Oshima, Ryoko Wakai, Epidemiology of Schizophrenia in Japan, The Journal of Antibiotics, 36(3), P 566-572, 1983
4. Hiroshi Yokoyama, Kazuya Nagasawa, breeding Catalogue of standards and names of parasites of fish-borne parasites, Biological Sciences,53: P 73-97, 2014
5, Marty GD (2008) Anisakid larva in the viscera of a farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 279, 209–210
6, Wootten R., Yoon G.- H. & Bron JE (2010a) A Survey of Anisakid Nematodes in Scottish Wild Atlantic Salmon. FSAS project S14008. Final report 3rd, pp 1–23. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, UK.
7, Sepulveda F., Marin SL & Carvajal J. (2004) Metazoanparasites in wild fish and farmed salmon from aquaculturesites in southern Chile. Aquaculture 235,89–100.
8, Tomáš Scholz, Hector H. Garcia, Roman Kuchta, Barbara Wicht, Update on the Human Broad Tapeworm (Genus Diphyllobothrium), Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22(1):146-60, February 2009
9. Weizhe Zhang, Fei Che, Song Tian, Xiaoli Zhang, Molecular Identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense from 3 Human Cases in Heilongjiang Province with a Brief Literature Review in China, The Korean Journal of Parasitology 53(6):683-688 · December 2015 _p 1p
10, Hong-Ja Kim, Keeseon S. Eom, Min Seo, Three Cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Infection in Korea, Korean J Parasitol Vol. 52, No. 6: 673-676, December 2014
11, Watanabe Changsheng, Sawada Moranobu, Yanagida Tetsuya, Ogawa Kazuo,Parasitic status of the Metagonimus genus Metagonimus, Fish Disease Research, No. 49, No. 4, p. 198-2010, p. 198-2010, December 2014_p. , Naoki Arizono, Minoru Yamada, Fukumi Nakamura-Uchiyama, Kenji Ohnishi, Diphyllobothriasis Associated with Eating Raw Pacific Salmon, Emerging Infectious Diseases 15(6):866-70 July 2009
13, Hiroshi Ikuno, Shinkichi Akao, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Epidemiology of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Diphyllobothriasis Japan 2001–2016, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018
14, PC Fan, Viability of metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in or frozen salted freshwater fish, International Journal for Parasitology 28(4) :603-5 · May 1998
15. EU Parasite Regulation 2004: REGULATION (EC) No 853/2004: www.fsai.ie/uploadedFil
※ This content is the author's independent point of view, and does not represent the position of Nippon Pass.
- Finished -
🎞🎞🎞
Japanese Street Big Mac Chicken Chop
This amount,I just call the good guy
⬇
.
